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Showing 24 results for ساسانی


Volume 4, Issue 1 (10-2012)
Abstract

Gender archaeology is a branch of social archaeology, which was born in the 80s.Itfocouses on the investigation of gender identity and role as social issues in different societies. The Sasanian dynasty was one of the empires of ancient Iran, dating back to 224 - 651 A.D. (Frye 274: 2001). The research investigates the social inequality between men and women in Sasanidempire, Iran. The exertion of some kinds of gender discrimination and men superiority has appeared in archaeological records and Sasanid texts. The presentation of women in the archaeological evidence such as visual arts are rare,in comparison to men. The research follows a comparative method in data analyzing. Based on the above mentioned evidences, this research examines women’s social status and their role in Sasanid society in comparison to other gender groups such as men and children.

Volume 4, Issue 2 (4-2012)
Abstract

Chahar-taqi is a valuable form of Iranian architecture used in the construction of religious and other types of structures in pre-and post-Islamic periods.According to the available archaeological evidence, it has been used in pre-Islamic architecture, especially from the Median period as a plan for construction of fire altars. After a while, this form of architecture became more common, and was used in the construction of such structures as palace. The Chahar- taqi plan was also used during the Islamic period, although there are limited vestiges of its use in the first four centuries of Islamic period. However, with the rise of Seljuk dynasty, and the need to expand the architectural spaces like mosques, this construction plan was widely used in the construction of mosques, palaces and castles. Based on the archetype hypothesis by Jung, the authors set out to analyze the reasons for selecting this architecture form and its continuation from Sassanid to the Islamic period by mentioning evidences of its sacred aspect in Islamic sources. In other words, the question is whether chahar-tag (four-typed) architecture is a model derived from the common beliefs of the society or unconscious tribal mind of pre-Islamic peoples of Iran, found its way, gained ground and evolved in human mind in this land, and used in the construction of other structures such as palaces, castles, mosques and tomb monuments.    

Volume 5, Issue 2 (3-2014)
Abstract

    Diversity and complexity of family structure and marriage in the Sassanid era is the significant and considerable topic that can be investigated. Emphasis on the continuity of generation, family ancestral and function of marriage in this world and the other world that caused this diversity and complexity, are the most important characteristics of Sassanid society. The old law limited the demand for women's community,while the new law mandates that the Sassanid era represents tangible progress in their affairs and women's rights issues.This article has studied marriage types, related laws with succession, and social – legal status of women. It seems that based on the social rules and privileges of marriage in the Sassanid era, women have accounted for the different tribal communities.However, the family publicly Sasanian society was firmly defined. However, the political and social events closer to the end of the historical period show that the improvement of the social and political status of women has been greatly promoted. On the other hand, if no descendant of the dynasty of the late sons for the succession is not considered as only reason, the increase in the understanding and promotion of political and social topics of women have been effective in their power demand.    

Volume 5, Issue 2 (3-2014)
Abstract

  From the ancient time, the land of Iran, because of its geopolitical location, played an important role in terms of cultural interaction between the East and the West. Infact, one of the most attractive parts of the world history is cultural communication and also political conflicts between Iran, Greece and Roman Empires, as representatives of the East and the West. According to historical and archaeological evidences, it can be claimed that, among the craftsmen of both nations, there was a clear understanding on mythical and religious characters of other side. So, on the basis of iconographical studies, this paper aims to focus on two mythical characters,Tishtar and Pegasus, as a sign of cultural interaction, appeared on two Sassanid silverworks. This study, finally takes a result that how Iranian artisan in Sassanidera had imitated the form of Pegasus appearance on the Western art and used it as a prototype to show Tishtar on his works.     

