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The present study investigates the effect of baking temperatures (140, 160, 180, 200, and 220℃) on texture kinetics. It also explores a statistical classification meta-algorithm, called Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), to predict texture changes during conventional cake baking. The experimental results indicated that texture properties were significantly affected by baking temperature and time. As time and temperature increased, there was an increase in hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness and a decrease in springiness. However, the impact of time and temperature on resilience was inconsistent, as it was maximum in the last quarter of the process. The predicted results revealed that the AdaBoost algorithm accurately predicted the texture properties with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.989) and minimal root mean square error (RMSE < 0.0019) across all textural properties. Therefore, it can serve as an efficient tool for predicting the texture properties of cakes during baking. Furthermore, the proposed methodology can be extended to predict the texture properties of other baked goods.
 

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Nanoencapsulation is one of the most important processes to improve the chemical stability of aromatic and volatile compounds, to prevent their undesirable interactions with food ingredients, and their intelligent release into the food industry. Encapsulation may be defined as the process to entrap one substance within another substance, thereby producing particles with diameters of a few nm to a few mm. Due to the sensitivity of the bioactive compounds, there are different encapsulation techniques. In recent years, electroencapsulation or encapsulation using electrohydrodynamic processes (electrospinning and elcrospraying) which is a simple and effective technique to preserve and increase bioavailibility of components, has attracted particular attention of food and drug scientists. Electrospray is very important as one of the liquid spraying methods due to the production of tiny droplets and uniform distribution. One of the advantages of the electrospray system is that it has high control over the particle size distribution, with the particles almost uniform. Electrospray capsules also have the potential to prevent the destruction of carotenoids and vitamins. In addition to the protective effects of encapsulation on nutrients, they can also be used to improve the fluidity, transport, and displacement properties of materials, since they are solid form rather than liquid. In fact, during the microencapsulation of nutrients, enzymes or other substances (such as volatile oils, taste and colorants, enzymes, etc.) in micro or nano size by wall materials that can form lipids, protein biopolymers and polysaccharides or their complex is surrounded and protected from external factors. This article briefly describes the properties of the electrospray method and its applications.

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Since the microwave technology is well considered in food processing due to the speed and mechanism, in this study, cupcake was baked at different levels of MicroWave (MW) power (150, 300, 450 and 600W) and the effects of different kinds of operational time (3.5, 5, 8, 16 minutes) and power on physical properties (density, porosity, colour and height) and textural properties (crispness, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience, gumminess and chewiness) of cupcake were investigated. Results showed that the MW baking time to obtain desirable baking properties was affected by MW power. The obtained results showed that the total differences in colour from the reference batter (∆E) and colour intensity increased with increasing of MW power. Moreover, the MW cupcake baked at a power of 600W had the least hardness, density, chewiness, gumminess values, the shortest baking time, and the highest values of cohesiveness, resilience, porosity, height, and browning index. Also, it had the highest cohesiveness, resilience, porosity, height and browning index, compared to the other powers. Therefore, the best operational power for desirable quality obtained during baking was 600W.