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Showing 5 results for karimi firozjaei


Volume 6, Issue 23 (12-2018)
Abstract

Folk tales reflect the cultural identity of each nation and show the dominant ideology and context of that society. By adopting a semiotic research methodology to the analysis of literary discourse, the current study seeks to explore underlying structure of this tale taking into consideration discursive elements such as action and to become. Mutual interaction of these semiotic elements crystalized between prince and foal is considered a core element of ongoing changes in narrative chain. In this discursive regime, action feeds to become and meaning is achievable through the interrelation of sensation and perception. In addition, in this research, the authors have been explained different stages of promoting the material and spiritual capacity of the horse as an instinctive and material creature to the mythical and celestial actor namely the horse’s transcendence mechanism.
 

Volume 10, Issue 2 (Vol. 10, No. 2 (Tome 50), (Articles in Persian) 2019)
Abstract

Spoonerism is a particular type of unintentional slippage. In other words, Spoonerisms are defined as involuntary reversals in the serial order of speech as in [1] and [2].
sons of toil → tons of soil                                                                                                       (1)
pus pocket→ pos pucket                                                                                                          (2)
Curiously enough the Spoonerism is named after a man who rarely made Spoonerisms as dictionaries define them. William Archibald Spooner (22 July 1844 – 29 August 1930) was a long-serving Oxford don, notable for absent-mindedness, and supposedly liable to mix up the syllables in a spoken phrase, with unintentionally comic effect. Such phrases became known as Spoonerisms, and are often used humorously. Many Spoonerisms have been invented and attributed to Spooner. The aim of current study is to analyze the structure of produced spoonerism by children in the natural speech of Persian language in order to determine the ruling regularity of such slippage in predicting the performance of the child's mental system through its production process. Research method is descriptive - analytic. Samples consist of 33 cases of spoonerism which were gathered by available non-random sampling of common speech of 4-6 years Old Persian language children from 4 kindergartens in Tehran. It’s worth noting that the language status of all children who produced spoonerism were evaluated by Newsha Developmental Scale and just the Spoonerisms were evaluated in which the child had normal language growth. As a result, 33 samples of all 40 collected Spoonerisms were investigated. Binomial test was used to examine the data. The results show that the initial syllable in speech of children is more vulnerable. Also error percentage of sound planning in brain of Persian language children is higher than error percentage in word planning.
 
 

Volume 12, Issue 4 (October & November 2021 2021)
Abstract

One of the stages of recognizing the intellectual, cultural and emotional characteristics of nations possessing culture and literature is the adjustment of their literary works. Semiotics approach reaches meaning through the literary text, and in this process, regimes of discourse as the main elements of discourse shape the narrative and change from one status to another. This study analyzes of Savab ya Gonah by Jamalzadeh and The Corn Planting by Anderson of two Iranian and American writers by the use of Greimas’s semiotics model, also explicate types of regimes of Discourse.The main question of this research is how the narrative process of signification is formed and what are the most important discourse systems involved in meaning production? The results showed that both authors have used a variety of narrative discourse systems in their story, but the discourse systems of action and Stative have been the dominant discourses in the narrative formation so that the narrative with Stative has turned to action and again to the Stative with aesthetic and mythical type. and we are confronted with the process of forming high spiritual values, and the characters in the story make their mythical presence visible to the audience. But what leads to the difference between the themes of the two stories is the attitude of the actors and the value worldview in these two cultures, such as in the story of Savab ya Gonah, the main actor in the form of religious codes of retribution and reconciliation with death is elevated to the status of myths. However, in The Corn Planting story, the main actors, in the form of Eco-Semiotics codes, linked the death of the child at the end of the narrative by turning to nature and attaining mythical status.

1. Introduction
 Developments in the study of the field of sign provided the basis for the transition from structural semiotics to discourse semiotics. Greimas, with his extensive research and new findings, made profound changes in the semiotics of the Paris School, so that the three levels of change created by his studies under the headings: 1) structural semantics; 2) narrative semiotics; 3) discursive semiotics. Accordingly signs in the field of semiotics are manifested beyond the signs in the structural approach, as they are a dynamic and interacting entity, forming meanings and emerging within Regimes of  Discourse.The present study intends to study the regime of discourse in two stories by two authors of East and West, based on the discourse semiotics approach, and shows that the types of semantic processes in both stories cause the formation of discourses and the creation of intelligent, emotional and events to show how much the moral, cultural messages and myths hidden in the underlying layers of these narratives can affect the life, thinking and lifestyle of their audiences.
 
