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Volume 2, Issue 1 (Issue 1 (Tome 2)- 2012)
Abstract
City is like a living entity, which regenerates constantly by constructing new buildings. With few exceptions, the character of cities have changed over time with the architectural styles fashionable in each period as well as the changing demands for their functionality. Most often, the character is a combination of styles and it is important that this evolution is maintained and the vitality of places can be extended. In fact, city is the result of different historical periods and includes historical loads of various periods; and, contemporary eras are in this process, too. Our constructions will form some parts of the city in future and will cause a layer in this inherited complex, and will make specification and identity of cities and will be an inheritance for posterity. Although preservation is considered as a major step in revitalization of historic sites and buildings, ironically these sites benefit from being extended. In fact opposing construction of new structures on these sites could mean taking away the liveliness of the city and the long term standing of these sites as a historical place. In contrary, expansion and construction of new buildings on these sites maintains the history of the site to the new era and enrich its history. New architectural styles and materials are often introduced into the city initially on the periphery and then in empty plots or as replacements for dilapidated buildings. Sometimes, existing buildings are adapted to the new styles. New architecture in an existing setting will set out to copy, mimic, integrate, harmonize with, contrast, juxtapose on or even compete with the existing context. Each situation may necessitate a different approach. However, construction of these new structures on a historic context is a very delicate task which requires well-planned regulations as these new structures link the contemporary architecture to the values and characteristics of the site. Over the past few centuries a great afford has been carried out, thorough the world and particularity within the central Europe, for design of such regulations and legislations for revitalization and conservation of these sites. This has left a legacy of resolutions, recommendations and charters in this field around the world that are result of experience gained from a variety of approaches in this field in different countries. In order to achieve a design guideline for new constructions in historic context, the purpose of this paper is review of ideas and theories, agreements and charters associated with the presence of new constructions in historic context. In this paper, we will review the theory of theorists that had more impact on the approaches. We will then look at the details of the agreements between the international bodies that directly or indirectly influenced these regulations and had key roles in their design. At the end, we will set a table which will be based on the approach of any of the agreements, and the evolution of this approach is discussed in international scale.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most important causes of FHB or wheat scab in different part of the world. This fungus is able to produce widespread Trichothecene mycotoxins such as Nivalenol (NIV) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) which are harmful for both human and animals. To determine chemotypes of Trichothecene, a total of 100 isolates from different fields of Golestan province in Iran including Gorgan, Kordkuy, Bandaregaz, Gonbad, Minodasht, Kalaleh and Azadshahr were identified as F. graminearum using morphological features then 96 isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using F. graminearum species-specific primers (Fg16F/Fg16R). Based on sequences of Tri13 gene involved in the mycotoxin biosynthetic pathway, PCR assays was used to detect Nivalenol (NIV) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes. Of the 96 tested isolates with Tri13 PCR assays, 70 classified as NIV chemotype and the remaining 26 isolates as DON producers. These results indicated that NIV chemotype was the most dominant chemotype in studied zones. A greater proportion of NIV chemotype was found in Gorgan fields (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001), whereas greater proportion of DON was detected in Gorgan and Gonbad fields (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001). Chemotyping by PCR assay were confirmed using HPLC method. These results demonstrated that PCR assay and HPLC could be used as rapid, reliable and cost-effective methods for the detection and identification of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium-species and may thus help to develop strategies to avoid or reduce mycotoxin contamination of cereals.
Volume 3, Issue 4 (12-2015)
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to investigate the general mental health and aggression in female prisoners in Isfahan with the aim of determining whether the scores of aggression and general mental health differ according to selected demographic characteristics.
Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study was performed in the central prison of Isfahan. Regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 170 female prisoners were selected and completed the study self-administered questionnaires including Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ (and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‑28) as well as demographic information. Data were analyzed by SPSS20.
Findings: Five questionnaires were excluded due to deficiencies. Finally, 165 valid completed questionnaires were prepared for the analysis. According to the traditional ranking and cut-off point of 22 for GHQ‑28 scores, prevalence of suspected psychological disorders among participants was 87.9%. ANOVA test results showed significant differences between the GHQ-28 scores of participants with different characteristics. Females under 20 years old (P≤.001), single females (p=.015), and those who had no children (p=.021) reported higher scores in general mental health (higher values in the scale indicate more psychological symptoms) Likewise, there were significant differences between the BPAQ scores of participants with different characteristics (P≤.001).
Conclusion: Younger and single female prisoners and those who had no children were suffering from lower mental health and more aggression. The present study emphasizes on the necessity of psychological assistance and support to improve mental health of these groups of female prisoners.
