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Five fungicides, with active ingredients azoxystrobin, imazalil, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and fludioxonil + difenoconazole, were tested against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum, causing potato dry rot in Mashhad region. PDA media amended with the fungicides significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of all Fusarium isolates incubated at 25 °C for 7 days; however only Imazalil and Thiabendazole completely stopped the mycelia growth of all fungal isolates even at their lower concentration (40 and 5ppm respectively). The mean penetration of F. solani FPO-67 and F. oxysporum FPO-39, the more virulent of the four isolates, after 21 days of incubation at 25-27 °C indicated that imazalil and thiabendazole at concentrations of 1.5 and 2/1000, completely inhibited the penetration of F. oxysporum FPO-39 into potato tubers, but in the case of F. solani FPO-67 all treatments (1, 1.5 and 2/1000) significantly reduced the development of dry rot compared to untreated control. In natural condition, tuber treatment with Imazalil and Thiabendazole (2/1000), prior storage, reduced F. solani FPO-67 development by 68 and 71.69% respectively. According to the results, these fungicides could play a role in integrated pest management against tuber-borne fungal pathogens.
 
 

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One critical environmental stress that limits plant production and development is salinity stress. Recently it has been shown that application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate the deleterious effects of environmental stresses. Present study aimed to evaluate the effects of some bacterial strains on proline, sugar, total phenolic compounds (TPC), Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities (guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase) of cucumber plants under salinity stress. A completely randomized design was applied with a factorial arrangement of two factors: salinity at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis strains, with three replications. The results showed that cucumber plants that were inoculated with Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains possessed noticeable variations in proline, sugar, TPC, PAL and enzymes activity compared to un-inoculated control. These results suggest that use of these bacterial strains overcame harmful effect of salinity by accumulation of proline, TPC, sugar, PAL activity and enzymes activity that can be considered as a suitable method to manage salinity stress.

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Aims: Health literacy has gained increasing attention in public health. It was aimed to assess health literacy and the related determinants among mothers with children under 6 years old.
Instrument & Method: In this population-based cross-sectional study, 1483 mothers were included through stratified random sampling. The study included demographic variables and socioeconomic status based on asset variables. Data was collected through Health Literacy for Iranian Adults questionnaire. The analysis was conducted in SPSS 16.0 and STATA 12.0 software using the principal component and adjusted linear regression models
Findings: The mean age of the children was 2.1±1.5. The mean score of health literacy was 70.2±17.5 in mothers. There was a significant association between the mother’s and her husband’s permanent jobs and socioeconomic status and total health literacy (p<0.05). Minimum and maximum scores of health literacy were obtained in the appraisal and understanding subscales, respectively. Totally, 36.4% of the participants had adequate health literacy.
Conclusion: The health literacy of the mothers was relatively high.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes about the civil disobedience in a public organization. The research strategy was critical discourse analysis and the participants were 20 employees of the mentioned organization who were selected through maximal variation and typical sampling methods. Data collection fulfilled with the use of the semi-structured interview tool until the theoretical saturation. Data analysis was based on Fairclough three-stage method (description, interpretation and explanation). The findings led to the discovery of three discourses of civil disobedience as taboo, natural, and necessary behavior. According to the taboo discourse, civil disobedience is informal and destructive behavior with disfunctional consequences for the organization and is therefore considered unauthorized. In natural discourse, civil disobedience is an algebraic mechanism inherent in the nature of the organization, so that when the current routine of the organization is unable to meet the members' demands for justice, a group of them will naturally engage in civil disobedience. In the essential discourse, civil disobedience is considered an acquired phenomenon by those members of the organization who have suffered psychological frustration and obstruction as a result of organizational injustice, and view it as the last resort and remedy for injustice in the organization. 

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Control of seismic shake table in order to track the predefined earthquake profile is a key concern in design of seismic shake tables. This paper proposes a vision-based real time displacement measurement system using image processing techniques to control a laboratory-scale seismic shake table. The shake table is controlled via a fuzzy-supervisory controller, an inner PID loop and a Fuzzy outer one, whose feedback is provided by the vision-based measurement system. To minimize tracking errors, the fuzzy controller uses displacement and acceleration responses as its feedbacks. For this purpose, a camera and an image processing application are utilized to measure the motions directly in real time. Results are sent to a host PC through a network as the controller feedback. Proposed system performance is compared with an alternative system which utilizes a linear encoder as displacement sensor and controller feedback. Test results prove effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy system in cutting back the tracking errors. In addition, the vision-based system uses a very low cost camera to measure the displacement directly. It has appropriate accuracy, works in real time, and doesn't need any contact with the table, comparing to the encoder version.