 
2. Research questions
 This study tries to find out what are the types of regimes of discourse used in the story of the authors and how these regimes are formed and from their interaction, the meanings are formed and the narrative is developed. Also, what are the main similarities and differences in the process of producing meaning in the stories in question? The next question is what moral themes, characterization, and mythology are used in the underlying layers of these two stories? The main hypothesis of the article is that a set of action and stative discourses and unexpected events play a role in shaping the narrative process and creating meaning, which change its nature by transforming from stative to action and vice versa. The secondary hypothesis is that there is a difference in the occurrence of human actions in both cultures, and this difference in the lifestyle of the actors makes the cultural function different in both discourses.
 
3. Methodology
 The method of this research is descriptive-analytical method and the purpose is to analyze the regime of discourse from the perspective of discourse semiotics and enlighten the action and stative regimes of discourse so that a clearer reading can be done for the reader. In the research model, first, the text of the story is decomposed into its components and parts and then it is analyzed meaningfully by inductive method from the components to the whole text. In this approach, the elements and underlying layers of the text are considered in interaction with each other and processes and regime of discourse are examined and analyzed.
 
 
4. Innovation
 The present study aims to study and analyze the processes of meaning production and regime of discourse from Savab ya Gonah and The Corn planting short stories according to  semiotics approach and comparatively, to analyze and discover the mechanisms of meaning production in two short stories by two Eastern and Western writers so that we reveal the similarities and differences in the cultural and social themes underlying the story.
 
5. Discussion
In this study, the regime of discourse in two stories by the authors of Eastern and Western and their semiotics relations was examined and depicted by descriptive-analytical method and comparative type. One of the moral points raised in the story of Savab ya Gonah written by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh were the issue of poverty and misery, which are the main cause of crime. They forces Sohrab, who could not afford for  himself and his mother’s daily life, to take risks in order to reach the wealth by seizing a part of the wealth of his wealthy neighbor, Haj Fathulla. He enters to tensive regime of discourse and commits the murder of Haj Fathulla and is imprisoned. In this part of the narrative, we enter the stative regime of discourse. Sohrab, who has accepted the act of murder by entering the cognitive system,  and considers death  as liberation from calamities. The semantic processes in this story from the point of view of semiotics show that actions are subject to special conditions and proceed based on cognition and experience and are not based solely on physical strength. Sometimes, actions are a function of emotions and statives and lead to action. In some cases, statives lead to cognition and attainment of the aesthetic. Eventually, by entering to the aesthetics of nothingness and absence  atmosphere,  death becomes a stage for revival and spiritual life. The main actor of the narrative, with the retribution of his death, is linked to a myth in an aesthetic process such as light-winged birds, and at the end of the tensive process, he clearly explains the fluidity of meaning and its non-confinement in stereotyped forms. That is, the narrative changes from stative to the action regime of discourse and finds its way back to the stative which is of aesthetic and mythical nature.
 
Table 1
 The story processes of Savab ya Gonah at a glance
 
stative regime of discourse
 
actional regime of discourse event Cognitive space tensive space transformation of the actional regime of discourse into the stative regime of discourse of aesthetic (transcendental) kind
Poverty and misery of Sohrab family
 
Sohrab and his mother's efforts for livelihood and the narrator's support of them
 
Sohrab committed murde confession of murder committed by Sohrab and blaming himself
 
The torment of the victim's conscience in Sohrab's dream and the death of Sohrab's mother Acceptance of retribution by Sohrab and death is a stage of his spiritual life
 
 
The main theme of The Corn Planting is the pride and being happy for what we have, sacrifice in maintaining it and accepting the situation of life, patience and endurance in the face of adversity. The main semantic processes in this story have advanced the narrative, using the intelligent regime of discourse means actional discourse as well as the emotional regime of discourse, stative discourse. In this story, actions are linked to cognition, and sometimes they are subject to the morality of ethics and create love, sometimes they are the generators of love and affection, and they figure out some cases of dependency. Even the occurrence of an unexpected event, in addition to the action, leads to the transcendence of the concept of death, patience and perseverance. In other words, Hatch and his wife's dependency on their only child, leads to uninterrupted work on the farm. With the event of Will's death, we enter a tensive space, but the occurrence of a tensive atmosphere instead of disturbing the mental balance of the main characters of the narrative, by working non-stop on the farm, is an attempt to nostalgia which is aesthetic and mythical. In other words, he makes them a myth who like a saint worshiping and praying in the sanctuary of worship, has surrendered. The aesthetic atmosphere of the corn planting has also gone beyond myth, and every moment, by planting death in the heart of darkness, waiting for sprouting hope and lif  in the bed of existence.
 
