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Since back pain is the most common pregnancy-related symptom, this study aimed to determine the effect of exercise training on disability due to low back pain in pregnant women.
In this interventional study 120 pregnant women referring to the health centers in Karaj, were randomly assigned into two intervention (n = 60) and control (n = 60) groups, respectively. The demographic questions and standardized Quebec questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver. 21 and appropriate statistical tests.
Totally 120 pregnant women (60 participants in each group) took part in this study. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of disability due to low back pain before the intervention (P > 05). However, after intervention, the disability score in intervention group was less than the control group significantly (1.4 ± 0.86 in intervention group compared to 2.23 ± 1.12 in control group with P < 0.0001).

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The most common type of muscular-skeletal disorders among health care worker is low back pain (LBP). This study aimed to investigate the effects of an educational program based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) on low back pain severity in healthcare workers in hospitals located in Qom, Iran. In this interventional research study, 125 nursing aides were divided into two experimental and control groups. Data gathering instruments were a demographic questionnaire and a questionnaire based on the predictor constructs of SCT. For the intervention group, training was administered by health education specialist in four 2-hour sessions In each session discussion regarding self-efficacy, self-control, outcome reinforcement, and emotional coping were taken into account carefully, respectively. Data were analyzed SPSS version18.0, IBM Corp.

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Background: Exercise behavior is associated with decreased risks of mortality resulted from all causes. While people suffer from inactivity, doing stretching exercise as an important daily activity increases joints and muscles full range of motion and flexibility. This study aimed to assess the status of tension exercise behavior among Iranian office workers based on Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM).
Methods and Materials: In this cross sectional study, 420 office workers were selected randomly. The A self-reported questionnaire based on TTM and tension exercise behavior were used to collect data through self-reporting and analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
Results: Totally 420 office workers withmean age 37.12 ± 8.031 years were assessed. The results found that 11.7 % of the participants (N = 49) were in pre-contemplation stage, 32.9% (N = 138) in contemplation, 10 % (N = 42) in preparation stage, 24.5% (N = 103) in action stage and % 21 of participants (N = 88) were in maintenance stage. There were significant relationship between stages of TTM and tension exercise behavior.
Conclusions: This study indicated that about the majority of office workers were in contemplation and pre-contemplation stag regarding tension exercise. Therefore, designing proper educational intervention is strongly recommended

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Background: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD) is one of most prevalent health problems among individuals with limited physical activity. This study aimed to assess this problem among office workers in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Methods and Material: Totally, 42 eligible office workers from three health centers related to ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences(SBUMS) between May, 2016-September, 2016 were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Of all these individuals, 420 office workers (response rate 99.2%) were satisfied to participate in this study. In Standard Nordic questionnaire were used to collect data. Collected data were entered into SPSS 16 and analyzed through descriptive and analytical tests. Results: Totally, 420 office workers with a mean age of37.1 ± 8.03 were examined in this study.The most prevalent WMSPD waslower back pain (N = 56, 13.3%) followed by neck pain (N = 46, 11.0%), wrist pain (N = 43, 10.2%), hip pain (N = 6, 1.4%) and pain in heel of foot (N = 17, 4%). The variables such as age (χ² = 24.99: P = 0.003); gender (χ² = 0.544; P = 0.028); employment status (χ² = 9.837: P = 0.007); duration of pain (χ² = 1.55l P = 0.001) and duration of treatment (χ² = 1.006; P=0.001) were significantly related to WMSD. Conclusions: Since the WMSD are prevalent among office workers of SBUMS, designing proper interventional studies are recommended. However, doing more researches to confirm the results of this study is guaranteed.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential nutrient in the body. It is present in both D2 and D3. Vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem is known over the world. Considering the importance of vitamin D in the body, especially in middle-aged women.
Methods and Materials: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in 240 middle-aged women (40-60 years old) in late April 2017 in Karaj. Sampling was done randomly from Blood tests were performed among the patients.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 95-90%, and the incidence was more pronounced between the ages of 30 and 30 years. The mean serum level of vitamin D showed a positive significant difference in different decades of age (P < 0.0001). The relationship between mean serum level with the type of house was not significant (P = 0.142), but there was negative and significant (P < 0.001) relationship with the house direction. The relationship of mean serum level with the number of pregnancies and the number of children was not significant (P = 0.159). The correlation of the mean serum level of vitamin D with Body Mass Index (BMI) was not significant (P = 0.567).
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in studied population, especially among youth comparing to elderly participants. Due to this research, enrichment and fortified dairy and some food with vitamin D is recommended.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is essential nutrient for metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational program regarding vitamin D deficiency preventive behaviors and vitamin D supplement amongmiddle-aged women living in Karaj, Iran.
Methods and Materials: Two hundred forty middle-aged women (30-60 years old) with vitamin D deficiency were randomly selected from referrers to comprehensive health centers after blood test. The selected individuals were randomly divided into three equal interventional groups of preventive behaviors education, supplemental consumption, combination of preventive behavior education and supplemental vitamin D consumption, and one control group with sample size of 60 individuals in each group. Six months after intervention, the level of vitamin D in serum of all subjects was measured and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to determine the subjects' general health.
Results: The results showed that the group which were educated to improve preventive behaviors and also were prescribed supplemental vitamin D was significantly better than the other groups regarding vitamin D deficiency improvement and general health score (P < 0.05). Combination of complementary and education was more effective than the other methods and significantly improved the general health (PV < 0.0001)
Conclusion: This study showed the simultaneous supplementary prescription and preventive behavior education was the most effective to prevent vitamin D deficiency.

