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Certain compounds of plants such as essential oils, with insecticidal properties have been considered as alternatives to chemical pesticides for pest control. This study reports the fumigant toxicity of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) peel essential oils against stored-product insect pest, red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Tenebrionidae) adults. Experiment was carried out at 27 ± 1 ^°C and 60 ± 5 % relative humidity in darkness. Experimental concentrations were 15, 22, 31, 45, and 63 μl/l air tested on adult (1-7 days old) insects after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Results indicated that essential oils from C. reticulata had fumigant tocxicity effects against this stored pest. LC50 values were 38.2 and 35.6 μl/l air at 24 and 48 h after exposure of T. castaneum adults respectively. The essential oils of Citrus reticulata fruit peels at the highest dose of 63 μl/l air caused 76.6 % and 79 % mortality of insects after 24 and 48 hours of exposure, respectively. Mortality of T. castaneum increased with both increase in concentration of C. reticulata oils as well as exposure time of treated insects. These results suggest the potencial of C. reticulata oil as a control agent against T. castaneum.  

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The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia has been known as a major pest of small grains, particularly wheat, worldwide. This study evaluated the biological responses of RWA to six wheat cultivars including Yavarus, Pishgam, Aadl, Omid, Darab 2 and Sepahan. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions of 25 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 10 % R. H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. Resistance or susceptibility of cultivares against the aphid nymphal development time, adult fecundity, daily reproduction, total longevity and adult longevity were investigated. The ANOVA of the data indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars regarding duration of nymphal development time, fecundity and daily reproduction. The longest mean nymphal development time was obtained on Omid and Sepahan, and the shortest on Yavarus. The highest and the lowest total fecundity were observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. Also, the highest and the lowest mean offspring produced per female per day (daily reproduction) was observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. On the whole, Yavarus appeared to be susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid while Omid was resistant.

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The necessity of coordinated facades especially in city centers plays an important role in the image of the cities. Setting up a reliable framework is crucial to ensure that this coordination is maintained. However, due to the lack of tools for implementing that framework the roles and regulations in this context remain only written.
The review of complied foreign documents shows that there is an intensive tool that leads to implementing façade design instructions. This tool which is called the ‘Improvement Façade Program’ has been employed in many cities across the world.
This paper aims to propound tools for implementing design instructions specified in the façade context. It is noteworthy that the main purpose of this paper is being familiar with one of the intensive tools for improving façade and applying this tool in Iran requires localization with specific conditions and regulations inside the country.

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Race-specific resistance of wheat to yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici has been reported as short-lived. Partial resistance, a kind of quantitative resistance, has been reported to be more stable. Partial resistance in terms of slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) was evaluated in a set of twenty six wheat genotypes along with susceptible control during 2010-2011 cropping year. This study was conducted in field plots at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station (Iran) under natural infection conditions with twice artificial inoculation. Artificial inoculation was carried out by yellow rust inoculum having virulence against Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, YrA, and YrSU. Seedling reaction was also evaluated in greenhouse by using race 66E0A+, Yr27+. Results of mean comparison for resistance parameters showed that, lines C-89-4, C-89-17 and C-89-16 along with susceptible had the highest values of FRS, CI, r and rAUDPC, therefore were selected as moderately susceptible or susceptible lines. The lines C-89-7, C-89-8, C-89-9, C-89-10, C-89-13, C-89-14 and C-89-20 had susceptible reactions at seedling stage and low level infection at adult plant stage. Accordingly these lines with low level of different parameters supposed to be having gene/s for varying degrees of partial resistance or high temperature adult plant resistance (HTAP) that can be used for future manipulation in wheat improvement program after confirmatory studies. The remaining lines (except for C-89-2) were immune or had low level of infection. Thus, these were selected as resistant lines. In this study correlation coefficient between different parameters of slow rusting was highly significant. Based on the results, the reaction of the studied genotypes to stripe rust varied from sensitive to immune.

