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Sumerian tablets are the oldest clay tablets known to exist, dating back to the mid-4th millennium BC. Babylonians have also inscribed upon clay tablets, and kept them in their organized libraries. The excavation of ancient Elba (Tell Mardikh) located in the south west of Aleppo (Halab) city, Syria, uncovered the remains of an important library. Another collection was discovered at Ras Shamra near Latakia, Syria; wich contained several deposits of cuneiform clay tablets written in Ugaritic. The library at Ugarit held an important piece of thousand - year innovation of the Middle East. On excavation of Hattusa, the major city of Hittites situated in Anatolia, (Turkey), thousands of clay tablets were found. Through centuries, the librarians of this library employed skills from other libraries of the Middle East, and found out how to inscribe their desired tablet. Thereafter, the royal library of Ashurbanipal was found in the archaeological site of Kouyunjik near the city of Mosul in Iraq. In relation to the libraries of Egypt, it should be noted that the oldest Egyptian literary works arose from the temples describing the basis of religion, which were and kept in the library or document archive of the temples. The other archive is the treasury of Persepolis, which is one of the oldest archives located in Iran.  

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This article seeks to answer this question that how the Buddist art could grow and develop in the Central Asian countries. The Muryan Empire of the Bactrian State (321-185 BC), in the mid-third century BC, tried to promote the Buddhist sect in the West. The Kushanas (near 100 BC) stablished a new civilization in the history of Bactria. Afterwards, the Kushanas Empire became the eastern neigbour of the Sasanian Empire. Then Kushanaz territory was conquered by the Sasanian Empire. From the sttelement period of the Central Asia Budhist, four kinds of art works have been discovered: 1) Graffiti; 2) Architecture of Buddhist temples; and 3) Buddhist iconography; and 4) Kushanas art and jewelery. The ancient city of Termez in the south of Uzbakistan has an important role in this sect as a main center of Buddhism. In the north part of Termez, in a place named “Qara Tepe”, of an anciant monastery have been discovered in including the Khalchyan palace. Afrasiab, Samarkand in Uzbekistan is the most important archaeological site that underscores the art works of this period. What connects Marve in the Sasanian Turkmenstan with the East is a stupa Buddhist temple built outside the wall of the city.

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Greek historians such as Herodotus consider the beginning of Satrapies, the dependent governments within Achaemenian territory, as early as the time of Darius the first, while the word “Satrap” was prevalent in the time of Cyrus and Cambyses. Therefore, if we consider the beginning of Achaemenian empire in 559 BC, the year that Cyrus the second came to power, and its ending in 332 BC, the year that Iran was conquered by Alexander the Macedonian, in these 227 years of military and political development of Achaemenian empire, some of the nations and countries within Achaemenian territory came under Iranian military, economic and political power which known as Achaemenian settled Satrapies. According to reported Archeological findings in Egypt, Iran and other subordinate countries, the number of these satrapies was different at different times of Achaemenian empire. For example, the number of these Satrapies regarding Bistoon and Persepolis inscriptions is 23, while considering inscription on Darius tomb in Necropolis the number of Satrapies is 30 and regarding Darius inscription found in Susa it is 27. In the event that considering Egyptian written evidences at Achaemenian time such as Darius statue and memorial stone of Suez Canal, the number of satrapies was 24. By these findings, we can discover the location of these satrapies and determine their geographical area. The study based on historcal texts and new archaeological findings during the emergence of the ruling of the Achaemenid Empire in Anatolian land Satrapi, it is proven that 7 Satrapies existed in this area, includeing: Satrapi Lady or Sard North West Turkey, Satrapi Kylykyh in South West Turkey, Satrapi Ionie North West, Satrapi carie the West Anatolia, Satrapi Frygyh Hlspvnt the centrality Daskylyvn North West Asia Minor, Satrapi Skudrien (Makedonien) North West, and Cappadocia in East Anatolian.
 

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  Apple fruit is one of the most worthy garden Product with high nutritional Value and its production in Iran makes more job and Exchange technology. From different apple Non-destructive quality control methods, machine vision technology achieves the more speed, quality, greater productivity and higher valuation for the product. Usually, apple bruise overlaps with Peduncle and in these causes, serious problems of recognition for quality sorting occurs. In this research work it was tried to work out this problem and to increase the sorting systems performance precision. In order to accomplish this, two separate algorithms based on color to identify bruise and pedicle was designed in Matlab. It was achieved 97.14% accuracy for the bruise algorithm and 100% accuracy for the pedicle algorithm. Then with integration of these two algorithms, an algorithm was achieved with 94.29% accuracy. Further experiments to investigate the possibility of increasing the accuracy in detecting bruise with time maintenance was performed by the bruise algorithm. The results indicate that the bruise detection quality by this algorithm gradually increased and after two to three days it reaches the desired consistency. Another algorithm with special properties of bruise and pedicle pictures shape such as roundness value, ratio of area to Perimeter square and also coefficient of variation (cv) of distances of spaced points on the edge from center of gravity of picture was designed. Then bruise and pedicle were distinguished from each other with an accuracy of 100% with this algorithm along with the ANN which it proving the importance of using these techniques, combined with machine vision techniques to increase the accuracy of sorting machines performance.