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By presenting two types of classification of sciences, Ibn Sina has put forward different views on the nature and purpose of sciences. One of these classifications is based on the Aristotelian method and the other is his special classification based on the logic of the Orientalists. In this article, relying on Ibn Sina's works, these two classifications are examined in detail and the position of the legislative profession in practical wisdom is analyzed. Ibn Sina has highlighted the harmony between reason and religion by combining wisdom and law. He introduces law as the main tool for the emergence of tradition to achieve justice and regulate individual (worship) and social (transaction) life. On the one hand, tradition is regulated by the Sunnah (prophetic law) to govern society and the survival of the human race, and on the other hand, it is related to the divine tradition, according to which God's providence is included in the provision of good to the creatures of the world of creation and corruption. His view emphasizes the necessity of the existence of the Sunnah (law) and the Caliph for the survival and stability of tradition. This article analyzes Avicenna's attitude towards the Shariah industries and its relationship with revelation, active reason, tradition, Sharia, and human happiness.
 

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Objectives: Despite the benefits of antibiotics, their residues in foodstuffs prepared for human consumption could be cancerous and mutagenic and cause allergic reactions with toxic side effects, disorders in intestinal wall, adverse effects on microbial intestinal flora, and the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the residual antibiotics in liver and muscle tissues of poultry samples using the four-plate test (FPT) method in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.
Materials & Methods: A total of 6406 samples were randomly collected from liver and muscle tissues of 3203 poultry samples from June 2016 to March 2017. Antibiotic residues were detected in liver and muscle samples using the four-plate test (FPT) method.
Findings: During a two-year study period, from a total of 6406 samples collected, 3203 (50%) samples were collected from liver tissues, and 3203 (50) samples were collected from muscle tissues of poultry samples, respectively. Among the liver and muscle samples, 12 (384/3203) and 6.4% (206/3203) were positive for the presence of antibiotic residues, respectively. According to the seasonal distribution of muscle samples, the highest rate of antibiotic residues was detected in the autumn with 3 % (95/3203), while the lowest rate was observed in the winter with 0.25% (8/3203) for both bacteria under study (Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus). According to the seasonal distribution of liver samples, the highest rate of antibiotic residues was detected in the autumn with 5% (159/3203), while the lowest rate was observed in the spring with 1.1% (35/3203).
Conclusion: In conclusion, a large number of liver tissues collected from poultry samples were contaminated with antibiotic residues, especially at pH=6 and in the autumn season. Therefore, it is recommended to implement appropriate strategies for managing and controlling the use of antibacterial agents in the veterinary industry. Also, it is necessary to monitor the withdrawal time of antibiotics and screen the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in poultry products including liver, egg, and meat.

 

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The concept of linguistics is closely associated in contemporary literature with Reza Barahani and it comprises one of the most significant postmodern poetic movements. It emphasizes the importance of language over meaning and encapsulates poetry within the realm of language and linguistic forms. While this concept is linked to Barahani's name in terms of its foundations and poetic style, the principles and foundations of this theory can be traced in the postmodern poetry of other countries around the world. In Arabic poetry, the Lebanese modernist and surrealist poet Wadih Sa'adeh is a case worth investigating in this regard. The theoretical principles of the concept of linguistics were elucidated by Barahani, and the collection of poems "Khatab be Parvaneh-ha" (To the Butterflies) was composed and published by the poet under this theory. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to conduct a comparative study of the poems of Reza Barahani and the contemporary Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh, relying on this theory, namely Barahani's theory of linguistics, to accurately and systematically explore the similarities and potential for critical analysis of the poems of a Lebanese poet with the concept of linguistics. This article has endeavored to uncover and reveal the extent of the two poets' attention to language and its formal, figurative, and purely linguistic features. The basis of the analysis is the American school of

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Kalila and Demna is one of the invaluable works of the Persian literature. As a result, numerous translations and adaptations have been made of this work. Nasrallah Monshi, a 12-century translator, rendered the work from Arabic to Persian. Mulla Hossein Va’ez Kashefi, a writer in the Safavid period, provided an adaptation of Kalila and Demna which is similar to the original work in its entirety and themes but is different in some other respects.
However, given the fact that he adopted a paraphrasing approach, from linguistic and literary points of view, this version is a free adaptation of Nasrallah Monshi’s Kalila and Demna. Rather than adhering to the original work, it has followed the writing and technical rules of the Safavid literary period in India, adopting the literary style of that era. Drawing on the abovementioned textual changes, this study aimed at discussing Nasrallah Monshi’s translation and Kashefi’s adaptation of Kalila and Demna from a comparative critical point of view using a descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that, in his adaptation, Va’ez Kashefi has not adhered to Monshi’s style and, given the peculiarities of the language and the literary style of the Safavid period, has created a different work. Moreover, his free style of writing has distinguished his work from Monshi’s Kalila and Demna.