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Introduction:
Cities, as the main areas of human life, consist of components and elements such as open and public spaces. Today, advances in digital technology in various fields, including public spaces, have had a tremendous impact.
Aim:
The purpose of this study is to address the impact and effects that cyberspace has on public spaces and their presence.
Materials and Method:
Based on its objectives, the research is fundamental and is in the category of descriptive and explanatory-analytical studies. After reviewing the basics related to smart city and public spaces by referring to valid documents and texts, the impact of cyberspace on urban public spaces has been considered and according to the criteria of presence in space, 100 questionnaires of Tehran citizens have been completed and analyzed.
Findings:
Findings show that most people use cyberspace as a stimulus and tool to be in public and not as a competitor to not be in public. However, this trajectory in Iran is close to the average because some people (older or with special characteristics) still use cyberspace and the mentioned technologies in a more limited way.
Results:
The results show that cyberspace serves citizens as a stimulus to increase their presence in public spaces. Therefore, it is necessary for urban planners to try to improve services and use cyberspace and technology as a tool to facilitate the presence in cyberspace.

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Rust diseases continue to cause significant losses to wheat production around the world. Among them, yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production in most cool environments. Host resistance, especially race- nonspecific resistance, is the most economical way to manage wheat stripe rust disease. In this study, the effectiveness of different types of resistance was compared in field plots at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station (Iran) during 2011-2013. Yield and yield components along with slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and coefficient of infection (CI) were evaluated for 16 wheat cultivars/lines. In all, five wheat cultivars with race-specific resistance, 10 cultivars with different levels of slow rusting resistance and one susceptible cultivar were included in two treatments; with and without fungicide protection under high disease pressure. Results of combined variance analysis showed significant differences between cultivars/lines, also cultivar/line × year at 1% probability level. Wheat cultivars with slow rusting resistance displayed a range of responses indicating phenotypic diversity. Mean thousand kernels weight (TKW) losses of susceptible, race-specific and slow rusting genotypes were 41, 4.4 and 7.6%, respectively. Mean yield losses of susceptible, race-specific and slow rusting genotypes were 65.6, 7.3 and 15.9%, respectively. In this study cultivars having slow rusting resistance with low values of epidemiological parameters were identified. Also genotypes with low yield component losses, despite moderate disease levels, were characterized. Such genotypes can be used in breeding programs to get improved varieties with high levels of resistance and negligible yield losses. Kernels per spike (KPS) data of two experiments were not enough for comparing losses and need supplementary experiments.

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Objectives: In the last decade, public health planners have faced challenges related to the aging rate and the increase in mental health disorders. Research has shown that mental health issues are prevalent among older adults in Qazvin, but there hasn't been a comprehensive study on the impact of the social and built environment on mental health. Therefore, this research aims to identify the physical and social environment characteristics that can influence mental health.
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional quantitative research utilizing common mental health assessment tools, such as HADS and PSS, to gather data from 361 Qazvin's historical context residents. Additionally, an environmental quality questionnaire was used to collect information on the physical and social environment of the neighborhood. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS-25 software and the hierarchical regression method.
Results and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that individual, place, and socio-cultural factors played a significant role in determining the mental health of older adults in Qazvin City. The individual factors that affected mental health included age, gender, home ownership status, and marital status. The place factors that influenced mental health included satisfaction with the place, land use, quality of residence, security, walkability, and access to green spaces. The socio-cultural dimension also played a role in mental health, as factors such as social support and cultural activities impacted the well-being of older adults. The results of this study can help in planning and designing neighborhoods in a historical context to improve mental health.              