Volume 6, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract

“Globalisation” is one of the most influential philosophical thoughts with direct effects on the economic, political and cultural entities of countries in the modern era. Most scholars relate the emergence of this phenomenon to the period after Renascence. However, with little contemplation, one could trace the roots and origins of philosophical thoughts and mythical concepts – of course not in their present form – to ancient civilisations. Doubtless, Sasanian empire (224-651 CE),  with 427 years of glory in the world,s  political arena, can be considered as one of the greatest and most powerful cultural foregrounds of ancient era that was managed by the direct instructions of Zoroastrian philosophers. The founder of this empire (ArdašīrPāpakān: 224-241 CE), in response to the question that why have you risen against your reigning king (Ardavan V Ashkani), clamed: “To make a world with a single-God”. Now, the question is. Can “Ardašīr’s efforts in establishment of a world under governance of a single God” be counted as the first efforts toward unification of the world and the initial steps in globalisation? – efforts that were accompanied by practices and widespread endeavours. The principal hypothesis is that the thoughts of globalisation were nurtured in the thoughts of Zoroastrians’ eminent Mōbads and practiced by the founder of Sasanians Empire. The main aim of the present research is to investigate the first veinsofglobalisation notions and the associated practical measures of Sasanian kings. In doing so, all of the Sasanian historical and archaeological evidences that certify the research hypothesis are envisaged and discussed in the context of globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts. The cosmopolitanism idea, with roots in the ancient world, is also used to associate the today’s globalisation concepts with the ancient ones. These concepts together with archaeological and historical evidences are clear indications that globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts have been introduced 1800 years ago in Iran; and indeed practiced on the relevant scale by Sasanians.  

Volume 6, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract

Sassanid reign, as one of the most powerful Iranian dynasties, lasted for over four centuries before the Arab Moslems’ attack to Iran. The great Sassanid government managed to convert the Feudal Iran of Parthian era into a united and strong country thanks to its central government and Zoroastrianism nationalism; this not only recreated political power but also hugely revolutionized the cultural and social issues in Iran. However, different factors, after a while, led to the gradual weakness and suppression of this dynasty before the Arab Moslems’ attack. In this research, auditing the historians of all these four centuries of the early Islamic era including Abou- HanifehDinvari, Yaghoubi, Masoudi, Tabari, and EbneMoskouyeh exactly and from all aspects, many attempts have been made to figure out and analyze the reasons of this gradual weakness and overthrown of Sassanid Reign the emnloying a historical-descriptive method. The results of this research reveal that in the view of the historians of all these four centuries of the early Islamic era, the following factors were the most crucial reasons of Sassanid’s downfall and defeat before the Arab Moslems: religious prejudice, high position of Zoroastrian clergymen, well-borns’ increasing power, massacre of the royal family by Shirouyeh, the last Sassanid kings’ lack of authority, a military coup against the kings, long exhausting overseas battles, especially the constant wars against the Rome Empires, toppling the Ale-Lakhm by KhosrouParviz, economic pressures on people and heavy taxes, natural disasters like the Tigris and Euphrates rivers bursting their banks, and hidden helps.

Volume 8, Issue 1 (4-2016)
Abstract

چکیده: برای درک آثار هنری یک عصر و بنیادهای موثر بر آن، کشف رابطه بین تصویر و رخدادهای اجتماعی برای کشف دلایل تولید آنها ضروری می‌نماید. از اینرو، پژوهش حاضر سعی در تبیین رابطه‌ی میان تصاویر یک دوره و عناصر مختلف اجتماعی، فرهنگی و سیاسی مؤثر بر آن را دارد. در تاریخ ایران در غالب موارد هنر وابسته به دربار و به عنوان بیانیه‌ای بازتاب دهنده قدرت و اندیشه‌های حاکم در جامعه است و تولید و بازتولید آن مبتنی بر نیازهای حکومت به رسانه‌های تصویری برای بیان ایده‌های مورد نظر خود است. به این منظور، مورد بررسی در این پژوهش، دوره‌ی ساسانی به عنوان نقطه اوج دوره‌ی گفتمانی ایران پیش از اسلام و یکی از دوره‌های طولانی دارای چالش‌های گوناگون از منظر قدرت و مشروعیت انتخاب شده و از بین رسانه‌های تصویری و هنری آن سکه‌ها مورد نظر بوده که شواهد زیادی از تغییرات بازنمایی تصویری را آشکار می‌سازند. مورد بررسی خاص این پژوهش، سکه‌های دوره قباد اول و جاماسب در سیر زمانی خلع قباد اول از قدرت به واسطه ظهور فرقه مزدکیه، جانشینی جاماسب و رسیدن مجدد قباد اول به سلطنت و تغییرات تصویری سکه‌های پادشاهان مزبور در طی این دوره بوده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که این پادشاهان در طی دوره‌های مزبور با قصد افزایش اقتدار و مشروعیت خود، از عناصر و نمادهای ریشه دار در عقاید زردشتی، به منظور شکل دادن به سیمای تصویری این امر بهره می‌برند . واژه‌های کلیدی: هنر ساسانی، سکه‌‌های ساسانی، قباد اول، جاماسب، قدرت و مشروعیت.

