Showing 44 results for saeidi
Volume 1, Issue 4 (Fall 2021)
Abstract
Emergentism bears similarities to the Islamic Transcendent Philosophy about the relationship between the soul and the body. At the same time, despite these similarities, there seem to be fundamental differences in the ontological picture of these two. The main issue of this paper is to identify these differences. The result of this effort can be summarized as saying that the ontological foundations of Emergentism are consistent with scientific findings, while this is not the case with Transcendent Philosophy, and that there are fundamental differences between the ontological picture of Transcendent Philosophy and Emergentism in relation to the soul and the body relation; Differences rooted in the contradiction between the classical or Aristotelian image of the world and the new scientific image of the that.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
The essential oils of aerial parts of three medicinal plants Artemisia khorassanica Podl., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Mentha longifolia L. were isolated by hydrodistillation and investigated for their toxicity and repellency against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. at 27 ± 1 ºC and 60 ± 5% RH in darkness. The mortality of the adults increased with concentration from 185 to 1111 μl/l air and with exposure time from 9 to 24 h. A concentration of 185 μl/l air and exposure time of 24 h was sufficient to obtain nearly 100% kill of the adults in all of the three essential oils tested. At the highest concentration (1111 μl/l air) R. officinalis oil caused 15% mortality for an exposure time of 6-h. whilst, the oil of A. khorassanica resulted in 1% mortality at the same exposure time. The oil of A. khorassanica at 1111 μl/l air caused 81% mortality for 12-h exposure time. No significant differences were observed between the lethal time (LT50) values at essential oil concentrations of 741 and 1111 μl/l air. For 24-h exposure time, the LC50 values of A. khorassanica, R. officinalis and M. longifolia essential oils were estimated to be 22.45, 22.14 and 39.96 μl/l air respectively. Based on LC50 values, adults of T. confusum showed similar susceptibility to the A. khorassanica and R. officinalis oils, but M. longifolia oil proved to be less toxic. In contrast to their low fumigant properties, the essential oil of M. longifolia had significantly higher repellency to T. confusum adults than did the other two.
Volume 6, Issue 20 (6-2018)
Abstract
Contrary to its similarities with other Iranian ethnicities’ marriage ceremonies, the marriage ceremony in Hormozgan province has differences with them in respect of ceremonies and their procedures. One of these differences is reading Basenaks in various steps of marriage by men and women. Of course women’s frequencies are much higher than men’s counterparts. The present article has been devoted to content analysis and has been done through objective observations and interviews done for investigation of Basenaks and the role of sister– in – Law in marriage ceremony’s Basenaks of Hormozgan and it has been cleared that Hormozgan Basenaks belong mostly to religious types and are read by groom & bride’s relatives. Among audiences of Basenaks are sister and mother of the sister – in – Law. The results of this study show that the role of sister– in – law in Marriage Ceremony’s Basenaks is more prominent. However, the mother attends Basenaks when there appears shortages in the ceremony in a humorous way. The present article studies the role of sister– in – law in Marriage Ceremony’s Basenaks. It is worth mentioning that because of oral and popular characters of Basenaks, there is always the problem of rhyme and meter in Basenaks.
Volume 7, Issue 25 (5-2019)
Abstract
The palm tree is a very ancient and sacred tree whose name is often mentioned in the Holy Quran. The historian has described it as the princess of trees. Southerners believe that palm is the only legacy of their family. In the oral history of the Minab, there are many palm trees. The palm plays an important role in the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the people. Palm tree is important in all respects for the inhabitants of the south. He provided food and lodging, as well as wicker industries to use in the affairs of life. By adopting the content –analysis approach and through library based data and interview, this research sheds light on several aspects of this tree and its place in oral literature of Iran (riddle, proverb, idioms, beliefs and songs). This tree has been important for a very long time in the lives of the people of this region and it is not an exaggeration to say that every palm, as a breadwinner, can be part of the family economy. Palm is one of the children of the family and his unit of enumeration. Sometimes, the inhabitants of this region have attributed to it a mortal character.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2006)
Abstract
The choice of an efficient breeding procedure depends to a large extent on knowledge of the genetic system controlling the character to be selected. The objective of this study was to determine genetic parameters for yield and other traits including some of the yield components under three planting densities, using analysis of generation means (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) derived from crosses of B73 with Mo17 and K74/1 inbred lines of corn. Analysis of variance reinforced the hypothesis that interaction of plant density on genera-tion means depends on evaluating genotypes and the kind of trait. Generation mean analysis suggested that both additive and dominance effects were important for most of the traits evaluated in this study, but dominance had a more pronounced effect. Epistasis affected the expression of nine traits in both crosses at three planting densities. Expres-sion of epistasis and genetic parameters differed in the two crosses and were influenced by plant density. Plant densities interacted more strongly with epistasis gene action than with additive or dominance gene action in both crosses.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (10-2016)
Abstract
This research aims to explain the process of hegemonization of justice-based conservative discourses, through the third decade of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Revolution (1380-1384). Due to the advantages of Laclau and Mouffe’s theory on systematic representation of discursive conflicts (disappearance of a discourse and emergence of another), we used this theory as an efficient theoretical framework and as a research methodology strategy for our present work.