Table 2
 The story processes of The Corn Planting at a glance
 
stative regime of discourse
 
ethic actional regime of discourse event tensive space transformation of the actional regime of discourse into the stative regime of discourse of aesthetic (transcendental) kind
Parent solitudes for their only child Will financial support for his parents the relentless effort of Hatch and his wife Will 's death in a car accident
 
Getting the news of the child's death
 
transcendence of the position of the subjects in time of corn planting to worshiping saints
 

6. Conclusion
 The findings indicated that in the comparison of these two narratives, the most important regime of discourse are stative, action and the occurrence of an unexpected event cause a transformation in the stative regime of discourse and mythical. Ultimately distinguishes the two narratives is the lifestyle and performance of the actors and their cultural differences. Because in the story of Savab ya Gonah, the main actor achieves the status of a myth by choosing death and retribution, and in the story of The Corn planting the main actors in the form of Eco-Semiotics codes, by turning to nature and accepting the loss of a child, transcend his death to the status of a myth.

Volume 13, Issue 1 (March & April 2022 2022)
Abstract

Regarding the necessity of selecting efficient language learning strategies and methods for teaching English to Persian-speakers, the Langacker’s cognitive grammar theory has been used as a creative method in teaching. The present study aims to evaluate the creative usage of cognitive grammar in education to simplify the process, provide better learning, and develop creativity and linguistic capabilities. For this purpose, the following questions have been addressed: 1. What is the increasing number of words used by both control and test groups, after passing the “creative course of the learning style of describing a word in a sentence” through the “specificity” attribute in meaningful contextual textures? 2. How can we use the “syntagmatic combinations” attribute to facilitate the teaching of “complex linguistic units” construction in the sentences? In this regard, following the creative training of participants with a cognitive approach, 46 Farsi speakers were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using SPSS software. By using the creative courses of learning style and describing the word using Langacker’s cognitive grammar, together with quasi-cognitive charts for simplifying the education process, learners were able to create linguistic well-form sentences. The research results demonstrates that after completing the creative course of the learning style of describing a word in a sentence, the test group could expand 98% of the words from the total number of textbook words and include them in their texts; while the control group, who hadn’t gone through the creative course, managed to collocate only 44% of the total words. The outcomes illustrate the high effect of the approach in facilitating English teaching for Persian-speaking children.
1. Introduction
The present article seeks to introduce one of the easy teaching methods from Langkaker's grammatical point of view. In this research, “how to expand vocabulary”, “specificity”, “mixed structures” and “synchronization relations of nominal groups” are investigated and presented in the form of tables and statistical charts. By examining the present study from a cognitive perspective, we can examine the application of some key concepts of this grammar in teaching and simplifying second language learning, based on Langaker's grammatical theory. Hypotheses in the present study are as follows: Hypothesis 1: after passing the creative course the test group, can describe more words in a sentence and in texts by using the characteristic feature; Hypothesis 2: creative diagrams, similar to cognitive diagrams in syntagmatic combinations, can be used to simplify teaching the construction of complex linguistic units and adaptation of expressions. The present study aims to evaluate the creative usage of cognitive grammar in education, which simplifies the process, provides better learning, and develops creativity and linguistic capabilities. In addition to performing qualitative and quantitative analysis via statistical softwares provided on the basis of the narrative texts of language learners, by the usage of Langaker's cognitive theory in the field of cognitive grammar, the present study provides a creative way to facilitate language learning for Persian-speaking children at the intermediate level and to test the research hypotheses. Accordingly, the study presents a solution for the learners’ educational problems to facilitate the content through innovative methods in effective teaching.
Research Question(s)
In this research, the following questions were addressed: 1. After passing the “creative course of the learning style of describing a word in a sentence” what is the increasing number of words used by the control and test groups through the “specificity” attribute in meaningful contextual texture? 2. How can we use the “syntagmatic combinations” attribute to facilitate the teaching of “complex linguistic units” construction in the sentences?