Volume 3, Issue 6 (11-2015)
Abstract
Examining proverbs can be influential to know different aspects of every culture because the culture of every nation and group is illustrated in its proverbs. The goal of this research is to study the position of family and woman in Bakhtiari proverbs with Feminism critical view. The research methodology is to analyze qualitative content. In these proverbs, women have supreme, inferior and equal position with men. When we talk about private matters, women are holy creatures and superior to men. In public and social proverbs, women are inferior to men. In general proverbs, women’s positions are equal to those of men. In most proverbs, men are dominant, and desirable ideas in the society are institutionalized for men. Marriage, criticizing polygamy, knowledge before marriage, ways to know spouse, and family related subjects are reflected in these proverbs.
Volume 3, Issue 7 (12-2015)
Abstract
Gender as a social identity, has an important role in the formation of folk poetry, especially poetry and folk Bakhtiari culture. The lyrics besides reflecting different values and beliefs about women and men are important in the internalization of these values. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gender on popular poems (The chansons of caress, Lullabies, and mourning lyrics) of Bakhtiari culture that have been analyzed using content analysis and theoretical basis of gender inequality. Gender divides these poems into two parts; male and female poetry. Home prepares the way in which the women benefit from a private atmosphere that helps them to do several activities like baking, milking and conviviality. Instead social and public activities such as to be with others in assembly, eloquence, rationality, courage and to be belligerent are those of characteristics attributed to men. Gender inequality in the tradition of Bakhtiari culture has a tender signification, in its turn, it means that women are in lower rank in comparison with men .
Volume 4, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of some insecticides on the control of Sarta longhorned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta Solsky adults and larvae. In the laboratory, three pairs of mated and non-oviposited adults were released on the logs of field elm, Ulmus minor Mill that had been treated with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, permethrin or imidacloprid. In the field experiments, artificially infested U. minor var. umbraculifera Rehd trees were treated by imidacloprid and oxydemeton-methyl through soil and trunk injection. In the laboratory test the best results were obtained from imidacloprid and permethrin applications, because of occurrence of high adult mortality after short period and also preventing egg laying. Despite a few eggs that were laid on the chlorpyrifos treated logs, there were no living larvae in the sprayed logs. Results of the field tests showed that the number of living larvae did not differ significantly between oxydemeton-methyl and control treatment, however, imidacloprid injection was effective in controlling this pest.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (Number 3&4 - 2002)
Abstract
A solid state fermentation method was developed for the production of citric acid from date pulp (obtained of date syrup production from the process) by Aspergillus niger PTCC 5010. Poor yield was obtained when potassium ferrocyanide treated date pulp were used as substrate, but methanol at a 3-4% concentration markedly increased the forma-tion of citric acid from the waste. The optimum range of pH and moisture for citric acid production were 3.5-4.5, and 70-80% respectively. This method produced about 168g cit-ric acid per kg of date pulp under optimum conditions. On the basis of reducing sugar consumed, the yield was 87% within eight days.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (9-2006)
Abstract
Two essential steps in numerical simulation of a flow field are discretization of the computational space and discretization of the governing partial differential equations (pde’s). In the present work a triangular unstructured grid is utilized. Unstructured grids are recognized to be superior for complex geometries as well as for grid adaptation. For descritization of governing pde’s a finite element method is employed. This research presents a new implicit finite element method in a triangular unstructured grid. For convection term of Navier–Stokes equation a conservative upwind method is used, while a finite element method is used for viscous terms. Results are very promising for viscous flows inside a driven cavity.
Volume 6, Issue 21 (9-2018)
Abstract
Proverbs are amongst the treasures that play an important role both in representing and internalizing religious identity, therefore, it is essential to analyze and scrutinize these proverbs in order to better understand religious culture of people. In the present research, the cognitive components of religious identity have been investigated through content analysis method in Bakhtiari's proverbs to show how the cognitive and received components of these components are reflected in the counterexamples and what is the function of this cognition? The issues of theology, resurrection, prophet hood, and Imamah, the practical commandments of religion, the Qur'an, religious places, and Qur'anic characters are reflected as the cognitive components of religious identity in the Bakhtiari expressions amongst which the most frequent encompasses the theology. Religious identity in these proverbs has both the psychological and socio- cognitive function. Thus, Individuals relying on God and the principles of prophecy and imamah retrieve the hope in their life and by reminding the resurrection and the glory of God and reform the ethical and social dilemmas.
