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Nowadays, many people and companies enter the business world. So, rgarding the important and prominent role of internet and commercial advertisements in daily life, the relation between the business world and people should not be ignored. The purpose of this research is to examine the persuasive language in terms of type and number of persuasive steps in a number of Persian commercial internet textual advertisements based on the Cheung’s (2008, 2010) persuasive move schema model. This research is of descriptive-analytical kind. Therefore, To this end, a number of 120 Persian commercial internet textual advertisements collected through official Persian websites have been analyzed as research data based on the type and number of the persuasive steps. As to the type of persuasive steps, the results showed the most used type of persuasive step was steps of the persuasive move "offering suggestions" having been used with a frequency of 63.7%. On the other hand, the persuasive steps of "explicit stimulus actions" included the lowest frequency with a frequency of 0.1%. It was also shown the new persuasive step "motto" has been used with a frequency of 17%. Besides, the examination of the number of persuasive steps indicated the most used advertisements were "four-step" advertisements with a frequency of 26.7%. "Ten-step" advertisements were observed with a frequency of 0.9. Finally, the analysis of the type and number of persuasive steps revealed there was a significant difference not only between the type of steps examined but between their number as well.
 

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Continuous changes taking place in languages have been due to the dynamic nature of language that occurs progressively and slowly over time. In this regard, local languages and dialects change less than the standard languages. Sistani dialect is also among the dialects that has its own specific phonetic, phonological, syntactic and morphological elements and characteristics making it different from the Standard (Modern) Persian. This article while describing some morphological features of Sistani dialect in comparison to Old, Middle, Darri Persian and Avesta Language also is going to show which historical elements and features of this dialect are still being used and have been inherited from which era. The linguistic data has been collected via library and also field methods, through interviewing with old Sistani men above 60 years old and recording their free speech. Then the extracted morphological elements from Sistani dialect were compared to those of Old, Middle, and Dari Persian as well as Avesta Language. The results show that in this dialect, there are some prefixes such as /be-/, /mē-/, /na-/, /ma-/ and suffixes  /-ak(a)/, non-past verb inflectional suffixes, demonstrative pronouns,  /i/ and  /o/, personal pronouns /to/، /o/، /mâ/ ، /šmâ/ and /ošo/, reflexive pronouns /xod/ and /xâ/, lack of bound personal and also the exsistance of the initial consonant clusters such as dr، st، fr which have originated from Old, Middle, and Dari Persian as well as Avesta language.
 
1. Introduction
            Continuous changes occurring in languages are due to the dynamic nature of language. Such alternations occur progressively and slowly over the time. In this regard, local dialects and languages change less than standard languages. Awareness of existing linguistic elements in any dialect and presenting a complete description of them makes clear the root of the Persian dialects and their relation to modern Persian and also contributes to disambiguation of ambiguous points in previous Iranian languages as well as the diachronic changes occurred in them.
Sistani dialect has its own specific characteristics in different areas such as phonology, morphology and grammar which has made it different from standard Persian. Sistani is regarded as a dialect of New Persian, which is classified within the Southwestern group of Iranian languages. It takes its name from the historically important Sistan region that straddles southeastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan: one portion of Sistan makes up the northern part of the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan and the other portion is a part of the Nimruz Province in Afghanistan. This dialect is also spoken in the Sarakhs, Torkamanestan. In other parts of Iran, Sistani speakers also live in some part of Iranian Baluchestan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.
This article, while describing some grammatical and morphological elements of Sistani dialect, along with comparing them with Old, Middle and Dari Persian as well as Avesta, is going to show which historical grammatical and morphological elements are still used in this dialect and the language variety that they inherited from.
 