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The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an imported pest and serious threat to tomato production in farms and greenhouses of Iran. Use of genetically engineered plants expressingcarbohydrase inhibitors is one of the non-chemical methods for controlling insect pests, and knowledge about enzymatic properties of carbohydrases will help us to achieve this goal. Therefore, in present study we characterized biochemical properties of digestive carbohydrases in the midgut of last larval instar of T. absoluta fed on different tomato cultivars (Kingston, Riogrande, Super Luna, Super Chief, Super strain B and Calj). While the highest amylolytic activity was on Super strain B, the lowest was on Super Chief. The optimal pH and temperature for α-amylase were found to be at pH 9.0 and 45 °C, respectively. As calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots, the highest Km and Vmax values for α-amylase obtained in Super Chief and Super Luna cultivars were 0.565 ± 0.11mM and 2.287 ± 0.4mM/min, respectively. The effects of different compounds on amylolytic activity indicated that CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl and KCl increased amylase activity, whereas EDTA, ZnCl2 and BaCl2 decreased the enzyme activity in Super Luna cultivar. The highest activity of α-/ß-glucosidases was observed at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively, whereas the optimal pH for α/ß-galactosidases was at 5.0. The highest specific activity of α-/ß-glucosidases was determined in Riogrande-fed larvae, whereas the highest α/ß-galactosidases activity was in the larvae fed on Riogrande and Calj cultivars, respectively. By the native- PAGE, two bands were clearly detected for α-amylase. Since the larvae reared on Kingston showed lowest carbohydrase activities, this cultivar could possibly be suggested as the least suitable host for feeding of T. absoluta.

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Efficacy of the neonicotinoid insecticide, Calypso® was studied on eggs, nymphs and adults of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, using a leaf disc bioassay method. Concentrations from 0.15 to 0.8 ml/l were applied by systemic-contact method. Nymphs were more susceptible than eggs and adults, and LC50 and LC30 values were estimated to be 0.465 and 0.263 ml/l, respectively. Also, the longevity and fecundity of exposed females was reduced compared to control. Moreover, the demographic parameters were adversely influenced compared to control. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly decreased to 0.132 and 0.139 day-1 at LC50 and LC30 level, compared to control (0.152 day-1). Other life table parameters (R0, λ, T, and DT) were also significantly lower in the treated insects. Sublethal concentrations of Calypso® may reduce the insecticide residuals on greenhouse crops and reduce the resistance development in greenhouse whiteflies. Therefore, these concentrations may be applicable in the management of T. vaporariorum after complementary studies.

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Yellow (stripe) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production where the weather conditions are congenial and susceptible cultivars are present. Host resistance is the most economical and environmentally safe control method to manage wheat yellow rust; and slow rusting resistance, a kind of quantitative resistance, has been reported to have more durability. We planned an experiment aimed to evaluate resistance durability to yellow rust in some wheat cultivars. This study was conducted in field plots under natural infection conditions against race(s) populations of stripe rust believed to have virulence against Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr10, Yr17, Yr18, Yr21, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, Yr31, Yr32, YrA and YrSU resistance genes. Slow rusting parameters, including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) were evaluated in a set of 50 wheat genotypes along with susceptible control during a seven-year study from 2008 to 2014. Seedling reaction was also evaluated under field conditions. Based on evaluated resistance parameters, the cultivars (entries: 34, 40-50) as well as susceptible check with the highest values of FRS, CI, r and rAUDPC, were considered as susceptible cultivars. Eight cultivars (entries: 1-7and 9) were resistant at the seedling and adult plant stages. Thirteen cultivars (entries: 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37) showed resistance reaction at the seedling, but susceptible to moderate reactions at the adult plant stage. Sixteen cultivars (entries: 8 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 38, 39) were susceptible at the seedling stage, and had moderately resistant to moderately susceptible reactions at the adult plant stage. Accordingly, these later cultivars with low level of slow rusting parameters were supposed to have gene(s) for varying degrees of slow rusting resistance or high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance. The remaining cultivars may have low level of slow rusting resistance that need further study to elucidate their nature of resistance. Cluster analysis of wheat cultivars revealed four major groups/clusters, based on slow rusting resistance parameters and seedling infection types.