2. Literature Review
So far, various research has been conducted on fostering creativity in teaching and learning. However, to the best of our knowledge, most research has not mentioned the creative usage of cognitive grammar in education. The position of cognitive sciences in education to provide opportunities for the growth of creativity and language capabilities is low. Training that accompanied by a cognitive approach will be effective and efficient. Torrance (1968) studied the factors of creativity and mentioned intelligence, family and personality traits of individuals. In a study, Ronald and Standler (2005) cited the efforts of parents and other educators as a key factor in fostering creativity. Gardner (2002) showed that educators and mentors could play an important role in motivating creative learners. Still, noteworthy is that the researches present explanations of theories, while the matter isn’t used for practical teaching English for Persian- speaking children.

3. Methodology
The present research is of applied and theoretical type in terms of purpose. The unit of observation is by collecting data, linguistic narratives, from children. Language learners, as the community of the case study in this research, were aged 10 to 12 years. This research was considered as a survey research based on the time of collection and performed experimentally on the control and test groups for 4 months. After creative training with a cognitive approach, 46 Farsi speakers were described qualitatively and quantitatively by using SPSS software. As a result, by using the creative courses of learning style and describing the word using Langacker’s cognitive grammar, learners were able to create linguistic well-formed sentences.
4. Results
The following diagrams summarize the results for the control and test groups:

Control group figure 1
Chart of the amount of words used by the control group during surveys and assessments


Test group figure 2
 Chart of the amount of words used by the test group during surveys and assessments

Also, a comparison has been made within the charts of the percentage of new words used in both total and each word in the control and test groups, shown below. As seen, figure 3 illustrates the expansion of 98% of textbook vocabulary by language learners in the creative cognition teaching.

Figure 3
Vocabulary expansion and demonstration of the effectiveness of the creative cognitive method in teaching

5. Discussion
The purpose of putting phrases together is the diverse creativity of each person and the creative power of individuals that can construct a variety of linguistic expressions in a possible way according to their knowledge of the grammatical principles of the target language. Talents of learners are different in the arrangement of phrases, and individuals create and conceptualize relationships between words as they imagine them, in producing meaningful linguistic phrases. After 3 months of training and introducing various methods of describing a word, learners managed to develop words using descriptive methods.
After a semester of training, language learners were able to present a short narrative such as the sample and explain each description. They started with a word, turned it into a linguistic phrase, then connected the phrases together, and created meaningful sentences. Finally, they connected the meaningful linguistic sentences which is seen in a meaningful narrative example below. The following chains are produced by the learner after easy and creative training.
The result of creative teaching through Langaker's grammar is the formation of the following well-structured language chains by the learners. Consequently, the learners are able to easily move a word to the level of the text. An example of a text that has been developed and specified by a learner after creative cognitive training is given below.

Figure 4
 Expanding words and specifying each word by the learner



6. Conclusion
As a result, by using the creative courses of learning style and describing the words by the usage of Langacker’s cognitive grammar, and using the quasi-cognitive charts in simplifying the learning process, learners were able to create linguistic well-form sentences. After completing the creative course of the learning style of describing a word in a sentence, the test group could expand 98% of the words from the total number of textbook words and include them in their texts; while the control group only managed to collocate 44% of the total words.

Appendices
The appendices are mentioned below.

Appendix A: Sample of language texts for learners along with their edited text.





Appendix B:
Frequency tables of words used in the control and test groups



Appendix c: samples of making sentence in test groups

 


Volume 14, Issue 2 (May & June 2023 2023)
Abstract

The way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries has been one of the most important problems for lexicographers and paremiographers. Therefore in this study, based on cognitive semantic approach, the way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries was considered. The purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionaries in a new, non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based approach. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following research question was proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghari, 2009), The famous Proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources. The results indicated that according to semantic motivation and the concepts of target domains of the proverbs, a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging proverbs and their equivalents in order to reflect the conceptual structures of mind and language and to help language learners to learn and remember them easily.