2. Methodology
To this end, the free speech of 20 of the above sixty-year-old uneducated or less educated male speakers in Sistan were provided. Then a questionnaire was prepared. The questions were designed for finding the tense of verbs, personal and demonstrative pronouns, consonant clusters and the names in Sistani dialect. Finally, the data were extracted, described and then analyzed.
3. Discussion and Results
The research findings show that Sistani dialect has some similar elements and features to those of Old, Middle and Dari Persian as well as Avesta. Correspondingly, there are some prefixes such as /be-/, /mē-/, /na-/, /ma-/; some suffixes like /-ak(a)/ and verbal endings; independent personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns; the lack of dependent personal pronounsi and the existence of initial consonant clusters, all of which have somehow origin in Old, Middle and Darri Persian as well as Avesta.
In this respect, the prefix /be-/ is used with the past tense verbs which is manifested as [b-], [ba-], [be-], [bo-], [bi-], [p-], or [ø-]. The prefix /mē-/ is used with the simple non-past and non-past progressive with different realization: [mē-], [m-], [me-], and [mi-]. The prefix /na-/ is used for all verbs with both indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods in Sistani dialect. This prefix is realized as [n-], [na-], or [ne-]. The prefix /ma-/ is used with prohibitive verbs. All the above mentioned elements originate from Old, Middle and Dari Persian.
In Nouns, the occurrence of the suffix /-ak(a)/ which originates from old Persian -ak(a) functions as diminutive and/or affection, gerund and definite markers. Moreover, the similarity between the personal and possessive pronouns and those of Old Persian, Middle Persian as well as Avesta are illustrated. The personal pronouns in Sistani dialect: [me], [to], [o], [mâ], [šmâ], [ošo], have been derived from Old, Middle Persian as well as Avesta’s possessive pronouns: man, tu, oy or ho, ahmākǝm, yūšmakǝm and ōyšān. On the other hand, Sistani dialect does not make use of dependent possessive pronouns. Indeed, the personal and possessive pronouns are identical in this dialect. As to initial consonant clusters, Sistani dialect has preserved the initial consonant clusters in roots to give some examples: [drāxt] “tree”, [spest] “Alfalfa”, [psār] “boy, son”, [kmār] “waist”, inherited from Old and Middle Persian. However, in Dari Persian, initial consonant clusters do not exist. It seems the standard Persian follows Dari Persian Language in this respect.
4. Conclusions
The description of some grammatical and morphological elements and features of Sistani Dialect shows that this dialect acts differently from standard Persian in some grammatical and morphological elements. These elements originate from Old, Middle, Dari Persian as well as Avesta which include some prefixes such as /be-/, /mē-/, /na-/, /ma-/; some suffixes comprising /-ak(a)/ and personal or verb endings; independent personal pronouns; reflexive pronouns; demonstrative pronouns; the lack of dependent personal pronouns; the existence of initial consonant cluster originating from Old, Middle and Dari as well as Avesta. In addition, the findings indicate that the language changes occur throughout the time and the dialects preserve the original structures of the old languages more than the standard languages.
 

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This study deals with fortition processes in Sistani dialect as spoken in Sistan region located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province based on Autosegmental phonology by Goldsmith (1976). This is a descriptive-analytic study. So, 20 females and males more than 50 years old, low educated and Sistani dialect speakers have been selected by random. The data has been gathered by interviewing and recording their free speech for twenty minutes per person . The relevant data has been extracted from the recorded sentences and then transcribed by IPA alphabet. Eventually, the phonological rules of the data have been described and analyzed based on the concepts and principles of Autosegmental phonology.  The research results showed that the fortition process in Sistani dialect, is represented as glottal [ʔ] insertion in initial position of word, front high glide [j] insertion and nasal consonant [n] insertion between two vowels at the end of the word in the coda position, the conversion of voiced obstruent /ʁ/ to voiceless obstruent [χ], the conversion of obstruent labio-dental /f/ and /v/ to labial [p] and [b], gemination between two morphemes and at the end of some words and also, aspiration process in the voiceless obstruent consonants in the onset position of the first syllable, the stressed syllables in the middle of words as well as the coda position of the last syllable.


1. Introduction
According to some phonologists, there are two kinds of phonological processes which act as two dual processes called lenition and fortition. This duality is based on the amount of sound power and energy consumed in the course of speech production. For example, vowel sounds are weak and voiceless sounds are strong. The distinction between weak and strong sounds originates from the amount of air pressure in the larynx during speech production (Trask, 1996, p. 149). In the generative phonology, the phonological process of fortition takes place when a strong sound is replaced by a weaker sound (Kenstowicz, 1994). In fact, the fortition of a sound originates from the natural need of the language to increase the production power of that sound and causes the phonological process to be strengthened (Krichner, 1998). Lass (1988, p. 48) believes that any process and conversion of sound from left to right is a fortition process:
zero  →  semivowel  →    fricative →   stop
voice   →   voiceless (lass, 1988 :177)
Research Question(s)

1. 1. What kind of fortion processes occur in Sistani dialect?
2. How is the phonological representation of fortition processes in Sistani dialect?

2. Literature Review
Heretofore, no research has been done in the Sistani dialect to investigate the fortition process. However, among the researches that have been done in the field of phonological processes in Persian language, we can name a few that have only investigated the phonological process of fortition. Mobaraki (2013) has investigated the fortition process in Persian language and Sabzevari, Euclid, Shahrezaei and Kermani dialects and showed the place of articulation of this process in Persian language and the mentioned dialects. Kord Zafaranlu Kambouzia and Aryaei (2015) have studied the fortition process in Shul dialect of Bushehr city. In this research, the authors have introduced two compensatory lengthening processes including conversion and insertion. As seen, due to the lack of sufficient studies on the fortition processes in Sistani Dialect, especially based on the non-linear and autosegmental phonology, the authors have described and analyzed the phonological processes of fortition in this dialect based on non-linear and autosegmental phonology.

3. Methodology
The study is a descriptive-analytic study. So, 20 Sistani females and males more than 50 years old and low educated have been selected by random. The data has been gathered by interviewing and recording their free speech for twenty minutes per person. The relevant data has been extracted from the recorded sentences and then transcribed by IPA alphabet. Eventually, the phonological rules of the data have been described and analyzed based on the concepts and principles of Autosegmental phonology.