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Oxidation of lipids in foods is one of the most important chemical events during food frying. The resulting chemical indices contribute to various diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, premature aging, respiratory distress syndrome and various liver disorders. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the chemical factors of the oils used in Fried falafels.
and then compared with the  case controlled conditions in the laboratory. This study was performed on 50 samples prepared in the shop. Peroxide, anisidine number, total oxidation value (TOTOX) and Kreis test were measured to investigate the destructive effect of falafel compounds on oil, then was compared with the case controlled samples according to the relevant standards in the laboratory. In this study, more than half of the samples could not be used and only 42% of the samples were approved. The mean and standard deviation for this values in the control sample were 4.39±0.62, 6.09±0.87 and 15.68±2.09 respectively. Also, there was a positive correlation between the values of peroxide, anisidine and TOTOX with Kreischr('39')s test. Based on the results, it was found that most of the chemical factors in the samples were above the permissible limit and used oils on the shops are unhealthy and unusable. Therefore, due to the dangers of primary and secondary oxidation on human health, implementation of training programs and application of the proper way to prepared food for the staff of these centers is essential.

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In this study, the antagonistic activity of 1,000 bacterial isolates from different areas of Iran and two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens: CHA0 and UTPf5 were individually assayed against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum that cause potato dry rot in Mashhad, Iran. Using in vitro dual culture plate technique, most of the tested isolates significantly reduced mycelia growth of Fusarium spp. on PDA after 7 days of incubation at 25^oC, compared to the untreated control. Thirty bacteria isolates with the most inhibition and P. fluorescens CHA0 were selected for experiments on potato tubers. All isolates were tested on tuber of potato cultivar Agria under in vivo conditions. There was no significant difference between rot diameter by P. fluorescens CHA0 and the infected control, but other isolates reduced dry rot development after 21 days of incubation at 25-27^oC, as compared to the untreated control. However, three isolates, namely, VUPf40, VUPf44, and VUPf506 that belong to the P. fluorescens species were the most effective. Talc-based formulation of these three effective bacteria and P. fluorescens CHA0 were assessed for their in situ efficacy against potato dry rot development, caused by F. solani FPO67, on treated tubers compared to the control. The formulation of these bacteria significantly decreased dry rot development, but only P. fluorescens VUPf506, with 79.8% reduction of fungi development, and 18.57% prevalence, was the most effective in reduction of potato dry rot in natural conditions. Based on these results, P. fluorescens VUPf506 can be considered as a promising alternative to chemical fungicides.
 

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In this research, an effort has been made to examine and evaluate the impactful forces on a simple and cost-effective rail system, which has been modified by the addition of a suspension system. The studied rails are part of a specialized machine designed for producing lightweight wooden components with a similar pattern. This mechanism comprises two shafts and four linear bearings, ensuring smooth and error-free sliding along the shafts. All loads and forces related to other perpendicular axes are concentrated on this rail system. Consequently, through the design and incorporation of a suspension system into this setup, the adverse effects of forces on the rails have been ameliorated and significantly reduced compared to the previous state. The influence of the suspension system on the axis has been assessed using MSC ADAMS software, with results demonstrating a substantial reduction in the range of oscillatory forces originating from machining operations on the shaft.

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Biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization of the plants are the main infrastructures for the biological control of the plant diseases. Bacteria accumulation in the protective layer, which results from their self-production of Exopolysaccharides (EPS), is called the biofilm. The formation of these complex structures originates from the multicellular behaviors of bacteria. Various elements can play a role in these mechanisms. In this study, we examined biofilm formation, root colonization, and salt tolerance to four concentrations of NaCl in the strains of Bacillus velezensis (Q12, US1, and UR1). The results showed that the biofilm strength plays an important role in the efficiency of tomato root colonization. Furthermore, UR1 that had defects in producing the surfactin, iturin, and fengycin using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRESIMS), was incapable of tolerance to salinity, biofilm formation, competition, and rhizosphere colonization. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) studies showed that strains US1 and Q12 differed in the biofilm strength, the position of the bacteria that are located laterally, polar, or both, and root colonization. Q12 was introduced as the best strain in all these experiments. Also, based on the findings of this and previous studies, the possibility to create the subpopulations influenced by genetic diversity in Bacillus velezensis strains during biofilm formation is suggested.