1. Introduction
In this study, the proverbs are described and analyzed according to cognitive semantics approach, and applying this approach in lexicography is examined because the current dictionaries in general, and dictionary of proverbs in specific, are in alphabetical and linear way, therefore the users have some problems in finding a proverb and its meaning.
With the emergence of electronic dictionaries and due to the inadequacies of existing Persian dictionaries, a scientific and theory-based approach is required in lexicography. One of the most important issues in lexicography is the way of arranging entries including lexical items (words and groups of words) and their equivalents in a way that is useful to dictionary users. Accordingly the way of arranging proverbs in a dictionary is very important for lexicographers and paremiographers. There are some problems encountering a Persian dictionary of proverb which is organized in a linear and alphabetical way. One of these problems is that if a user doesn’t know the standard form of a proverb, she/he can’t find it easily in a dictionary because some proverbs start with different words (سیلی/ سرکۀ نقد به از حلوای نسیه- (ز) تعارف کم کن و بر مبلغ افزا). Other problem which is concerned with alphabetical ordering is that there isn’t any conceptual relation between the proverbs which are listing one by one and under a specific entry. And another problem is that non-Persian language learners can’t learn, understand and remember Persian proverbs easily.
According to above problems relating to dictionary of proverbs, cognitive linguists such as Geeraerts (2001) and Scabi (2002) pointed out the mutual relation between cognitive semantics and lexicography. Therefore the purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionary in a new non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based approach. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following research question was proposed: how to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries?
2. Literature review
Regarding the subject of this paper which is about presenting proverbs in a new way in dictionaries, there isn’t any study in Persian language, but there are papers according to characteristics of first domain of conceptual metaphors in proverbs. But the authors of this paper (2020) have written about the ordering of idioms in dictionaries according to cognitive semantic approach before.
Among non-Persian studies, the authors can point out the study of Covecses and Szabo (1996) and Covecses and Csabi (2014) which are about the systematic conceptual motivation for the meaning of idioms. They believe that most of idioms are based on conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge and cognitive semantic approach can make the learning of idioms more easily for non-native speakers. Csabi (2002) also believe that cognitive linguistics is able to offer a useful framework for lexicographers and provide essential background information about language and language use, which in turn may help the creation of systematic and well-founded dictionaries, with rich knowledge about specific words, meanings, and idioms.
The difference between current study and the other mentioned studies, is that some of non-Persian studies based on cognitive semantics, just explained about how the entries follow each other, how the meanings are arranged, and how idioms are represented within the dictionary in a way that best suits the user’s needs. But in the current study, the authors have shown the new way of ordering proverbs in a dictionary practically.

3. Methodology
To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantic approach and it’s mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghary, 2009), The famous proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources.
In this study, proverbs, their meaning, metaphors, metonymy, conceptual domains, such as first and target domains, and their semantic motivation are mentioned in schedules. Then regarding the innovative way in lexicography, the result of these schedules are analyzed in some patterns relating to a specific theory (i.e metaphor, metonymy and conventional knowledge).
In this new way for ordering proverbs in a dictionary, lexicographers must take into account the target domain of proverbs. For example the source domain of ‘fire’ can be used to understand several abstract concepts, such as anger, love, imagination, energy, and etc. Or we can consider a target domain such as سماجت و پافشاری and list the proverbs which have this target domain in common below it; such proverbs can be:
1. مرغش یک پا دارد 2. روی یک پا ایستادن  3. دو پا را در یک کفش کردن
4. Results
The results indicated that most of the proverbs are analyzable according to cognitive semantic approach and its principals such as conceptual metaphors, conceptual metonymy, conventional knowledge, and conceptual motivation. In fact these principals are bases for describing and analyzing proverbs in Persian dictionaries which lead to an innovative way for organizing proverbs in a non-linear and non-alphabetical way. As an example we can consider the metaphoric  proverb: چوب تر را چنان که خواهی پیچ  نشود جز به آتش راست which its conceptual metaphor is:
 تربیت کردن پیچاندن چوب تر است  (raising a child means twisting a wet wood)
In this example, the exact meaning of the proverb is according to conceptual mapping of source domain (پیچاندن چوب تر) to target domain (تربیت کردن), along with correspondences between conceptual elements of source and target that leads to comprehend the target domain by way of source domain.
At the end, authors concluded that by applying this innovative, knowledge-base and theory-base method, and by using these three cognitive principals, and according to concepts of target domain and considering semantic motivation of proverbs, lexicographers can organize the proverbs in non-linear and non-alphabetical way that reflects the conceptual system of our mind, and makes learning and remembering easier for non-Persian or foreign  language learners.
 


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