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Cultural activities can play a key role in communication between people in a city and help the identification of the space and people through the social memories’ creation. Nowadays, performing rites in Iran as an access to identification and displaying of our culture and tradition, lost their past values and it is necessary to pay attention to them and their magnificent role in the improvement of the urban spaces. In this research, the area around the grand bazaar in Tehran in the center of the city where thousands of people go for everyday shopping and has traditional places like Golestan palace which attracts many tourists every year, has been selected as a study case. Bazaar has always been the significant cultural-social pivot in the center of the cities and every year many social activities such as religious rites like Ta’zieh and Moharam mourning are held in this place. In this research, with the use of analytical-defined method and historical documents in order to reach more information about concepts and after the study of different cases in other parts of the world, the analysis of this case study has been done and in the end, the essential measures have been suggested for the improvement of this place for holding the social rites which emphasize that it is possible to provide the bilateral communication between public urban spaces and these events. 

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As part of the community, children have their own needs, desires, and preferences. Citizens who have been neglected in social life, especially in the design of cities and the creation of urban environments. The purpose of this research is to investigate the needs, desires and preferences of children in providing planning and design indicators for urban spaces. The main research questions are: What are the desirable street indicators from a children's perspective? What are the practical solutions for the indicators in the study area? In this research, documentary study method and content analysis were used to identify design and planning indicators of child-friendly Street. In order to identify the needs and desires of the children, 40 13- to 12-year-old students of Hajar Primary School in Mesbah Street in Karaj were asked to write down the characteristics of their desired street. To examine the collected textual data, the concepts contained in the textual data were first extracted, coded and categorized based on the content presented. After classification, the frequency of codes in each category was determined. Objective and visual dimension had the highest frequency in recognizing the desired indicators of children. As such, 28% of the data were related to the visual dimension. Social dimensions (24%), activity (23.27%), psychological (15.27%) and finally environmental (9.45%) were the least important factors for children

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Religious places are the places for the believers to pray. Holly Qur’an clearly defines these spaces as the places that belong to Allah, and Muslims worship and express their belief there. The word ‘mosque’ is mentioned 28 times in the Holly Qur’an. The overall function of mosques aims to generate harmony, harmony of Muslims with respect to God. Mosques have two integrated purposes of religious and social activities. The religious purpose is to worship God in congregational prayer five times a day. The social purpose is to unite Muslims within the community and strengthen their social relationships. Mosque is a symbol of religion, unity, beliefs, identity, peace, strength, justice and solidarity of Muslims. It promotes collective strength; defines hierarchy and allegiance; resolves conflicts with the community; strives for social cohesion; and imparts restrictions and controls of human behavior. The ideal use of mosques was in traditional Muslim cities. They were used as multi-purpose spaces, serving for prayers, studying Holly Qur’an, making political decisions and solving socio- cultural problems. In those times, mosques had to be equally distributed in the built environment and in proportion to the size of population of various sections in the cities. Building mosques in an equal and proportional distribution provided all inhabitants equal access to the use of the spaces in a mosque. So it seems that in traditional Islamic cities mosques had more important roles; they were able to unify Islamic cities physically, socially and culturally but recently, planning of the cities lack the utilization of this characteristics. The study shows that in recent urban planning and design, religious spaces especially mosques have not been paid proper attention. This article is mainly concerned with the role of religious places and specially mosques in planning and design organization in Islamic cities. The main question here is that whether planners and designers have considered the main role of the religious spaces and mosques in planning and designing of a contemporary city for Muslims or not? It seems that there is no significant attention to religious places in the recently prepared city plans. In order to examine the above hypothesis, the comprehensive plans of five districts of Tehran Municipality (2 ^th, 3 ^th, 12^th, 17^th& 20^th regions) were selected as case studies. These parts are located in different parts of the city. To pursue the research; a number of variables were determined and defined. What we found out is that one of the reasons for the decreasing of social interaction and spiritual values in our contemporary cities, is the forgotten role of our religious magnets as a social capital of the society in the planning and designing of our cities. It means that this factor is the one that ought to be under strong consideration in all Muslim communities all over the world.

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In light of the rapid global urbanization, providing a better quality of life in cities is becoming an increasingly
critical issue for urban planning. However, the links between the built environment and subjective well-being are
not sufficiently understood. This paper reviews the evidence on the range of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Seven potential pathways are identified and reviewed: ( travel,  leisure,
 work,  social relationships, residential well-being,  emotional responses, and  health. Based on
this knowledge, the paper presents an overview of strategies for improving subjective well-being through urban
planning. Among others, proposed strategies are to: enhance conditions for active travel; improve public
transport while restricting cars; provide easy access to facilities and services; develop or steer technology and
emerging mobility options to improve inclusiveness and quality of life for different groups; integrate various
forms of urban nature as much as possible; provide accessible, inclusive public spaces and communal spaces;
maintain upkeep and order in urban space, vegetation, and transport systems; implement noise reduction strategies; develop aesthetically pleasing buildings and public spaces based on residents’ needs and preferences; and
reduce socio-spatial inequalities while providing support for housing and transport for vulnerable groups.
 