In competitive processes and based on the context developed by insecurities and mutability of the reformist discourse, e.g. issues in political and cultural arenas, negligence in economic domain, disagreements on theoretic and operational meanings of major concepts of discourse, etc., justice-based conservative discourse managed to provide the requirements of marginalization of reformists and deconstruction of some of their major concepts, such as reforms, people, law, etc. This was the result of a sequence of wins starting by the second round of city council election in the end of 1380s, followed by the seventh parliament election in the end of 1382 and the presidential election in 1384. In this period, the conservative discourse was able to create a new semantic order through which not only were the previous government criticized and their defects and inefficiencies in justice-based attention and security of people’s welfare and economic needs were mentioned, but also they attempted to deconstruct concepts and meanwhile increase self-accessibility and reputation in public thoughts. Finally, this discourse dominated the political sectors of the country for some years as the hegemonic discourse.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (10-2021)
Abstract
Rapid cold hardiness in response to sudden decline in air temperature plays an important role in the aphid survival. Rapid cold hardiness is a phenomenon that increases insect’s survival at sub-zero temperatures following a brief exposure to low temperatures above 0 °C. In this regard, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is able to increase its cold hardiness gradually during cold season and produce large population on host plants in Brassicaceae family. In this research, rapid cold hardiness of B. brassicae, and its effects on development time, longevity and fecundity were investigated. Direct transfer of aphids from 20 °C to a series of sub-zero temperatures for 2 h, resulted in a LT80 (estimated temperature required to kill 80% of tested population) of -7.3 °C. Preconditioning of first instar nymphs for 3 h and adults for 2 h at 0 °C resulted in the highest survival rates of 63% and 71%, respectively. Acclimation of aphids, by a cooling rate of 0.05 °C/min form 20 to 0 °C, prior the exposure to LT80 (-7.3 °C) resulted in the highest survival. No detrimental effects of rapid cold hardiness were observed on development time, longevity and fecundity. Results of the present study showed that rapid cold hardiness is induced in B. brassicae and increases the aphid survival in response to unexpected changes of temperature.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (10-2021)
Abstract
The Greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), one of the major pests of cereals, overwinter as adults and nymphs in temperate regions. The aphid population increases in early spring as the weather conditions become favorable, but it gradually decreases in mid-June as air temperature rises. Adult aphid colonies were acclimated to measure cold tolerance at 20, 15, 10, 5, and 0 °C for one week. In contrast, other colonies were acclimated to measure heat tolerance at 20, 25, and 30 °C for one week and 35 °C for two days. Then, the lowest temperature resulting in 50% mortality (LLT50) and the highest temperature resulting in 50% mortality (ULT50) of tested populations were defined. Moreover, changes of sugars and polyols were studied at the end of each thermal regime. The lowest LLT50 was -13.2 °C at 0 °C and the highest ULT50 was 40.1 °C at 35 °C. In the cold acclimation condition, glucose was the highest at 0 °C and reached to 80.9 µmol/g f.w. However, in the heat acclimation condition, the mannitol was the highest at 35 °C and reached to 43.7 µmol/g f.w. Findings indicate that high temperatures due to climate change could be a threat to aphid population size and distribution.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (Vol. 10, No. 3 (Tome 51), (Articles in Persian) 2019)
Abstract
Iranian learners of the Russian language face numerous problems when learning the Russian grammar. One of these problems is the complexity of Russian prepositions, especially spatial and temporal prepositions in comparison with the Persian language. Since the task of the teacher is to facilitate the learning environment, to improve the learning process and to classify the content of learning from a logical point of view, it is necessary, first of all, to identify students' errors and study the causes of their occurrence. At the next stage, the teacher needs to think about ways to overcome these mistakes. The main objective of this study is to classify the frequent errors of Iranian students who use the spatial and temporal prepositions of Russian by identifying the reasons for their occurrence and the ways to overcome them. The corpus of the present study consists of 150 students of the middle stage of Allame Tabatabaei University. Research methodology is experimental –descriptive. The results of the study show that the most frequent errors in the application of spatial and temporal prepositions are associated with the interference between the native and the studied language, and the possibility of using simple Russian prepositions with several cases. Strategies are also being shown to reduce errors, among which the most important is the introduction of the subject “teaching prepositions” into the program of teaching Russian in Iran and teaching students to think in Russian, rather than translating Persian thoughts.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (6-2021)