Volume 6, Issue 24 (12-2018)
Abstract
Entrepreneurship develops in environments where the values and beliefs of the environment are appropriate to the culture of entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the culture of work and entrepreneurship within different ethnic groups. Proverbs can be very effective in this regard because they are the manifestation of the values and beliefs of each ethnic group and their attitudes towards different issues, such as work culture and entrepreneurship. By adopting the method of content analysis, the purpose of this study was to explore the culture of work and entrepreneurship based on counterfeits in Bakhtiari culture. Compassion, responsibility, care, fidelity, gender, creativity, legality and rationalism are the elements of the culture of work in Bakhtiari culture. The results of the study show that, by the multiplicity of examples of Bakhtiari culture, these values and beliefs about work and entrepreneurship are institutionalized, that one must be responsible for the conduct, perseverance and hard working. These attitudes are in line with the entrepreneurial culture, but the positive attitude towards fanaticism, the focus on the point of reference and the negative attitude towards women's creativity and work, including weaknesses in the culture of work and entrepreneurship are found in the proverbs of Bakhtiari, which do not correspond to the entrepreneurial components.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
Population growth in large cities in under developing countries have been forced the governments that are responsible for the provision of housing units, to seek solutions in the sphere of urban housing are desirable. Extensive experience in various countries, including the United States of America in the
years after World War II, the sample debut experience of this, which in contemporary era have been tested. Ekbatan before the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the seal housing in the eighties and nineties such that each location during the suburbs are. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of the Urban Distressed Areas and Urban structure important in shaping the city center, in order to provide housing and create a vitality of space in the form of social life, in contrast to the suburban areas. In this paper, a review of the Literature and the International Treaties in the field of Housing and Urban Development Strategy Documents, deals, also present paper studies the past two decades of experience in the field of Mass Housing, analyzes the positive achievements and negative consequences arising from the various policies. Finally, based on the research findings to develop the
advantages of sites within the city, especially urban distressed areas. In the upcoming strategy paper “rational argument” is used as a research strategy. This article is mostly “Descriptive and Analytical” is. In this paper, using the strategy of “Rational Argument” technique “Analyzers of the Content”, “reasonable inference”, and tries to classify content, and thus to develop a coherent way to achieve the target pave. The main issue of this study is to investigate the consequences of inappropriate social, cultural and urban development of the city outskirts, and relying on the “reasoning” description of the research and development projects based on the remaking of old and important housing within the cities logical. The results showed improper factors marginal urban housing development include: 1. Lack of
Participation 2. Households Cultural Exchange 3. The problems of Access to the Towns of Origin 4. The
Cost of Providing Infrastructure 5. The difficulty of Macro Management -6Conflict Patterns of Life 7. Adverse
Environmental Effects 8. Social Insecurity It is also important factors in selected urban distressed areas
and to provide affordable housing include 1. The Recovery of the Initial Nuclear Generating Urban
areas 2. Diversification of Activities in Single Activity Centers 3. Raising the Level of Security 4. The Cost
reduction and enables the Creation of Parallel Supplement 5. Easy of Macro Management 6. Ability
to Develop the Project 7. The Participation of Households’ 8. Growth Economic Value of Historic Areas
10. Control the Inappropriate Development of the City. The results show that the Endogenous versus
Conventional Approach to Residential Development in Historic Cities more appropriate.
1. Introduction
Why Population Growth and the need to Achieve Long-Term Solutions to the provision of housing, is
the main concern for metropolitan policy?
Actions on housing supply in all countries and global macroeconomic management. Measures such
as the UN Conference on residential areas in June 1996 in Istanbul Turkey, issues of human settlements
development and management in the 21st-century look. The projects under the United Nations
Human Settlements Program “UN-HABITAT “The former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
was called by the defense, setting policy, capacity building, knowledge creation and strengthening
partnerships Governments and civil society to support the sustainable development of human
settlements. It is also responsible for the international community to help improve the lives of at least
hundred million slum dwellers Millennium Development Goal of reducing by half the proportion of
people without access to safe drinking water, permanent 2020 to fulfill. as part of the Declaration
stated, “We have come together to take this opportunity and the global goals of” adequate shelter for
all “and become human settlement safer, healthier, more capability for life, more equitable, sustainable
and effective, we endorse. We have two major themes of the conference, “adequate shelter for all”
this situation analyzed a large number of theories and approaches to urban planning and design with
qualified, small and certain human scales within the scope of local community and the findings make
them far away from their own positive traditions and their appropriate native cultural identification.
A historical survey on global experiences in policy making for neighborhood exceptional pattern
indicate the common problem of destroying self-oriented social relations and a concept of collective
life in such neighborhoods which undeniably cause to destroy the feeling of social cohesion and
continually losing of social capital in neighborhood pattern. Also the existence of high population
which makes congested neighborhoods may lay suitable backgrounds for committing social crimes
and damages which in turn directly influence the perception of the dwellers’ security and safety.