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ntroduction
One of the basic goals in regional planning and sustainable development is its impact on the local community and ethnic groups, so that if the development plans are in line with the demands (economic, political and social) of the local community. This strategy can play a significant role in strengthening convergence, security and sustainable development at the local and national levels. The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the most important regional requirements in regional development with a focus on the development of Chabahar port. The research shows that the category of regional development in strategic areas cannot be achieved without taking into account the regional requirements and its internal space which lead to the realization of development goals, that is, promotion of security, development and convergence at the local and national level.
                                                                      Methodology
Data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings methods. The concepts were repeated and the subsequent samples did not contain new information. Qualitative method of analysis is used to analyze the data using grounded theory. The interviews were carefully coded, classified, analyzed and interpreted in several stages.
Results and discussion
One of the main factors of the presence of regionalist tendencies in the southeast region and the lack of government attention to solve the existing challenges of the people is the dominance of the security view over other views of governance. Based on the analysis of research findings and interviews, the basic preconditions in the development of Chabahar are to pay attention to strengthening the security of the region in the southeast of the country with scientific strategies and policies and in accordance with local demands and national identity. The government has a direct and fundamental role in creating regional security for the development of Chabahar. In such a way that the strategies and policy-making should lead to the creation of constructive interaction between the national government and the local community, the satisfaction of the local community, social cohesion and national convergence.
Development thinkers consider the participation of social groups in development programs and competent management for guidance and leadership as one of the most important platforms for balanced and fair development in any social system. Based on the analysis of research findings and interviews, the design of plans and policies in the development of Chabahar should promote the participation of the local community (elite chieftains, maulvis and elders, academics and educated people of the southeast) in planning and decision making.
In the current situation and the trend of population growth in Chabahar, most of the new settlements, especially in the free zone, are inhabited by non-native and prosperous people, and the more we move towards the outskirts of the city, the Baluch tribes live in poor standards of living. In the current situation, although with the establishment of Chabahar commercial-industrial free zone, capacities for development have been created, but due to the fact that this free zone lacked long-term planning and social connections from the beginning, undesirable economic, social and physical phenomena, including separation have brought social selection and unbalanced development.
Considering the location and identity of the Baluch people in the southeast region and Sistan and Baluchistan province, the separation of Makran and Chabahar regions in the form of the creation of the new Chabahar province leads to skepticism, mistrust and the reaction of elites (Majlis representatives, clerics, generals, etc.) And this situation is not in favor of the central government. This issue can lead to tension and insecurity in the southeast region and slow down the development process of Chabahar. Also, the creation of Makran province centered on the city of Chabahar and the port of Chabahar take the attention and support from the central government and absolute centralism in the long term considering the weaknesses in budget distribution, lack of goal-oriented planning and the international capacities of the Makran and Chabahar region.
Regional development programs such as Chabahar Free Zone programs have not had a serious and tangible impact in different sectors (economic, health, education and infrastructure) in Chabahar city and the region. This situation has caused various challenges such as dissatisfaction with the government, spread of informal jobs, unemployment, marginalization, etc. The regional development plans and the development of Chabahar should be designed and formulated in such a way that it leads to the promotion and progress of various sectors of the province's development (economic, health, education, sports and infrastructure).
Conclusions
The results of the research showed that the category of regional development in strategic areas and different from the main body of the government, regardless of the requirements of its internal space, especially in the cultural (ethnic-religious) dimension, cannot achieve the main goals of development, i.e. improving security, national development and survival. The development of Chabahar port, as the country's only oceanic port on the shores of the Sea of ​​Oman and the Indian Ocean is an outstanding plan in enhancing Iran's geopolitical weight at the local, national and international levels. Based on the interpretation and analysis of the research findings, the realization of Chabahar's regional development goals and the actualization of its valuable capacities require attention to its regional requirements: regional security category, regional participation category, spatial justice, political trust, balanced and network development, stability of political divisions, category of ethnic cohesion, category of infrastructural development.