Volume 9, Issue 1 (12-2017)
Abstract

Sakestan has always been an important region during the Sassanian era. The mints of this region have been the most active of all in Iranshahr from the reign of Khosrow I to Khosrow II, demonstrating the full dominance of Sassanians over Sakestan. After the death of Khosrow II, the mints of the region were inactive intermittently. A coin from the reign of Ardashir III which is currently kept in Hazrat Masumeh Museum of Qom is the only gold coin found of this king and the first with the mint mark of Sakestan. In this research, apart from studying this coin and comparing the findings with archeological data from the late Sassanian period in Sakestan, the political situation of southeastern Iran after Khosrow II has been explored using the archeological and historical data. This paper is considered an original research concerning its objective, and a historical and analytical-descriptive research in terms of its methodology and context. Data and information gathering were carried out in the field and library. Based on the results of this study, it seems that Sakestan region was under the control of the main branch of Sassanian dynasty, loyal to Khosrow II during the late Sassanian period. The importance of this study is that it can clarify the political status of southeastern Iran in the late Sassanian period based on new findings.

Volume 9, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract

Two fundamental features of the Sasanian monumental art, i.e. the realism and positional tradition, have been represented in rock reliefs of that time in the best manner, so that they have created a semiotic cryptic system together. Concept mining of this semiotic system will be achieved by appealing to a context-oriented approach and benefiting from the contextual continuum (comparative picturology). What underlay this research was the optical illusion resulted from implementing the perspective in the rock relief of Bahram II in Naqsh-i Rustam, Fars. This issue, which has misled the researchers in characterology of some figures, is highly controversial. Why the Sasanian artist has sometimes intentionally implemented an unnecessary perspective? Results of the studies indicate that artistic tricks such as perspective have also played the role of a sign in these artworks; as this trick in Bahram II rock relief in Nadsh-i Rustam, without any perspective, is merely accompanied by a political implication based upon the right of crown prince. The objectified perspective in the rock relief of Shapur I in Naqsh-i Rajab, Fars province, is also the evidence indicating the priority in the right of crown prince position.


Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract

In ancient times, symbolic figures and badges in addition to decorative aspects represented important issues regarding culture, art and even social structures of a state and country. In the Sassanid period, symbolic figures (patterns) also boomed with respect to the interfusion of religion and politics, so that some examples of these symbolic figures can be seen in most of the artworks remained of the Sassanid period. The stucco art during the Sassanid era was one of the most developed arts which have reached the peak of its maturity in this period compared to the preceding periods and witnessed its widespread use in various symbolic forms in Sassanid buildings and palaces. The study of symbolic plant figures of the Sassanid period is a necessity that has unfortunately not been studied independently and extensively so far. With respect to the object of study, the present research is of a fundamental type and with respect to its nature and methodology, it is a historical study. The result of this research indicates that most of the symbolic motifs (patterns) found in the Sassanid stuccos religious origin; although these figures have been depicted in form of numerous and diverse plant figures, each of them is considered as a symbol of religious beliefs. Grapes and the tree of life are among the symbols symbolize fertility, blessing, and immortality in Iran and have always been seen in the stucco works during this period; also, the lotus figures represent one of the deities in Mazdisna religion.

Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract

Family, as a social institution or group, has been evolving throughout history. Evolution of family needs to be studied in order to understand its functions and structure. Unfortunately, the evolution of family during the long Iranian history has not been studied seriously. This paper is an effort to shed some light on the structure and functions of the Iranian family under Sassanids using documentary method. The findings reveal that the dominant form the family in this period was “extended family” which along with the religious and political institutions constructed the Sassanid society. The family structure in this era was patriarchal, polygamy was prevalent, and in-group marriages were preferred. The official religion of the empire, Zoroastrianism, viewed family as a sacred institution with its main function as reproduction. Other functions of the family were production and provision of economic support, socialization and education of offsprings, who had to inherit their father and mother’s jobs. Relatives of father, in this period, had superiority to the relatives of mother’s side, and the oldest son and his family lived with his parents.

Volume 13, Issue 1 (9-2021)
Abstract

The existence of social divisions in Sassanid society has always increased segregation as well as the passive movement of the lower strata of society and the emergence of an escape problem, which caused the fall of the Sassanids in one of the most sensitive regions of Southwest Asia. In this research, which is done using historical method and analysis of the theory of gap and escape in sociology, by asking the question, what was the role of social gaps in the event of escape from the Sassanid government and then its fall by examining the role of Iranian society? And in response to that; The research hypothesis is that the social gaps in the Sassanid government caused the escape of various layer 05s of society in society and due to the Sassanids did not follow the political custom of the Iranian government theory based on adherence to different ethnicities and religions, the grounds for internal and structural collapse. Findings The research shows that the natural existence of social gaps in Sassanid society with the behavior of the government has led to the beginning of their activities and then accelerated the process of escape. From the theoretical study of the gap and escape, it was obtained that the contradictions in the Sassanid society became gaps in the long run, and because the lower layers of this society had the lowest position; As the life of this dynasty increased, they became more and more interested in escapism; In a way, each components of the Sassanid society turned to its local and trade union interests without regard to the previous society and the external powers paid attention.


Volume 13, Issue 3 (5-2006)
Abstract

The demonstration of female figures on Sasanian silver vessels was an interesting subject to Sasanian silversmiths which caused much dispute among the scholars over whose character the female figure represents. Are they representations of the goddess Anahita or members of her cult? Is there any connection between them and the cult of Asiatic Dionysus? The other question that arises is whether they are secular objects or bearing a religious significance. This paper aims to review previous studies and then, on the basis of an iconographical study and also referring to the Sasanian religious text, present a new interpretation of themes.

Volume 16, Issue 2 (5-2009)
Abstract

Among the various of Sasanian kings, Narseh (293-302 A.D.) is the one whose important and striking rock relief remained at Naqsh-i Rustam in Iran’s Fars province. This relief records investiture ceremony from Anahita ( known as Goddess of fertility and protector of water). Until now, various views and interprations have been put forwarded about the real identity and historical theme of this relief. But the attribution of a lady to Shapurdokhtak II (Narseh`s wife) is the latest and most controversial view given by Alireza Shapur Shahbazi, who has conducted excavations and archaeological studies at Takht-i Jamshid for several years. In fact, this attribution has also provoked the authors of the present article hence; he has tried to highlight the depiction through opinions of various researches. The present study supports the accuracy and validity of the attributed lady to water goddess Anahita and refuses other theories.

