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Millet is one of the cereals that used in the preparation of gluten-free products for celiac patients. Physical modification methods such as heat-moisture treatments and microwave can be used to improve the performance of gluten-free flours in the baking industry. Millet seeds have limited shelf life in normal storage condition due to its relatively high fat content and high activity of lipase enzymes. In this study Heat-moisture treatments at different levels of moisture (11,15 and 20%) and two different temperatures (90 and 110°C) for 3 hours in oven and microwave treatment at different levels of moisture (11,15 and 20%) were used at different times (30,60 and 90S) with a constant power of 900 W. Then, in order to ensure the effect of the above treatments, the amount of free fatty acids of the treated flours was measured every 10 days as well as the level of lipase activity on the first day and after 30 days. In the heat-moisture treatment, the rate of inactivation of the lipase enzyme increased with simultaneous increase of moisture and temperature of the oven as well as in the microwave treatment with simultaneous increase of moisture and microwave time and the amount of free fatty acid flour during 30 days of storage was reduced. The highest rate of inactivation of lipase enzyme and the least change in the free fatty acid content of flour in heat-moisture and microwave treatments were observed in treatment with 20% moisture content and 110°C, and treatment with 20% moisture and 90S.

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Usually, raw and unmodified flours are used in the gluten-free products industry and the most common way to increase the quality of gluten-free products is to use gums. In order to increase consumer demand for non-additive products, we can improve the quality of flour and gluten-free cake by using physical treatment of cereal grains. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of xanthan gum with the effect of heat-moisture treatment on physicochemical and sensory properties of gluten-free cake from millet and rice flour (50:50). In this study, the effects of xanthan gum on two levels 0 and 0.15 %, heat-moisture treatments at three levels of moisture 10, 15 and 20% and two levels of temperature  90 and 110° C on physicochemical and sensory properties of  batter and gluten-free cake from millet and rice flour (50:50) were compared. The results showed, with increasing moisture and temperature in the heat-moisture treatment, the specific weight of the batter decreased and its viscosity increased. also, the physicochemical and sensory properties of cake such as specific volume, porosity and texture of cake were significantly improved on the baking day and during maintenance compared to the control sample (p <0.05). So that the samples containing millet flour obtained at 20% moisture and 110°C did not show significant differences in the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the samples containing 0.15% xanthan gum (P<0.05). Based on the findings of this study, heat-moisture treatment can be a good alternative to gum in gluten-free cakes.

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Today, with the increasing population of celiac patients worldwide, producing and improving the quality of gluten-free products for celiac patients is one of the major challenges in the food industry. Celiac disease is a type of autoimmune gastrointestinal disease caused by intolerance to gluten protein and currently, the only way to treat it is to use a gluten-free diet. Gluten removal results in major problems including poor quality of mouth feel and poor taste of the product. Finding a suitable alternative to gluten is one of the biggest technological challenges in the production of gluten free products because of the importance of this protein in creating a suitable texture and appearance in the product. As a result, researchers and manufacturers are trying to promote gluten-free products by finding the right way and produce products of similar quality to wheat flour products. The aim of this study was to review different process technologies to improve the quality of gluten-free products. These process technologies include the use of conventional methods such as gums and proteins, biotechnological methods such as the use of enzymes and sourdough and modern methods including thermal and non-thermal treatments in producing gluten-free products.
 

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Today, changing climates, increasing populations, and food security concerns are encouraging researchers and food industry experts to study the feasibility of producing foods from cereals, grains, and other unusual sources. Millet has a short growing season and can be produced in drought conditions compared to the main cereals, resistant to pests and disease. Therefore, due to Iran's climate and continuous decline of water resources, its use is justified. Millet grains have also been attracted by food and nutrition researchers because of their special properties, high nutritional value and health effects. It is rich in dietary fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins and is comparable to basic grains. On the other hand, millet is one of the grains that because of its lack of gluten proteins, can have a special place in the diet of celiac patients who cannot consume grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats. Therefore, in this paper, by introducing millet grain, nutritional value and its products, researchers and artisans are focused on planting and processing this forgotten grain. It is hoped that in the future, this valuable grain, often used as livestock and poultry in Iran, will also be included in the household food basket.