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Family, as a social institution or group, has been evolving throughout history. Evolution of family needs to be studied in order to understand its functions and structure. Unfortunately, the evolution of family during the long Iranian history has not been studied seriously. This paper is an effort to shed some light on the structure and functions of the Iranian family under Sassanids using documentary method. The findings reveal that the dominant form the family in this period was “extended family” which along with the religious and political institutions constructed the Sassanid society. The family structure in this era was patriarchal, polygamy was prevalent, and in-group marriages were preferred. The official religion of the empire, Zoroastrianism, viewed family as a sacred institution with its main function as reproduction. Other functions of the family were production and provision of economic support, socialization and education of offsprings, who had to inherit their father and mother’s jobs. Relatives of father, in this period, had superiority to the relatives of mother’s side, and the oldest son and his family lived with his parents.

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After the change in the basis of government's legitimacy from divine right of monarchs to people's or nation's right to sovereignty in European's Political Philosophy, “Separation of Powers” has been raised as the basic principle of government by scholars and philosophers of politics. Later it leads to the birth of the term “Executive Power” in the legal-political literature. This term has encountered several changes in practical arena and has undergone many implications in different circumstances and eras. In this article, besides reviewing the nature of “Executive Power” from the attitude of the originators of the “Separation of Powers” theory, its bases and main tasks are analyzed, and by employing these study's results, the current approaches, i.e. classical/traditional and modern approaches are evaluated toward interpretation of the concept of “Executive Power”. Finally, highlighting the modern approach, which believes in extensive interpretation of this concept according to its possible purposes and main tasks, we emphasized that it is essential for parliament to appropriately supervise on the executive power to prevent it from derogation, not limiting it, which may decrease its efficiency.

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According to the high tomato loss in Iran, the aim of the present study was to introduce Iranian endemic gums including tragacanth, locust bean and Alyssum homolocarpum seed gums for coating this fruit and also to investigate and compare their functional properties. The results showed that the solution of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum had the highest wettability (-22.92 mN/m) on the fruits surface following by tragacanth gum (-43.23 mN/m) and locust bean gum (-22.92 mN/m). Moreover, the tragacanth and Alyssum homolocarpum seed gums showed the highest and the lowest apparent viscosities respectively. Investigating the physical features of the films revealed that tragacanth gum and locust bean gum had the ability to form transparent and flexible film; while, Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film was more opaque and had a greenish hue with less flexibility. The water vapor permeability of tragacanth and locust bean gum films was significantly higher than that of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film (P<0.05). According to the results, it can be concluded that although Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film had higher wettability on the surface of tomato, locust bean gum and tragacanth gum were more appropriate choices for tomato coating due to the higher transparency, apparent viscosity, water vapour inhibition and solubility in water.

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Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are one of the appropriate delivery systems which attract enormous interest for encapsulating bioactive componds in recent years. One of the important physicochemical properties of SLNs is particle size that is influenced by formulation and production process parameters. Inappropriate conditions of the nanaocarrier production process in the pre and main emulsion steps cause unsuitable paricle size as well as unstable emulsion and gel formation. Therefore, in this research production process of SLN was investigated and optimized by hot homogenization method and with two lipids of Compritol and Precirol separately. Hence, homogenization time in preparation of pre emulsion and amplitude and time of ultrasonication in final emulsion production was studied to obtained the smallest particle size. In pre emulsion step, the smallest particle size for Compritol SLN (619±4 nm) and Precirol SLN (373±3 nm) obtained in 180 second mixing by ultra-turax in 16000 (rpm). In final emulsion, 40% amplitude and 3 minutes caused to attained smallest particle size in Compritol SLN (397±5 nm) and Precirol SLN (259±2 nm). Then polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and visual observation of nanocarriers with optimized particle size were examined. The results showed that Precirol SLN had higher zata potential (-12.3±0.6 mV) than Compritol SLN (-8.97±0.17mV) but PDI of two nanocarriers was not significantly different. Visual observation of both nanocarriers at the storage time showed no instability.