4. Results
The study of data showed that the fortition process in the Sistani dialect appears in the form of various phonological rules. In response to the research questions, it was found that the fortition process in the Sistani dialect appears in the form of inserting [ʔ] at the beginning of the word, inserting [j] and [n] between two vowels, inserting /n/ at the end of the final syllable, and also assimilation, gemination and aspiration processes.
Also, the results showed that the speakers of the new generation, after removing the continuous glottal phoneme /h/ from the beginning of the loanwords, insert glottal [ʔ] before the initial vowel. Like: /halɑl/ which is used as [ʔalɑl]. On the other hand, [ʔ] is inserted at the beginning of words that do not have an initial consonant and begin with a vowel, eg.,  /ɑb/ 'water' pronounced as [ʔou]. Also, the process of fortition occurs in the Sistani dialect in the form of insertion of [j] and [n], for instance, [toʃni+j+a] "he/she is thirsty" and [ke+n+a] "who is ?".
Another process is devoicing. In this process, the phoneme /ʁ/ is represented [χ] and also the phonemes /f, v/ are pronounced as [b, d] respectively, eg.,  /vaʁt/ "time" is pronounced as [vaχt].  Germination process also takes place between two morphemes in Sistani dialect and causes fortition in this dialect, for example, /du+tɑ/ "two items" is pronounced as [duttɑ]. On the other hand, this process occurs at the end of the last syllable of the some simple words as well, as seen in [bell] "let, put".

1. Introduction
According to some phonologists, there are two kinds of phonological processes which act as two dual processes called lenition and fortition. This duality is based on the amount of sound power and energy consumed in the course of speech production. For example, vowel sounds are weak and voiceless sounds are strong. The distinction between weak and strong sounds originates from the amount of air pressure in the larynx during speech production (Trask, 1996, p. 149). In the generative phonology, the phonological process of fortition takes place when a strong sound is replaced by a weaker sound (Kenstowicz, 1994). In fact, the fortition of a sound originates from the natural need of the language to increase the production power of that sound and causes the phonological process to be strengthened (Krichner, 1998). Lass (1988, p. 48) believes that any process and conversion of sound from left to right is a fortition process:
zero  →  semivowel  →    fricative →   stop
voice   →   voiceless (lass, 1988 :177)
Research Question(s)

1. 1. What kind of fortion processes occur in Sistani dialect?
2. How is the phonological representation of fortition processes in Sistani dialect?

2. Literature Review
Heretofore, no research has been done in the Sistani dialect to investigate the fortition process. However, among the researches that have been done in the field of phonological processes in Persian language, we can name a few that have only investigated the phonological process of fortition. Mobaraki (2013) has investigated the fortition process in Persian language and Sabzevari, Euclid, Shahrezaei and Kermani dialects and showed the place of articulation of this process in Persian language and the mentioned dialects. Kord Zafaranlu Kambouzia and Aryaei (2015) have studied the fortition process in Shul dialect of Bushehr city. In this research, the authors have introduced two compensatory lengthening processes including conversion and insertion. As seen, due to the lack of sufficient studies on the fortition processes in Sistani Dialect, especially based on the non-linear and autosegmental phonology, the authors have described and analyzed the phonological processes of fortition in this dialect based on non-linear and autosegmental phonology.

3. Methodology
The study is a descriptive-analytic study. So, 20 Sistani females and males more than 50 years old and low educated have been selected by random. The data has been gathered by interviewing and recording their free speech for twenty minutes per person. The relevant data has been extracted from the recorded sentences and then transcribed by IPA alphabet. Eventually, the phonological rules of the data have been described and analyzed based on the concepts and principles of Autosegmental phonology.

4. Results
The study of data showed that the fortition process in the Sistani dialect appears in the form of various phonological rules. In response to the research questions, it was found that the fortition process in the Sistani dialect appears in the form of inserting [ʔ] at the beginning of the word, inserting [j] and [n] between two vowels, inserting /n/ at the end of the final syllable, and also assimilation, gemination and aspiration processes.
Also, the results showed that the speakers of the new generation, after removing the continuous glottal phoneme /h/ from the beginning of the loanwords, insert glottal [ʔ] before the initial vowel. Like: /halɑl/ which is used as [ʔalɑl]. On the other hand, [ʔ] is inserted at the beginning of words that do not have an initial consonant and begin with a vowel, eg.,  /ɑb/ 'water' pronounced as [ʔou]. Also, the process of fortition occurs in the Sistani dialect in the form of insertion of [j] and [n], for instance, [toʃni+j+a] "he/she is thirsty" and [ke+n+a] "who is ?".
Another process is devoicing. In this process, the phoneme /ʁ/ is represented [χ] and also the phonemes /f, v/ are pronounced as [b, d] respectively, eg.,  /vaʁt/ "time" is pronounced as [vaχt].  Germination process also takes place between two morphemes in Sistani dialect and causes fortition in this dialect, for example, /du+tɑ/ "two items" is pronounced as [duttɑ]. On the other hand, this process occurs at the end of the last syllable of the some simple words as well, as seen in [bell] "let, put".