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Background: Low level Physical Activity (PA) among Chronic Low Back Pain for (CLBP) has been reported in many studies. The aim of this study was to predicting factors for physical activity behavior among CLBP patients referred to pain clinic in Yazd, Iran.
Methods and Materials: This cross sectional study was conducted on 182 eligible patients with CLBP who referred to pain clinic in Yazd, Iran from October to December 2016. A socio-demographic questionnaire as well as a 14-item researcher-made questionnaire regarding physical activity predictors based on Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) were used to collect data. Data were inserted into SPSS v.23 and AMOS v. 23 and analyzed using descriptive/analytical tests including linear regression analysis.
Results: Totally 182 individuals with mean age of 42.18 ± 13.12 completed the study. The results showed behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcome of PA were predictors of patients' attitudes towards PA (P < 0.001). Normative beliefs and motivation to comply were also predictors of subjective norm (P < 0.001). Subjective norm was predictor for intention to perform the PA behavior (P < 0.001) that in turn was predictor for PA behavior (P < 0.001). However, attitudes towards PA was not predictor for intention to do PA (P = 0.085).
Conclusion: This study showed the individuals who had positive beliefs and evaluation regarding outcomes of PA were more likely to do this behavior.

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Imagology is one of the literary theories in comparative literature .Imagologie's component can be considered in six components: cliché, mold pattern, pre judgment, image, symbol and myth. In this article, foreign's image in Ferdosi's Shahname is epic work which is in defense of Iranian's national country and it is analysed in aspect of stereotypes processing. cliche (public belief) is a expression that is used by water Lip Man in America for stating public belief among one group or culture. The result of this research is that the reflect of foreign's image in Shahname in form of stereotype processing contain 13/58 percent from all of the four cases of foreigns personalities which are surveyed in this research. According to cliché's component, foreign personalities in Shahname can be divided to three categories: a) foreign's personalities who are linked by marriage with Iran. B) personalities who are going to impose a power or taking taxes ,attacked to Iran. C) using Iran's hero's power in foreign country. Among this one, the most relationship with foreign is done by establishing adultery link laundering .ferdosi has drawn the cause and result of these relations by others unpleasantly.  

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The primary purpose of this study was to assess farmers' Sustainable Agricultural Practice Needs (SAPN) as determined conversely by their level of technical knowledge and understanding of sustainable corn farming practices. The population of this study consisted of all corn growers in Fars, a southern province of Iran. A questionnaire was developed to gather the information required from 159 randomly selected farmers. Farmer’s demographic and professional characteristics, including their level of technical knowledge, access to information sources, and level of mechanization were considered to be independent variables of the study. The SAPN was the dependent variable of the study. The result showed that a considerable numbers of farmers (46%) have a "high" level of needs concerning sustainable agricultural practice. The farmers' level of technical knowledge showed to have a substantial (r= -0.64) and negative association with their SAPNs. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that 49.3% (R2=0.493) of the variance in SAPNs could be explained by the farmers' age, their access to information sources, and their level of technical knowledge. This implied that a substantial amount of variability (about 51%) in SAPNs are explained by other variables that were not studied in this research. Further study is needed to determine factors affecting SAPNs and ex-tend of the impact.