Studies conducted include two different textures of a neighborhood and the research process is
based on recognizing coherence between anti-social behavior and design variables in the pattern of
residential neighborhood.
In summary, the article studies two different textures in the selected neighborhood and compare
them to find the relation between the abnormal behavior and the type and pattern of the residential
places in there.
Conclusion:
Assessment of the neighborhood dwellers about their living places influences the level or extent
of the achieving objectives and success in urban projects. Also by recognizing factors contributing
on inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and understanding available conditions
regarding residence quality, the future approaches have been suggested for promoting the environment
qualitative level and prevention from a repetition of some inappropriate actions in other places.
In the literature, satisfaction from environmental appearance has been considered as a key criterion
for the evaluation of the degree of environmental quality. This is due to the important fact that the
high-quality environment is defined as an environment which brings the high level of satisfaction feelings
to its population through socio-cultural and physical means.
years after World War II, the sample debut experience of this, which in contemporary era have been tested. Ekbatan before the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the seal housing in the eighties and nineties such that each location during the suburbs are. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of the Urban Distressed Areas and Urban structure important in shaping the city center, in order to provide housing and create a vitality of space in the form of social life, in contrast to the suburban areas. In this paper, a review of the Literature and the International Treaties in the field of Housing and Urban Development Strategy Documents, deals, also present paper studies the past two decades of experience in the field of Mass Housing, analyzes the positive achievements and negative consequences arising from the various policies. Finally, based on the research findings to develop the
advantages of sites within the city, especially urban distressed areas. In the upcoming strategy paper “rational argument” is used as a research strategy. This article is mostly “Descriptive and Analytical” is. In this paper, using the strategy of “Rational Argument” technique “Analyzers of the Content”, “reasonable inference”, and tries to classify content, and thus to develop a coherent way to achieve the target pave. The main issue of this study is to investigate the consequences of inappropriate social, cultural and urban development of the city outskirts, and relying on the “reasoning” description of the research and development projects based on the remaking of old and important housing within the cities logical. The results showed improper factors marginal urban housing development include: 1. Lack of
Participation 2. Households Cultural Exchange 3. The problems of Access to the Towns of Origin 4. The
Cost of Providing Infrastructure 5. The difficulty of Macro Management -6Conflict Patterns of Life 7. Adverse
Environmental Effects 8. Social Insecurity It is also important factors in selected urban distressed areas
and to provide affordable housing include 1. The Recovery of the Initial Nuclear Generating Urban
areas 2. Diversification of Activities in Single Activity Centers 3. Raising the Level of Security 4. The Cost
reduction and enables the Creation of Parallel Supplement 5. Easy of Macro Management 6. Ability
to Develop the Project 7. The Participation of Households’ 8. Growth Economic Value of Historic Areas
10. Control the Inappropriate Development of the City. The results show that the Endogenous versus
Conventional Approach to Residential Development in Historic Cities more appropriate.
1. Introduction
Why Population Growth and the need to Achieve Long-Term Solutions to the provision of housing, is
the main concern for metropolitan policy?
Actions on housing supply in all countries and global macroeconomic management. Measures such
as the UN Conference on residential areas in June 1996 in Istanbul Turkey, issues of human settlements
development and management in the 21st-century look. The projects under the United Nations
Human Settlements Program “UN-HABITAT “The former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
was called by the defense, setting policy, capacity building, knowledge creation and strengthening
partnerships Governments and civil society to support the sustainable development of human
settlements. It is also responsible for the international community to help improve the lives of at least
hundred million slum dwellers Millennium Development Goal of reducing by half the proportion of
people without access to safe drinking water, permanent 2020 to fulfill. as part of the Declaration
stated, “We have come together to take this opportunity and the global goals of” adequate shelter for
all “and become human settlement safer, healthier, more capability for life, more equitable, sustainable
and effective, we endorse. We have two major themes of the conference, “adequate shelter for all”
this situation analyzed a large number of theories and approaches to urban planning and design with
qualified, small and certain human scales within the scope of local community and the findings make
them far away from their own positive traditions and their appropriate native cultural identification.
A historical survey on global experiences in policy making for neighborhood exceptional pattern
indicate the common problem of destroying self-oriented social relations and a concept of collective
life in such neighborhoods which undeniably cause to destroy the feeling of social cohesion and
continually losing of social capital in neighborhood pattern. Also the existence of high population
which makes congested neighborhoods may lay suitable backgrounds for committing social crimes
and damages which in turn directly influence the perception of the dwellers’ security and safety.