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The production of healthier fried foods requires the adaptation of industrial processes. In this context, air frying is an alternative to deep oil frying to Potato products such as chips to obtain with lower fat content. One of the most important points in designing, modeling and optimizing the frying processes is to precise determination the mass transfer parameters. Accordingly, in this research were investigated, the effects of mass transfer parameters such as effective penetration coefficient, mass dimensionless Biot number and mass transfer coefficient as well as activation energy in three temperatures and two air flow velocities. In this study, for the first time, air flow velocity was used as a variable factor in hot air frying, which also had a significant effect on decreasing moisture content.The results showed that all the mass transfer parameters as well as the relative constant of water reduction were directly proportional to the temperature and increased with increasing process temperature. At different flow velocities, all the parameters in except of the Biot number were increasing. The results of the activation energy obtained using the Arrhenius equation were also estimated at lower airflow velocities.

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Food gums are additives that play variety of roles such as consistency, gel formation, and stabilizing in food solutions. In this study, the best conditions for extracting Quince seed gum as well as its antioxidant and physicochemical properties were investigated. Extraction of gum was optimized using microwave power (250 -850 W), water to grain ratio (20-60) and time (2-9 min), by the response surface methodology. Gum physicochemical properties including ash, moisture, protein and fat were measured and antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. The extraction efficiency was in the range of 8.9% to 15.2%. As the microwave power increases in constant time, gum extraction efficiency increases, but the simultaneous power increases with increasing treatment time, resulted in decreasing gum extraction. Increasing time by keeping the power constant, initially resulted in an increase in extraction and afterward resulted in lower gum extraction. Results of scavenging capacity and antioxidant properties measured using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and beta –carotene bleaching assay were 53.19 μg/ml, 1.06 μg/ml, 69.61 μg/ml, 2.92 μg/100g respectively, and the amount of total phenol and flavonoids were 74.66 mg GAE/g  and 670.21mg QE/g respectively.

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Althaea officinalis is one of the plants containing mucilage, the therapeutic effect of its mucilage on the mucous membrane of the tissue and the healing of stomach ulcers has been proven. The mucilage of this plant consists of L-rhamnose, D-galactose, galacononic acid and D-glucuronic acid. The polysaccharides found in this plant have antioxidant properties. The main antioxidant activity of this plant is related to its α-tocopherol composition. Gums extracted from different sources have different functional and rheological properties than each other, and the conditions of extraction have a significant effect on these properties. In this research, the extraction efficiency of Althaea officinalis mucilage as a new hydrocolloid source was studied. For this purpose, the effect of microwave power (250-850W), water-grain ratio (50-90) and time (2-10 minutes) on the extraction efficiency were optimized. The gum extraction efficiency ranged from 4.4% to 11.6%. It can be seen that the lowest amount of extraction was obtained at a ratio of water to grain of 70, time of 2 minutes and power of 550 watts, and the maximum amount of extraction was obtained at a ratio of water to grain of 80, time of 4 minutes and microwave power of 700 watts. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance Data, quadratic model is the best model to describe data. In low powers, increasing the ratio of water to seeds led to an increase in extraction efficiency. The increase in extraction efficiency by increasing the ratio of water to seeds can be attributed to the presence of more solvent, which intensifies the driving force for the transfer of gum mass from the seeds.
 

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This research was conducted to investigate the probiotic potential of the strain Levilactobacillus brevis KKP 3945 isolated from local yogurt. Initially, the strain was evaluated for probiotic characteristics such as acid resistance (pH 2, 3, and 4), hydrophobicity, bile resistance (0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), and cholesterol assimilation. The antimicrobial activity of the strain against six indicator foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella dysenteriae) was assessed using disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar methods. The ability to produce biogenic amines, absence of hemolytic and DNase activity was also evaluated. According to the results, this strain exhibited resistance to bile salts up to 0.5% concentration. A significant decrease in the number of viable cells was observed when the pH was reduced from 4 to 2, decreasing from 9.30 to 8.78 Log CFU/mL. Additionally, the number of viable cells of the strain at pH 4 decreased from 9.30 to 8.25 Log CFU/mL with an increase in time from 0 to 3 hours. The highest inhibitory effect of the strain was observed against S. aureus, while the lowest inhibition was observed against E. coli. The strain showed negative results for hemolytic and DNase activity, and its ability to reduce cholesterol levels was determined to be 44.44 ± 0.6%. The percentage of free radical inhibition in the DPPH and ABTS methods was 48.3% and 50.5%, respectively. Lev. brevis KKP 3945 was found to be sensitive to antibiotics such as nitrofurazone, nalidixic acid, penicillin, and ciprofloxacin. The results indicated that Lev. brevis KKP 3945 possessed acceptable probiotic characteristics and could be utilized as a probiotic bacterium in food products.
 

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abrasive water jet is one of the most popular cutting methods today due to its ability and unique features such as the ability to cut complex shapes as well as the wide range of materials and non - creation of thermal distortion at the cutting site. The accuracy of the process is mainly due to selecting the cutting parameters. The sheet used in this study is aluminum 7075 with a thickness of 25 mm. In this research, for water jet pressure, forward speed and nozzle distance to the surface of the workpiece, three surfaces and for the impingement angle of two surfaces were considered. In order to investigate the quality of the cut - off area, the effect of process parameters on the high and low width of the cut section and also the cut - surface slope is investigated. Finally, the cut gap created by this process has special geometrical features that in some cases is the limitation of the process. The results showed that the change in the direction of the water jet from the perpendicular to the surface of the work piece, although the width of the cutting crack cannot be changed, the surface quality decreases and the cutting surface slope increases.