Volume 17, Issue 4 (9-0)
Abstract

نباید تاریخ را تنها سلسله حوادث رخ داده ای دانست که در کتاب‌هایی گردآوری شده تا خوانندگان را سرگرم کند، بلکه حوادث و شخصیت‌های تاریخی، نقش اصلی را در آفرینش شخصیت اجتماعی هر فرد دارد. شاعران توانمند با بهره گیری از تاریخ، شعر خود را با عاطفه و ذهنیت تاریخی خوانندگان گره زده، و با فراخوانی شخصیت‌های تاریخی که ویژگی‌های بارزی دارند، در شعر خود پلی می‌سازند تا امروز مردمان را به گذشته باشکوهشان پیوند دهند، و ذهنیت و شخصیت تاریخی آنان را بازآفرینی و توانمند کنند. بحتری شاعر دوره عباسی شیفتگی شگفت انگیزی به مظاهر تمدن ساسانی نشان داده است، با آنکه شاعری است با ریشه عربی و طرفدار سنت‌های شعری گذشته عرب، اما را در شعرش نام سران و بزرگان تمدن ساسانی را به وفور آورده است، تا ملت عرب را به مجد و بزرگی آنان فراخواند. وی نام « اردشیر»، «بهرام گور»، «انوشیروان»، «خسروپرویز»، «قباد»، «هرمز» و «یزدگرد» را در شعرش ذکر کرده و آنان را مایه فخر و مباهات دانسته تا آنجا که خود را از ملت فارس می‌داند و عزت آنان را برتر می‌شمارد. وی این شخصیت‌ها را رمز تمدن ملتی می‌داند که در روزگار سخت جنگ «اریاط»، اجداد عرب شاعر را کمک کرده‌اند، بلکه بالاتر اینکه از نظر بحتری انسان باید مردمان شریف را از هر جنس و ریشه‌ای که هستند، دوست داشته باشد. به همین دلیل ملت فارس برای این شاعر عرب دوست داشتنی بوده است.

Volume 18, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract

Darabgird is one of the ancient cities in Fars province. According to Iranian mythology, Darab Shah (Dariush, the Great) found the city in the Achaemenid period. But, due to the fact that 1.21% of total ceramics gathered from the city belongs to the Parthian era, we can accept that the city remained in use since Parthian period to the Islamic era. Data analysis shows that the city had a strong and intensive settlement during Sasanians, After the Arab conquest and the collapse of Pars province, some changes occurred in the function of urban spaces. Accordingly, the main settlement shifted to the north of the city. Apparently, the southern half of the city was abandoned in Islamic era. Finally, according to some other early Islamic cities, apparently in this period, the main settlement of the city shifted to outside of Sasanian city (in this case, north of the Sasanian fortifications) and we should survey this area to discover available evidences of this period. Unfortunately, this area is presently being used for agricultural purposes.

Volume 18, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract

The first season of survey at Qeshm, carried out during the winter of 2006, resulted in the identification of nine sites from the Parthian and Sasanian periods. The surface pottery from these sites suggests their trade and cultural relations with contemporary sites in the southern Persian Gulf and other areas. For instance, the Parthian and Sasanian glazed types in Qeshm Island are closely related materials found from Khuzestan as well as northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, including ed-Dur, Suhar, Kush, Failaka and Qalat Bahrain. Parthian painted ware reveals close similarities to monochrome and bichrome painted pottery of southeastern Iran, Oman coasts and the southern Persian Gulf, specifically ed-Dur, Suhar, Kush and Tel-i-Abrak. The so-called Indian Red Polished Ware is the other diagnostic type widespread in the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf from the middle Parthian up to the early Islamic period. The material was being widely produced in the Indian region (Gujarat) and Indus, and exported to different places around the Persian Gulf. The Coarse Black Ware (ceramic noir epaise) with decorative raised bands recorded in Qeshm compares with coarse-black material from the southern Persian Gulf, also occurring at sites such as ed-Dur and Abu Dhabi Islands. Plain, common Parthian and Sasanian pottery from Qeshm shows parallels with known materials of this period in the northern and southern Persian Gulf.