Studies conducted include two different textures of a neighborhood and the research process is
based on recognizing coherence between anti-social behavior and design variables in the pattern of
residential neighborhood.
In summary, the article studies two different textures in the selected neighborhood and compare
them to find the relation between the abnormal behavior and the type and pattern of the residential
places in there.
Conclusion:
Assessment of the neighborhood dwellers about their living places influences the level or extent
of the achieving objectives and success in urban projects. Also by recognizing factors contributing
on inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and understanding available conditions
regarding residence quality, the future approaches have been suggested for promoting the environment
qualitative level and prevention from a repetition of some inappropriate actions in other places.
In the literature, satisfaction from environmental appearance has been considered as a key criterion
for the evaluation of the degree of environmental quality. This is due to the important fact that the
high-quality environment is defined as an environment which brings the high level of satisfaction feelings
to its population through socio-cultural and physical means.
Volume 7, Issue 26 (6-2019)
Abstract
The image and description of the image of beloved is one of the most important issues in Persian and folk poetry. Images and testimonies help both draw objectively the beloved body and the attitude of the poet, as well as the general attitude of the society and culture in which the poet lives. The purpose of this research is to examine the images and descriptions of the beloved body in Bakhtiari's folk poems by comparing them to the image of beloved in Persian poetry to answer the following questions: What elements are used to describe the beloved body and what are the adjectives that show the differences and similarities with Persian poetry in this area? The results of the research showed that, in Bakhtiari folk poems, the images look more like typographic characters (sensory, sensory, singular to singular and detailed), and that the names of this type are different. The poets used this type of comparisons in which the signified is much closer to the referent. Bakhtiari's life is based on nomadism, alongside agriculture and, to this end they rely more on the sky and constellation. A greater number of these elements is therefore used to illustrate the climatic color of the images which is very high. Compared to Persian poetry, there are differences and similarities that are more similar in terms of descriptions and differences in the field of imagery.
Volume 8, Issue 34 (10-2020)
Abstract
Love is one of the most important topics reflected in Bilal's folk poems in Bakhtiari culture. This study aims to see which story, dimensions of love, and the type of romantic relationship are highlighted in Bilal's poems. The theoretical basis of the research is Sternberg's love theory and the method of analysis is qualitative. In Bilal's poems, at the ideal level, all three dimensions of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment, are represented, and love is perfect; but on the level of reality, due to the difficulty of achieving all three dimensions, love is formed by a type of romantic or stupid love, which causes the lover and the beloved to be attracted to each other only emotionally, i.e. their romantic relationship is superficial. In terms of the type of love story, the story of art is more prominent in these poems, based on which the lover is seen as a statue whose beauties the lover enjoys watching. The limited reflection of the story of self-sacrifice and the story of addiction in these poems make the lover feel satisfied with his relationship. On the other hand, the woman feels important in the position of the lover, and consequently her life gains meaning.
Research Background
Research on Bilal's poems have been mostly conducted through collecting the poems, and analyzed at a very limited level. In books such as Bakhtiari folklore, Bakhtiari music and songs, Bakhtiari culture, the recognition and study of Bakhtiari music, and the history of literature in the Bakhtiari people, there are some indications of a few romantic verses related to the type of Bilal, and some features of the lover and the beloved in Bakhtiari folk poems and Bilal. The Bakhtiari Encyclopedia discusses the difference between Bilal (describing the beauties of the beloved) with Di Bilal (burnt and fascinated with the beloved), and Bilal Bilal (the end of lyric poetry). There are also some verses of each noted. In the book, entitled Newly Sprouted Celery in the Snow, the author considers Deyblal to be one of the oldest songs of Bakhtiari folklore literature and mentions that in the dialect of this song, according to the daily dialogues, some changes have taken place and the lyrics of this song are praised in celebrations, joys, and solitudes. In the book of Iranian popular language and literature, Bilal or Diblal is defined as a love poem. Therefore, it can be said that no independent research has been done on Bilal in general and the subject of love in particular.
Aims, questions and Hypotheses of Study
Bilal's popular poetry plays an effective role in institutionalizing a particular attitude towards love in Bakhtiari culture; because the listeners imitate the emotional experiences in them through empathy, assimilation, and sympathy. In this way, these poems find an important role in creating emotions, encouraging and ultimately institutionalizing them. Accordingly, it is necessary to study these poems based on scientific theories to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The aim of the current research is to study Bilal's poems, based on Sternberg's theory of love, so as to understand the dimensions of lovemaking in these poems as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Research questions are: According to Sternberg's theory of love, what dimensions of love and what types of romantic relationship are highlighted in Bilal's poems? The love theme of these poems corresponds to which love story in Sternberg's theory? And finally, what are the strengths and weaknesses of the theme of love in these poems?