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Stem (black) rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is the most devastating of wheat diseases. Historically, it caused severe crop loss in many parts of the world. The cheapest and most environmentally friendly management strategy is the use of resistant wheat cultivars. Hence, the knowledge of effective resistance genes and determination of resistant sources will enable breeders to target those useful genes/resistant sources in their breeding programs. In order to determine effective resistance genes, virulence pattern of wheat stem rust was studied under the field conditions by planting of differential sets. Moreover, slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) were evaluated in a set of twenty-five wheat genotypes. The survey was conducted in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station, Northwest Iran, during two crop seasons 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. Results showed that there was no virulence for differential sets carrying resistance genes Sr5, Sr13, Sr22, Sr24, Sr26 + Sr9G, Sr27, Sr32, Sr35 and Sr36. But, virulence was observed for differential sets having resistance genes; Sr25, Sr7a, Sr23, Sr28, Sr29, Sr30, Sr33, Sr34, Sr37, SrDP2, SrGT, SrWLD, SrH. The genes found effective against stem rust under natural conditions may be deployed singly or in combinations with durable resistance genes to develop high yielding resistant wheat cultivars. Based on the results of evaluations for slow rusting parameters, seven lines together with susceptible check that had the highest values of FRS, CI, r and rAUDPC, were selected as susceptible lines. Six lines showed moderate or moderately susceptible reaction (M, MR, MS). Accordingly, these lines with low values of parameters are supposed to have gene (s) for varying degrees of slow rusting resistance. The remaining lines may have low level of slow rusting resistance that need further study to elucidate their nature of resistance.
 

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Functional response is an important behavioral characteristic of prey-predator interactions that can be utilized for assessing impact of natural enemies. In this research, the functional response of Nabis pseudoferus Remane females was examined to the third-instar larvae of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) which were exposed to LC₃₀ (2.03 × 10⁴ conidia/ml) values of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolate DEMI 001. Six densities of the prey (1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 16) were exposed to the predator (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) after inoculation. N. pseudoferus exhibited a type II functional response to prey density in all treatments, indicating that predation increases asymptotically to a satiation level. The highest and the lowest attack rates (a) were 0.1052 ± 0.0440 and 0.0509 ± 0.0133h^-1 for 48h and 72h post-infection treatments, respectively. Maximum theoretical predation rate (T/T_h) was estimated 10.96 in control. Our results suggest that M. anisopliae and N. pseudoferus, can be a useful combination in pest management of tomato leaf miner, although it must be confirmed in field condition.
 
 

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One of the most important factors which alter job creation to a necessitate is non-oil export capabilities development. The country's foreign exchange income will be increased through paying attention to worth industrial activities Fields. Iran, with huge resource of raw materials, origins and Labor forces have a considerable potential to be developed through industrial activities channel. In other word, industrial sections are not only able to affect commercial development but also may create new opportunities. So, in order to facilitate commercial development, increasing efficiency and productivity, raising production power and job creation in industry recognition and introducing of worth industrial activities must be noticed. In this research, understanding more about different worth industrial activities in order to increase job creation was studied. Priority of job creation in Iran industrial sections is determined by using seniority of important index (Compatible with ISIC codes) and numerical taxonomy method. According to this study priority of different industries considering job creation aim are as below: 1- Textile industry 6- Print and paper industry 2- Mineral industry 7- Miscellaneous industry 3- Wood industry 8- Basic metals industry 4- Machinery industry 9- Chemical industry 5- Food industry

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In the present study, the cuticle-degrading enzymes production potential of five native Beauveria bassiana (TV, OZ, UN, DV and DE) isolates was investigated in the presence of cuticles from Eurygaster integriceps, Ephestia kuehniella and Zophobas morio. Furthermore, histopathology of infected insects by B. bassiana was studied. The level of cuticle degrading enzymes was the highest and lowest for TV (as the most virulent isolate) and DE (as the weakest isolate), respectively. E. integriceps nymphs as the most sensitive host produced the highest level of cuticle degrading enzymes (Pr2, exochitinase, and lipase) while Z. morio as the most resistant host, produced the lowest level of hydrolytic enzymes. According to histopathological study, the fungal isolate could not penetrate into Z. morio cuticle, as no mycelia or hyphae were observed in its tissues after inoculation, while fungal bodies were detected in microscopic slides of the other two insects. Overall, the chemical and topographical structure of insect cuticle had a substantial effect on the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus. Production of enzymes including proteases (especially Pr2), chitinase (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase), and lipases was positively related to virulence of fungus isolates. It can be concluded that not only the hydrolytic activity of B. bassiana isolates, but also host cuticle composition determine the pathogenesis and virulence cascade in fungus-insect interactions.