Abstract
Resistance of eight almond genotypes/cultivars, including Sefid, Mamaei, Rabie, Shahrood7, Ferragnes, Shahrood13, Nonpareil, and Hooreh, to almond fruit wasp (AFW) Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, was investigated using choice and no-choice tests. The infested fruits ranged from 4.60 ± 1.45% in the Hooreh genotype to 86.87 ± 2.01% in the Ferragnes cultivar in the choice test. The highest and lowest premature dropped fruits were recorded in Ferragnes (80.70 ± 3.21%) and Hooreh genotype (2.43 ± 1.12%), respectively. The highest and lowest numbers of alive larvae were observed in Nonpareil (1.27 ± 0.70 larvae/fruit) and Ferragnes cultivar (0.04 ± 0.02 larvae/fruit). The No-choice test indicated the highest premature dropped fruits (79.21 ± 3.76%) and the lowest number of alive larvae (0.09 ± 0.03 larvae/fruit) in the Ferragnes cultivar. The olfactory response revealed that E. amygdali females were strongly attracted to fruits and fruit extracts of Mamaei and Ferragnes cultivars compared to the Hooreh genotype. Our finding demonstrated that certain chemical stimuli emitted from the unripe fruits of almond might influence the host finding behavior of AFW females.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (11-2021)
Abstract
Peach twig borer (PTB), Anarsia lineatella Zeller, is the most critical pest of peach and other stone fruits in different parts of the world. The objectives of this study were to determine adults’ seasonal activity and damage caused by PTB on different peach cultivars (Zafarani, Kardi, Elberta, Red top, and GF677) under natural conditions. The seasonal flight of the adults using pheromone traps indicated that PTB completed three generations per year in peach orchards, Saman, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Iran. The accumulated degree-days throughout the pest activity from April to October were 1916 and 1803 DD in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The ratio of twig and fruit infestation and the number of larval galleries/fruit were studied among the cultivars using a completely randomized block design in four replicates. According to the results, the highest ratio of twig infestation was observed on GF677 followed by Zafarani, whereas the lowest on Elberta followed by Kardi cultivar. The longest larval galleries (68.44 ± 1.28 and 56.80 ± 1.24 mm) was observed on GF677, whereas the shortest on Elberta cultivar (39.20 ± 1.64 and 32.40 ± 1.36 mm in 2014 and 2015, respectively). The highest ratio of fruit damage and larval galleries/fruit were observed on Kardi, whereas the lowest was on Red top cultivar. According to the results, the cultivars with hard tissues of twigs and early maturing fruits significantly reduced PTB damage and are recommended for pest management in the infested regions.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (winter 2023)
Abstract
Words and meanings in literary text and especially in poetry are combined with each other as if each phoneme and syllable used in these works were chosen with a special elegance and in line with conveying a special sense and concept. The theory of phonetic induction was first proposed by Maurice Grammon, a French linguist. Based on this theory and using descriptive-analytical method, the present study investigates the inductive sounds in the poem "Sailing" (Парус) by Lermontov and its two existing translations. The results of this research show that the poet instills a feeling of confusion, struggle, displeasure and anger to the audience with the help of repetition of obstruent consonants, bright vowels, khishumi consonants and bright vowels respectively. Since the number of phonemes in the original text, verse and prose translation are not equal to each other, in order to make a more accurate and fair conclusion, the percentage of phonemes repeated in each text and the deviation from the standard. In both translations, the order of the concepts induced by the repetition of sounds is the same, but it is different from the original text, and secondly, the deviation from The criterion of the percentage of repetition of inductive sounds in the verse translation is lower than the prose translation, and as a result, the verse translation is closer to the original text in this respect.