Discussion
According to Sternberg, passion, intimacy, and commitment are the three dimensions of love. The dimension of passion refers to the attractiveness and lust of the lover-beloved relationship. The dimension of intimacy indicates the warm and emotional relationship between the lover and the beloved, and the aspect of commitment shows the commitment to the love relationship (Baron et al., 2009, p. 469). Sternberg believes that love is a story and in order to know the behavior of two people, it is necessary to see the narration of each, or what the story of love is about (Sternberg, 2017, p. 64-65). In Bilal's poems, attention has been paid to all three dimensions of love; but in terms of prominence and frequency, the most attention has been paid to the dimension of desire. The lover speaks of his passion and mania, and depicts the charms and beauties of the beloved. Also, analyzing the examples shows that the lover has paid more attention to the dimension of intimacy than commitment, and this indicates that creating a feeling of warmth, love, and closeness in the relationship was more important for him than the issue of building trust. Therefore, lack of attention to the dimension of commitment can be one of the weaknesses of the content of these poems. In Bilal's poems, love is perfect on the ideal level, and romantic and stupid on the level of reality.
Conclusion
An examination of the Bilal's poems based on Sternberg's theory of love shows that in this type of poetry, prevalent in Bakhtiari popular literature, all three aspects of love, namely intimacy, passion, and commitment, are highly manifested. Of course, in these poems, the lover is more at the ideal level of perfect love. However, on the level of reality, when the lover and the beloved talk about their real relationship, in some cases, they point to the lack of commitment or intimacy in their relationship, according to which, the type of love they have should be romantic and stupid love. In terms of the story of love, the story of art is more prominent in these poems, which shows that the lover enjoys the physical beauties of the beloved more, and looks at her like a work of art. The disadvantage of this kind of attitude is that the woman in the position of the beloved must always think of her own beauty, so that the man does not leave her as the lover. In these poems, the love stories of self-sacrifice and the love of addiction are rarely noted. The story of self-sacrifice causes satisfaction in the life of the lover, and in the story of addiction, the woman feels important to someone. Therefore, it gives meaning to her life.
References
Research Background
Research on Bilal's poems have been mostly conducted through collecting the poems, and analyzed at a very limited level. In books such as Bakhtiari folklore, Bakhtiari music and songs, Bakhtiari culture, the recognition and study of Bakhtiari music, and the history of literature in the Bakhtiari people, there are some indications of a few romantic verses related to the type of Bilal, and some features of the lover and the beloved in Bakhtiari folk poems and Bilal. The Bakhtiari Encyclopedia discusses the difference between Bilal (describing the beauties of the beloved) with Di Bilal (burnt and fascinated with the beloved), and Bilal Bilal (the end of lyric poetry). There are also some verses of each noted. In the book, entitled Newly Sprouted Celery in the Snow, the author considers Deyblal to be one of the oldest songs of Bakhtiari folklore literature and mentions that in the dialect of this song, according to the daily dialogues, some changes have taken place and the lyrics of this song are praised in celebrations, joys, and solitudes. In the book of Iranian popular language and literature, Bilal or Diblal is defined as a love poem. Therefore, it can be said that no independent research has been done on Bilal in general and the subject of love in particular.
Aims, questions and Hypotheses of Study
Bilal's popular poetry plays an effective role in institutionalizing a particular attitude towards love in Bakhtiari culture; because the listeners imitate the emotional experiences in them through empathy, assimilation, and sympathy. In this way, these poems find an important role in creating emotions, encouraging and ultimately institutionalizing them. Accordingly, it is necessary to study these poems based on scientific theories to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The aim of the current research is to study Bilal's poems, based on Sternberg's theory of love, so as to understand the dimensions of lovemaking in these poems as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Research questions are: According to Sternberg's theory of love, what dimensions of love and what types of romantic relationship are highlighted in Bilal's poems? The love theme of these poems corresponds to which love story in Sternberg's theory? And finally, what are the strengths and weaknesses of the theme of love in these poems?