Volume 21, Issue 4 (10-2014)
Abstract

In its course of evolution, the Sassanian rule accepted a change in temporal exigencies, condition and manner of governance of each ruler where more attention was paid to the institutional establishment, grades/ranking, titles, symbols and administrative hierarchy. In a way, the organizational manner, to a larger extent, could engulf the period into a curtain of ambiguity. One of those ranks was Vuzorg Farmzar that apart from having equivalents in different periods of time, with respect to its real application, encountered with sectional and temporal confusion as well. As such, an increase or decrease in jurisdiction of the above rank was influenced more by policies of each emperor. According to this fact, the issues which are to be dealt with in this article are: Which title was synonymous to the word “grand vizier” or “Vuzorg Farmzar” in the early Sassanid era? In which era of Sassanid dominion, the title “Vuzorg Farmzar” was addressed as “Hazarpat”? How was the factional evolution of the position of “Hazarpat”? This research is concerning to show that the word “Bidakhsh”, is a title that in the early Sassanid era was employed to endow titles of person such as “grand vizier” or “Vuzorg Farmzar” and after some time it was completely forgotten. The word “Hazarpat” was one of the other titles which was equivalent to “Vuzorg Farmzar” in the middle Sassanid era and we can distinguish three Functional phases for it: It was a militaristic position in the early Sassanid era, a militaristic- civil jurisdictive position in the middle era and a militaristic position once again at the end at of Sassanid era. Taking into account historical sources and epigraphic records, the current research tries to find out the basis and essence of “Vuzorg Farmzar” and titles synonymous to it as well as their actual or the honorary functions during the era In order to clarify, the extent of governance and administration establishment, on the top of which was the “grand vizier” (Vuzorg Farmzar). To achieve this goal, the connections of the titles such as “Bidakhsh”,“Hazarpat”, “Vuzorg Farmzar” and “Sepahbad” are questioned, by determining the existence, primacy and recency of these titles in epigraphic records and also in the historical sources in which the functional jurisdiction of these titles mentioned,the accuracy or inaccuracy of these hypothesis would be distinguished.

Volume 22, Issue 2 (4-2015)
Abstract

With the formation of local and national governments during the 3rd-5th centuries A.H. [9th - 11th A.D.], the circumstances were prepared for adaption and recreating cultural and artistic traditions of Sassanid period. In this regard, Samanid governors played a key role. Amir Ismail Samanid came up with a style which became a pattern for numerous mausoleums and on the other hand connected the architectural elements and designs of Sassanids with the Islamic era. The Mausoleum of Amir Ismail Samanid itself shows how the Sassanid architectural elements appear in a new format. Both the design and construction of this building appears to have been carried out objectively, and Amir Samanid had somehow intended to follow the Sassanid dynasty. Studying the architectural elements and features of the Ismail Samanids Mausoleum as well as adaptions from the Sassanid architecture, and also its historical and cultural contexts (the revival of Iranian identity and returning to the traditions of Sassanian, during the 3rd – 5th centuries A.H.) are the main objectives of the present paper. 
 
 

Volume 23, Issue 2 (4-2016)
Abstract

Kuh-e Khajeh in Sistan, a mesa 120m height in respect of Sistan plain flat, is located 20 Km south-west of Zabol. This is one of most important historical area in Sistan. In account of its religious and political importance, a series remarkable of structures were built on its flat surface and eastern slight slopes since very ancient times. Despite of the studies of archaeologists and scholars, there have been provided no certain chronology about it and a few studies which have been done are merely based on the architecture of this site.
In this research, based on the pottery data it is tried to make a relative chronology on palace of Kuh-e Khajeh. In doing so, the required data was gathered under systematic survey method in the castle’s area. Considering that the recognizing the potteries’ specifications is an important task in the archaeological studies, therefore, the study of potteries’ specifications was given a specific priority. And in doing so, the collected remarkable potteries from the site were classified and typologically studied, accordingly.
According to the results obtained from the typology of potteries, Kuh-e Khajeh palace has had three different settlement phases: the first was Parthians, the second was Sassanids and the third was known to be the Islamic phase (6-8 AH centuries), respectively.
 

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