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Parks can play an important role in creating and strengthening a sense of neighborhood belonging. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vitality components of urban parks on the sense of belonging to the neighborhood. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the vitality components of urban parks and the sense of belonging of the neighborhood among the residents of Hadiabad neighborhood of Qazvin. Accordingly, 306 people who referred to Hadiabad Park were randomly studied. A questionnaire with 36 components and 8 dimensions was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used by Spearman correlation and regression statistical methods. The results of this study showed that the correlation between the vitality factors of the park and the sense of belonging to the neighborhood was significant at the level of 0.1. The vitality components of the park in the physical, functional, social and environmental fields with 0.541, 0.480, 0.462 and 0.398, respectively, had the greatest impact on the sense of belonging to the neighborhood. Considering the role of vitality components of urban parks and the impact of each of them on creating and strengthening the sense of belonging of the neighborhood, trying to maintain them in urban neighborhoods, increases the environmental quality and social and physical development of the neighborhood. The vitality of urban parks, which represents the intangible benefits of using urban parks, may serve as a useful and feasible gateway for addressing and managing nature in neighborhoods.

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Aims: Movement is a means for percipience the urban space and the concept of the city is expressed through movement within it. But today, the image of the city that can be seen while moving (whether on foot or on horseback), it does not induce a concept other than relocation and transfer.

Methods: the research method is descriptive-analytical (content analysis), in order to objectively and qualitatively describe the content of the concept of movement and rest, using texts and documents (written, oral and visual) in a systematic and purposeful way.

Findings: Positive and purposeful movement in cities and meaningful moment (a movement that during going somewhere, be positive impact on the sensibilities of the citizens), and the rest that calms the audience in urban spaces, it has not been seen in modern city. the point of this research is recognition of principle of movement and rest, and its application in organization urban movement systems.

Conclusion: the case study, is the Quran Gate of Shiraz, which is a successful example in applying the principle of movement and rest in all its dimensions. according to research conducted in order to organize urban movement systems it is necessary to pay special attention to the spiritual dimension of movement (meaning to movement and rest) and change the single-movement system (in the past) to simultaneous movement systems (in today's cities).

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Cyclotides are small disulfide-rich proteins that have the unusual feature of a cyclic backbone. Cyclotides have a range of interesting biological activities and are found in a variety of tropical plants from the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae families. We have cloned and characterized cyclotides in Viola modesta, a Viola species native to western Asia, which was collected from the Kurdistan Province of Iran. Fifteen cyclotide sequences were obtained using homology based PCR strategy. Sequence analysis showed that 14 of them had continued open reading frames and showed high level of similarity to cyclotide genes from other species of the Violaceae. After analyzing the full endoplasmic reticulum signals of V. modesta cyclotides, two conserved sequences, AAFALPA and ATAFALP, were detected. Analysis of isolated cyclotide sequences showed that they all belonged to bracelet family and were separated into two subclasses. Phylogenetic analysis of cyclotide genes from V. modesta and other Viola species revealed that most V. modesta genes showed close relationship with their homologs from the Violaceae, while the V. modesta genes formed two separate clades. Transcription analysis by semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that Vmcyc1 and Vmcyc7 were differentially expressed in all tested tissues including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, peduncles, and capsules with the highest transcript level in the capsules.

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Qualitative and quantitative variations in the essential oil of wild growing Origanum vulgare L. ssp. gracile plants were studied in response to different phenological stages (pre, full and post-flowering). The essential oil of air-dried leaves was isolated by water distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The highest (1.87%) and the lowest (1.01%) essential oil content were obtained from post-flowering and pre-flowering stages, respectively. In total, 24 components were identified and quantified in three phenological stages representing 96.75, 97.63, and 98.59% of the oil, respectively. Carvacrol (46.62, 46.5 and 27.6%), ρ-cymene (7.76, 13.54 and 37.08%) and γ-terpinene (21.54, 13.91 and 6.82%) were the main constituents of essential oils in pre, full, and post-flowering stages, respectively. Oxygenated monoterpenes (43.35-61.32%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (30.81-48.02%) were the main classes of identified compounds in three essential oils. According to the findings of this research, the post-flowering stage can be considered as the most appropriate time for obtaining the highest essential oil content, but to achieve the highest rate of phenolic compounds, the pre-flowering and full-flowering stages can be recommended.