Discussion
According to Sternberg, passion, intimacy, and commitment are the three dimensions of love. The dimension of passion refers to the attractiveness and lust of the lover-beloved relationship. The dimension of intimacy indicates the warm and emotional relationship between the lover and the beloved, and the aspect of commitment shows the commitment to the love relationship (Baron et al., 2009, p. 469). Sternberg believes that love is a story and in order to know the behavior of two people, it is necessary to see the narration of each, or what the story of love is about (Sternberg, 2017, p. 64-65). In Bilal's poems, attention has been paid to all three dimensions of love; but in terms of prominence and frequency, the most attention has been paid to the dimension of desire. The lover speaks of his passion and mania, and depicts the charms and beauties of the beloved. Also, analyzing the examples shows that the lover has paid more attention to the dimension of intimacy than commitment, and this indicates that creating a feeling of warmth, love, and closeness in the relationship was more important for him than the issue of building trust. Therefore, lack of attention to the dimension of commitment can be one of the weaknesses of the content of these poems. In Bilal's poems, love is perfect on the ideal level, and romantic and stupid on the level of reality.
Conclusion
An examination of the Bilal's poems based on Sternberg's theory of love shows that in this type of poetry, prevalent in Bakhtiari popular literature, all three aspects of love, namely intimacy, passion, and commitment, are highly manifested. Of course, in these poems, the lover is more at the ideal level of perfect love. However, on the level of reality, when the lover and the beloved talk about their real relationship, in some cases, they point to the lack of commitment or intimacy in their relationship, according to which, the type of love they have should be romantic and stupid love. In terms of the story of love, the story of art is more prominent in these poems, which shows that the lover enjoys the physical beauties of the beloved more, and looks at her like a work of art. The disadvantage of this kind of attitude is that the woman in the position of the beloved must always think of her own beauty, so that the man does not leave her as the lover. In these poems, the love stories of self-sacrifice and the love of addiction are rarely noted. The story of self-sacrifice causes satisfaction in the life of the lover, and in the story of addiction, the woman feels important to someone. Therefore, it gives meaning to her life.
References
- Baron, R., Byrne, D. & Burnscomb, N. (2009). Social psychology (translated into Farsi by Yousef Karimi). Tehran: Ravan.
- Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119-135.
Volume 10, Issue 47 (December and January 2022)
Abstract
Believing that parables carry people's lived experiences and their beliefs and attitudes about various topics, including children and childhood, their study leads to a greater understanding of different communities' attitudes toward these subjects. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the attitude towards children and childhood in the common parables of Bakhtiari culture, using content analysis method. Issues such as the status of children (the importance of having children, the number of children and gender preference), educational issues (the parent's resposiblity for raising the child, factors affecting the child's upbringing and gender stereotypes) and parent-child relationship (child's obedience, benevolence of parents and expectations), are among the topics explored in this research. The results of the analysis revealed that, in Bakhtiari culture, the attitude towards children and childhood is influenced by Iranian and Islamic teachings. Within the studied examples, most issues related to a child's upbringing, such as the role of hereditary and environmental factors on the formation of their personality, have been highlighted—including the idea that the child will resemble their mother or maternal uncles physically and behaviorally. Gender preference is a function of the number of children in the family in this culture, and in terms of stereotypes, girls have been described as more loyal and resourceful compared to boys. Additionally, children are expected to respect their parents, while parents are also reminded not to expect too much from their children.
Volume 11, Issue 5 (Supplementary Issue - 2009)
Abstract
The estimation of velocity distribution plays a major role in the hydrodynamics of vegetated streams or rivers of extensive natural floodplains. The velocity profile in vegetated channels can be divided into three zones: uniform zone which is close to bed with uniform velocity distribution, logarithmic zone which involves the main channel with no vegetive cover and the transition zone that is affected by the upper zone flow. In order to arrive at an analytical solution to the force balance that governs the flow specific turbulence, characteristics of the flow through the vegetation are required. A new analytical model for the velocity distribution in the transition zone of vegetated (inflexible submerged vegetation) channels is hereby developed. The model is based on a force equilibrium equation and on Prandtl Mixing Length concept. Vegetation is treated as a homogeneous field of identical cylindrical stems and the flow field considered as uniform and steady. The proposed procedure is straightforward; it follows principles of fluid mechanics and shows good agreement with laboratory flume experiments. The new model can be employed for an exact estimation of discharge through naturally vegetated rivers. The model has been calibrated and verified. The results imply a desirable correlation between calculated and observed data.
Volume 11, Issue 52 (October and November 2023)
Abstract
The literature of popular culture, based on beliefs, thoughts, and desires, has featured many adaptations and revisions of mythical epic narratives. It has been used as a model to create new stories that afford insight into the general perception and perspectives on these tales. This study aims to undertake a comparative analysis of the characters, actions, and mythical epic motifs of the story “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” in Bakhtiari culture and the story of "Siavash" in Shahnameh using document analysis. The comparative investigation encompasses an examination of their social backgrounds, physical attributes, and actions of stepmom characters, horse characteristics, and seeking asylum in another land. The results demonstrated significant similarities between these two stories; the main protagonists are princes with indeterminate maternal lineage, possessing corporeal beauty and horses that share similar qualities such as color, intelligence, and the ability to jump high. Additionally, their stepmothers are seeking for a sexual desire, both ultimately taking refuge in another land, getting married, and building a city and palace for themselves. Nevertheless, there are divergences between these stories; the story of Siavash features more politically motivated character behavior, whereas “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” emphasizes on familial matters. Hence, it could be concluded that “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” in Bakhtiari culture is a creative retelling or adaptation of the story of Siavash.