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Aim: Nursing has obtained the second rank regarding Work – Related MusculoSkeletal Disorders (WRMSDs). This study aimed to assess if self –efficacy could be the best predictor for back Pain Prevention Behavior among health care workers.
Method and Instruments:
In this cross-sectional study, 452 healthcare workers who were working in different wards of the 6 general hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected through convenience sampling method. Data were collected through 3 scales such as demographic questionnaire, Work Related Low Back Pain Predictors Questionnaire (WRLBPPQ) and a checklist for assessing the preventive behaviors of spinal damage and analyzed through descriptive and analytic tests through SPSS version 16.
Finding: A total of 452 individuals participated in the study (289 males and 163 females) with a mean age of 37± 8.3 years. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that self-efficacy was the most important predictor for back Pain Prevention Behavior (Standardized Coefficients: 0.218, P value < 0.0001)
Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to develop an education program based on self-efficacy training/promoting among healthcare workers.
 

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Aim: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and protective behavior of farmers in relation to the application of chemical pesticides in the fields and the factors influencing their behavior.
Methods: This quantitative and survey research was conducted in Mahidasht County, Kermanshah Province, in 2016. The population consisted of 170 farmers (N=200) Mahidasht County, who were determined by randomly method. Questionnaire used as a research tool. Validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed by a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Correlation coefficient and statistical test was used for analyzing the data by SPSS20.
Findings: Most people have poor performance in the use of protective equipment when spraying pesticides. There was positive correlation between safety behavior of using pesticides, work experience, economic status, attitudes toward the correct application of pesticides, and participating in training.
Conclusion: Due to the farmers' inappropriate performance in safety and protection actions and significance relationship between participation in the training programs and safety behavior, it is necessary to design education programs to improve their knowledge.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the students' learning styles and their influence on performance in various question types of IELTS examination and also in gaining higher band scores. In order to find answers to research questions, the researcher first used Kolb's questionnaire to recognize individual learning styles of candidates which were accordingly categorized into four classes as activists, theorists, pragmatists and reflectors. According to the results of the ANOVA, in listening comprehension section only some of the mean differences between groups were statistically significant in different question types. In note completion, multiple choice, and matching question types researchers faced a statistically significant difference. The results of the comparison between performances of the four groups in the IELTS reading test revealed that the mean score of the theorist group was higher in matching tasks and multiple choice questions and reflectors out-performed the others in task completion questions while activists had better performance in yes, no, not given tasks and pragmatics were better performers of short answer questions. So, researchers were on the safe side to say that variation due to belonging to different learning style groups causes variation of performance in different question types.
 

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Objective: Herpes simplex virus (HSVs) is a widespread human infectious agent, responsible for persistent and latent infections. Herpes simplex virus infections are usually continually recurrent in the normal population and represent a significant cause of complications in immunocompromised patients. Materials and Methods: In this study HSVs were propagated in BK cells and more than 502 samples were taken and analyzed for HSV IgG antibodies using Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as golden standard test for evaluating in house Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Based on the results 80.48 % and 81.67% were positive (1.8) in VNT and ELISA respectively. There was a significant correlation between the VNT and ELISA tests in the tested samples (Pearson’s r = 0.96). Conclusions: Our data showed that the in house ELISA can be used for screening and determination of the prevalence of HSV IgG antibodies, which can facilitates patient management using suitable and cost effective laboratory diagnostic tests.

