JPT follows the Afarand Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement based on COPE’s Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors.

Afarand Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement

Duties of the Publisher
- All editors of Afarand journals are independent and can make decisions about the articles freely and without any pressure.
- All articles experienced a peer-review process before publishing, and there is no pressure by the publisher on the scientific staff to accept or reject an article.
- Afarand is committed to the structural consistency of published articles, and all articles are edited and processed before being published according to the journal exclusive format.
- To help the editors and reviewers, a machine similarity check report (Turnitin) is provided for each article by Afarand. 
- Afarand is responsible for the accuracy of published material. Suppose an error is reported by authors, editors, or readers after an article is published. In that case, it must be corrected appropriately or retracted by the direction of the editor-in-chief.
- All the probable violations of authors, reviewers, and editors are carefully monitored by Afarand to observe the best practices of the journal.

Duties of Editors

- The editor-in-chief is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published.

- The editors may be guided by the policies of the editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision.

- An editor at any time evaluates manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors.

- The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.

- Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's research without the express written consent of the author.

Duties of Reviewers

- Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and, through the editorial communications with the author, may also assist the author in improving the paper.

- Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse from the review process.

- Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.

- Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.

- Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper they know personally.

- Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts with conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.

Duties of Authors

- Authors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed and an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.

- Authors are asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review and should be prepared to provide public access to such data, if practicable, and should, in any event, be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.

- The authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others, this has been appropriately cited or quoted.

- An author should not, in general, publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.

- Proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. Authors should cite publications that have influenced the nature of the reported work.

- Authorship should be limited to those who have contributed significantly to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where others have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors.

- The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.

- If the work involves chemicals, procedures, or equipment with any unusual hazards inherent in their use, the author must identify these in the manuscript.

- All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.

- When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.