Volume 11, Issue 54 (January and February 2023)
Abstract
Through symbolic modeling in tales, the specific attitudes to domestic or family violence are conveyed to the audience. By exploring them, we can thus attain different attitudes to violence. This research aims to explore family violence, its causes, and factors that control it in Bakhtiari folk tales based on the theories of social psychologists (with an emphasis on the theory of psychologists who believe in the social origin of aggression and social learning). This research was conducted using the documentary study method. The research population consisted of 139 written folk tales in Bakhtiari culture. After the violent scenes were extracted, they were classified in several general and main categories based on the theoretical framework and research objectives. We qualitatively analyzed the categories and sub-categories after counting them and taking percentages. The results of the study showed that verbal-mental violence has been more reflected in these tales and the family members have sought to cause psychological harm and endanger the other one's face. The wife/mother has been more the perpetrators of the family violence and the husband/father and daughter/sister have been more the victims of the violence. The socio-cultural (patriarchy, greed, deception, lie, and betrayal) and psychological factors (feeling of humiliation, failure and anger) have played the most role in causing family violence in these tales. There have been two types of negative and positive attitudes to family violence in these tales. In some tales, the wrongdoers have been punished by extremely aggressive behavior, and there has been a positive attitude to this violence. This caused the audience to come to the conclusion that they should do aggressive behaviors against other people's mistakes. Therefore, such an attitude can increase aggression.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (8-2020)
Abstract
Pierre Bourdieu, a French sociologist, believes that the tastes, judgments , and talents of people are social things, resulting in the social process of being a person during life. He regards the taste of the artist as the creature of taste for society, the taste of the class with cultural, social and symbolic capital. This paper aims to explore the comparative study of the signs of change in the works of Kamal al-Molk and Jacques - Louis David, based on Bourdieu 's ideas. Each of the two painters has worked on the milestone in their history. In this study, we have tried to explain a descriptive and historical method in addition to finding the cause of specific style selection of each of these painters, why or not the signs of change in works of David and Kamal al-Molk, can be explained using Bourdieu 's ideas. Findings indicate that the selection of naturalist and naturalist styles is influenced by the two artists influenced by the educational system, cultural capital, and their position in relation to the field of power. In relation to the signs of change, you cannot see a change in Kamal al-Molk works, given the inclusion of him in the category of independent artists of the field of painting, while in David, due to his position in the ruling class opposition, the change will be seen.
Volume 12, Issue 48 (9-2015)
Abstract
In this research, the production of low fat butter, as a novel product, based on full-fat soy flour and sodium caseinate was studied. Water : butter ratio, soy flour : sodium caseinate ratio and emulsifier content were the designed factors and their effects on rheological properties of low-fat butter such as hardness, spreadability, adhesiveness, elasticity and consistency were evaluated. The Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed as experimental design and statistical analysis. By increasing water to butter ratio, as a principal factor affecting on product characteristics, hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, consistency and spreadability were reduced. The final product was w/o emulsion which was low-calorie, had functional and nutritional effects due to protein components and also its properties could be compared with ordinary butter. Based on final results, the optimum formulation for low-fat butter were: water : butter ratio as 1.03 (50% water and 48.5% butter), soy flour : sodium caseinate as 1.57 (5% soy flour and 3.2% sodium caseinate) and 0.66% emulsifier.
Volume 12, Issue 49 (10-2015)
Abstract
In this study, full fat soy flour was used in the formulation of breakfast cream containing 30% fat. Different levels of full fat soy flour (5 - 22.5%) and water content (15 - 37.5%) in two type of formulated cream with 55 and 70 % breakfast cream were evaluated. The effect of formulation on physicochemical properties (viscosity, syneresis, acidity and pH ), sensory properties (taste, texture, color and appearance and total acceptance) and economical yield were evaluated. The results of this research showed that the effect of formulation on all physicochemical and sensory properties of cream and also economical yield was significant .The E sample had the least difference with control in physicochemical properties (viscosity 4.86 Pa.S, syneresis 21%, and moisture content 65.8%) and the C sample received higher scores of texture and total acceptance than the other formulations.