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The primary purpose of this research study was to determine the major factors affect-ing the implementation of national agricultural mechanization programs in Iran. The sec-ondary purpose of this study was to assess the agricultural mechanization level practiced by farmers. This project consisted of two phases. In the first phase of the study, a Delphi technique was used to gather experts' points of view on variables affecting agricultural mechanization implementation programs in Iran. The second phase of the study was de-signed to assess the agricultural mechanization level practiced by farmers growing sun-flower seeds. The Delphi technique investigation showed that the main constraints on farm mechanization were “small farm size” and “fragmentation of holdings”. The find-ings of the second phase of this research indicated that the mean agricultural mechaniza-tion level practiced on the sunflower producing farms was about 0.5 kW per ha of culti-vated land. However the amount of energy input varied between 0.0149 to 3.4973 kW. Multivariate linear regression of the study indicated that 46.9% (R2= 0.469) of the vari-ance in the level of agricultural mechanization practiced could be explained by variables such as income, total farming land, and land holdings under sunflower seed cultivation.

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Most of the research has been concentrated on the effects of the horizontal components of near-field earthquakes on the dynamic behavior of the embankment dams. In this paper, the effects of the vertical components will be considered. One of the important characteristics of the near-field ground motions, is the noticeable vertical component with the high frequency content that can exceed considerably, in many cases, the horizontal component of the same earthquake. So far, few studies have been done in this area. In order to investigate the effect of the vertical ground motion on the dynamic behavior of embankment dams, a two dimensional numerical model of the Alborz dam is analyzed by using finite difference method which is used in FLAC2D code. It should be noted that the Alborz dam is a rockfill type with clay core and a maximum height of 78 m located on the Babol River in the north of Iran. The Mohr Coulomb elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model was used to simulate the stress-strain behavior of the dam body and its foundation during the static and dynamic loading. Steps of modeling are as follow: At first stage, construction was carried out in 16 layers. At this step, coupling analysis were done in order to simulate the consolidation and build up of pore pressure in clayey core, with respect to the real time of construction for each layer. Then the analyses were continued to modeling of the impounding. So at this stage the reservoir was raised to the normal water level and the model were analyzed to the steady state seepage condition. Records of near-field and far-field were selected from the same earthquake to provide better and more accurate comparison. Before applying the earthquake records to the base of the foundation in the model, they must be modified. So deconvolution analyses were done by using SHAKE2000 code in order to get the target motion with peak ground acceleration of 0.52g at the surface of the foundation (maximum credible earthquake level at the site of Alborz dam). In addition filtering process, baseline correction and conversion the acceleration time history to the stress time history were done. Results of analysis show that the vertical component of near-field ground motion has considerable effect on the magnitude of strains and deformations including: increasing the settlement of the dam crest to about 45 percent, increasing the deformation of the horizontal axis of the dam, reduction of the magnification factor of the dam crest and especially in the case of near-fault, which the occurrence of near-field earthquakes is more probable. Therefore, this issue should be considered in locating the embankment dams regarding the seismic potential and the distance from the fault, and in the design of them.

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the factors causing the rural underdevelopment in Iran. To fulfill this objective, Delphi technique, as a method of refining group opinions and substituting computed consensus for an agreed-upon majority opinion, was used. The study used a series of three steps questionnaires. Findings indicated that lack of a coherent strategy for sustainable rural development, unavailability of appropriate infrastructures in rural regions, lack of coordinated programs in rural development, weak management of governmental structures and lack of diversification in non-agricultural activities such as tourism are the most important challenges which can create an inappropriate condition for the development of Iranian rural communities.

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A novel geometrically nonlinear high order sandwich panel theory for a sandwich beam under low velocity impact is presented in this paper. The equations are derived based on high order sandwich panel theory in which the Von-Karman strains are used. The model uses Timoshenko beam theory assumptions for behavior of the face sheets. The core is modeled as a two dimensional linear elastic continuum that possessing shear and vertical normal and also in-plane rigidities. Nonlinear equations for a simply supported sandwich beam are derived using Ritz method in conjunction with minimum potential energy principle. After obtaining nonlinear results based on this enhanced model, simplification was applied to derive the linear model in which kinematic relations for face sheets and core reduced based on small displacement theory assumptions. A parametric study is done to illustrate the effect of geometrical parameters on difference between results of linear and nonlinear models. Also, to verify the analytical predictions some low velocity impact tests were carried out on sandwich beams with Aluminum face sheets and Nomex cores. In all cases good agreement is achieved between the nonlinear analytical predictions and experimental results.