Volume 12, Issue 3 (11-2023)
Abstract
Biological control represents an effective approach for managing pest populations in horticultural crops, presenting an alternative to the reliance on pesticides. To ensure the successful integration of predators into biological control programs, it is imperative to conduct thorough assessments of how these predators respond to changes in prey density in laboratory settings. In this study, we investigated the functional response of various developmental stages of Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) when exposed to varying densities of Hyalopterus amygdali (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at 26°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and 16L: 8D h photoperiod. Each treatment was replicated 15 times and conducted on almond leaves placed within Petri dishes. Our findings revealed that all larval stages, as well as adult males and females of the predator, exhibited a type II functional response when presented with different prey densities. We quantified searching efficiency (0.0219, 0.0173, 0.0163, 0.0141, 0.0198, and 0.0128 h-1) and handling times (5.7650, 2.6023, 0.7303, 0.3166, 0.7352, and 0.2920 h) for the first through fourth instar larvae, male and female adults, using Holling's disc equation. Notably, handling times for males were significantly longer than those for females or fourth instar larvae. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were observed in the attack rate between fourth instar larvae and either adult females or males. The maximum attack rate (T/Th) for the first to fourth instar larvae, male, and female H. variegata was estimated as 4.163053, 9.222611, 10.52909, 100.2925, 32.64418, and 82.19178, respectively. Consequently, our results indicate that the fourth instar larvae and adult females of H. variegata are recommended for utilization in biological control programs aimed at managing H. amygdali populations.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Winter 2025)
Abstract
Aims: A healthy lifestyle is a crucial modifiable risk factor in breast cancer prevention. This study aimed to identify predictors of health-promoting behaviors based on the self-regulation model among breast cancer patients in northern Iran.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 2021 involving 260 breast cancer patients. A questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics, disease status, psychosocial factors related to the self-regulation model, health-promoting behaviors, and patients’ attitudes toward their health. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficients and multivariate linear regression.
Findings: The average age of participants was 52.6±10.6 years. A direct correlation was found between perceived treatment effectiveness and all domains of health-promoting behaviors. The multivariate regression model indicated that perceived treatment effectiveness significantly predicted health-promoting behaviors, including a healthy diet (β=0.20, p=0.016), vitamin consumption (β=0.21, p = 0.002), and performing mammography (β=-0.26, p=0.001).
Conclusion: Perceived treatment effectiveness is closely linked to enhanced health-promoting behaviors.
Volume 13, Issue 15 (Third Special Issue 2014)
Abstract
The flow field around the axisymmetric streamlined bodies which forms the main body of the airplanes and submarines has been the subject of several researches. The present study aimed to investigate the flow field around a standard submersible model in various angles of attack by employing two visualization methods. The vortex structures around the model are qualitatively studied at the 40-degree angle of attack in a vertical wind tunnel. These structures are visualized by the laser sheet illumination of the smoke injected flow. The shear stress field lines on the model surface in the 0≤ α ≤35° angles of attack became visible by oil and pigments. Noteworthy and distinct aspect of the present study is the application of two empirical visualizing methods which made three dimensional vortical field more understandable. Formation and development of the primary and secondary vortex along the model length are qualitatively interpreted by the results of the smoke and laser light visualization technique. Moreover, the primary and secondary separation lines along model length for various angles of attack were deduced from the results of the oil flow visualization.
Volume 14, Issue 1 (1-2012)
Abstract
Organic farming as an approach to sustainable agriculture tries to decrease environmental problems and possible health hazards caused by the residues from pesticides. Since the agricultural professionals are responsible to inform the farmers and the public by education and extension efforts, it is necessary to understand their attitudes. The main purpose of this research was to investigate factors influencing agricultural professionals’ attitudes towards organic farming. We used a survey research by questionnaire in Fars province (a southern province in Iran) to collect data from 138 agricultural professionals in autumn 2007. Major independent variables in the study were knowledge of organic farming, general attitude towards the environment, social norm about organic farming, moral norm about organic farming, nutrient attitude, health attitude, perceived transitional difficulty and negative attitude towards conventional agriculture. The findings showed that negative attitude towards conventional agriculture, general attitude towards the environment, perceived transitional difficulty and moral norm had significant and direct effects on attitude towards organic farming. Negative attitude towards conventional agriculture had the most direct effect. As it was expected, the perceived transitional difficulty had a negative effect on attitude towards organic farming.
Volume 14, Issue 2 (5-2014)
Abstract
Acoustic Emission technique is a non destructive method which can be used for detection of corrosion mechanism. In this paper the corrosion of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids solution on some kinds of stainless steel like 304, 316 and GTD-450 with and without residual stress was surveyed by acoustic emission technique. Considering tests diagrams, cumulative counts in the samples with residual stress is more than other ones due to high sensitivity of stainless steel samples to stress corrosion cracking. Also frequency in the samples with residual stress is lower than other ones. Cumulative count in the stainless steel 304 is more than stainless steel 316 for all of the samples. A sudden and intensive corrosion in the hydrochloric acid environment was observed specially in the samples with residual stress. For stainless steel 304, this event was very harmful, because, it will the cause of some pitting corrosion, which concentrates stress in these locations and finally creates crack in structure.
Volume 14, Issue 5 (9-2012)
Abstract
In order to locate the QTLs for plant height, peduncle length, and heading date, a set of 107 wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi× Oligoculm was grown during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. A total of 36 QTLs were identified based on composite interval mapping (CIM) approach. All detected plant height QTL’s were stable over the two years. QTLs located near RhtD1 (chromosome 4D) and in the Xta556-RhtB1 interval (chromosome 4B) accounted for, respectively, 40.1% and 28.9% of plant height variation in 2004 and 30.7% and 26.36% in 2005. The other two QTLs identified for plant height were located near Xcfd53 and Xwmc25a loci on chromosome 2D. The results of composite interval mapping indicated that all detected QTLs for peduncle length were coincident with plant height QTLs. Of the most important heading date QTLs, the only stable one over years was located in the Xcfd53-Xbarc168 interval on chromosome 2D and accounted for 34.05% and 31.9% of heading date variation in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Xbarc168-Xgwm484 interval (LOD> 8.3) carried the other important QTL for heading date in 2004. In general, based on expression of stable and major effect QTLs in present study, it is possible to increase efficiency of marker assisted selection for the traits in breeding programs.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (January & February 2023)
Abstract
The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method. According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognizable in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian do not have stress or their stress depend on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.
1. Introduction
The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always connected to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words. For example, the contracted forms of the auxiliary verbs in I'm and we've are clitics.
1.2. Research Question(s)
In this article we try to compare the types of clitics, i.e. enclitics, endoclitics and proclitics in Russian and Persian, and find the similarities and differences between them. The questions we seek to answer in this study are: What are the types of clitics in Russian and Persian languages? What are the differences and similarities between the use of clitics in these two languages? Is there endoclitic, as a clitic that exists in a small number of languages, in these two languages or not?
2. Literature Review
In the Persian language, Kalbasi (1992, p.24-25), Shaghaghi (2013), Meshkatuddini (2005, p.18), Rasekh Mohand (2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), Sarahi and Alinejad (2013), Naghzguy Kohan (2014), Bahrami and Rezaei (2013), Mahmudi (2013) and ..., and in the Russian language, researchers such as Zaliznyak (2005), Mironova (2015), Zimmerling (2018), Valova (2016), Zimmerling and Liutikova (2016), Tamilina (2018), Duykina et al. have studied the clitics and have created works.
3. Methodology
In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method.
4. Results
According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognized in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian, do not have stress or their stress depends on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.
Although the enclitics and proclitics of Russian and Persian are different from each other, the existence and use of them in these two languages have been proven. There is no endoclitic in Persian, but this type of clitics exists in Russian and is used.
The number of proclitics in Russian is much more than the number in Persian, and this is due to the lack of stress on many prepositions and conjunctions in Russian, as mentioned, lack of stress is the main characteristic of clitics.
Some conjunctions and prepositions in Russian can be used as clitic due to lack of stress, but this is not possible in Persian, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress and cannot be clitics.
In the Persian language, clitics refer to structural and syntactic relations, for example, they can be possessive modifiers or direct objects, and so on. In the Russian language as well as the Persian language, clitics, which consist of conjunctions, prepositions, and particles, are used to express grammatical relationships at the sentence level. In other words, clitics are similar in terms of semantic function in Russian and Persian languages.
Volume 14, Issue 8 (11-2014)
Abstract
The autofrettaged thick-walled tube containing semi-elliptical crack is investigated. To study the variation of stress intensity factor on crack front, at first, two dimensional weight function is extracted. Stress intensity factor of all points on crack front can be calculate using proposed weight function, also, the complicated loading on crack faces including the loads due to axial gradient pressure in short cylinder and open-end tubes can be considered. Results show that, opposite of the cylinder subjected to uniform pressure, in pipes under gradient pressure, the maximum stress intensity factor are not necessarily on deepest point and surface points. The maximum stress intensity factor occurs on non-surface points in autofrettaged tubes. The results obtained from two dimensional weight function method have a good accuracy with the results obtained from finite element method. Prediction of fatigue crack configuration using two dimensional weight function can be more accurate than those obtained from one dimensional weight function.
