Showing 14 results for chehri
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Wild grasses are the most important primary feedstuffs which are susceptible to contamination with toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. In order to explore diversity of Aspergillus species associated with the inflorescences of gramineous weeds, infected inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in western parts of Iran. Fifty-six Aspergillus isolates were obtained from all diseased spikes and based on morphological features identified as 4 species i.e. Aspergillus niger (26) followed by Aspergillus flavus (24), Aspergillus fumigatus (4), andAspergillusjaponicus (2). The identification of A. flavus was confirmed using species specific primers of AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 413 bp. In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of wild grasses was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural occurrence of AFs could be detected in 24 samples ranging from 0.63-134.86 μg/kg. The highest AFT levels were detected in samples from Ravansar, Bisetoon, Mahidasht, and Sarpol Zehab (up to 50 μg/kg), which is more than the recommended limits by European :union: standard and National Standard of Iran (20 µg/kg for animal feed).
Volume 9, Issue 17 (Spring & Summer 2022)
Abstract
Ignoring the precise meaning and implications of Quranic lexicons appended to its text in various styles or registers may cause misunderstanding and inaccuracy in determining the connotation of the holy Quranic verses. The same problem has driven many Quranic commentators and translators to disregard the original meaning of the Quranic phrase Alqa al-Alwah [Tossed the Tablets] (Al-A'raf/105) and instead conceive it as a phrase that relates to Moses' (PBUH) violence and rebellion. However, this misinterpretation vividly contradicts the chastity of the holy prophets, and as a result, some scholars, following the Israiliyyat hadiths, have portrayed Moses as an impatient and furious prophet. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and dictionary and commentary resources, this research seeks to reveal the true meaning of this Quranic phrase and correct misconceptions about the holy prophet as someone who disregards God's commandments. The findings demonstrate that the root "La-qa-ya" does not have the connotation of "throwing," and the meaning retrieved from employing it in the pattern of If'al (Alqa) does not necessarily give it the sense of "throwing." The underlying practical meaning of Alqa al-Alwah is "to put down or toss," which refers to putting something from up to down in a non-insulting manner. This Quran phrase has a metaphoric connotation of "refusing to explain The Ten Commandments." An accurate translation may include both of the above-mentioned meanings. However, many Quran translators have failed to reflect both meanings simultaneously.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (1-2003)
Abstract
-
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract
The public opinion is a modern conception of the Enlightenment and beyond. this concept, although in its current sense, it was not until the Enlightenment and is not subject to scientific research, but before that also existed and has multifaceted applications. The Prevalence of this conception and its subsequent scientific review arise from the core of Western societies in the 18 and 19 centuries. And its application to the Iranian society in the 15th and 16th centuries may be far from reality and contrary to the conditions of that period of Iranian historical life But with a little reflection on this concept Along with its meaning and application in the life of European Societies It can be seen in the preceding Iranian history, including Iran during the Safavid era. After the power of Shah Ismail, one can see signs of social political cohesion such as the formation of central power and national identity based on religious ideology in Iran Which can be called the basic principles of the formation of public opinion. This article is intended to mean public opinion, the public domain or people living in the community. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources . From the point of view of this research, Safavid rule was formed in the realm of social life called the public sphere or people, in which the context of the emergence and formation of a kind of public opinion was provided
Volume 18, Issue 1 (2-2011)
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to apply Ibn-Khaldun’s dialectic of Asabiyya to explain the nature of relationship between war and the world order in the modern era via ‘macro structural change’. It is argued here that these changes in the world order in the modern times have a dialectical relationship with war. Here, Ibn-Khaldun’s approach to historical change is applied for the explication of this relationship. Ibn-Khaldun’s well-known historiogarphic enterprise does provide us with an analytical framework of how wars have been interrelated with the distribution of power and change in that distribution. This paper attempts to show the historical significance of war for the formation and the disintegration of world order since the 16th century.
Volume 19, Issue 7 (Supplementary Issue - 2017)
Abstract
In order to explore biodiversity of Fusarium species associated with the inflorescences of gramineus weeds, heads and inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in west of Iran. Sixty samples, mostly from infected spikes were collected from different sites of western Iran. Nine species from 9 tribes of the Poaceae family were identified based on pollen morphology using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Sixty Fusarium isolates were obtained from diseased spikes and identified into five species F. graminearum (40%), F. asiaticum (20%), F. acuminatum (20%), F. equiseti (10%), and F. proliferatum (10%). The identification of the members of F. Graminearum Species Complex (FGSC) was confirmed molecularly using Fg16F/Fg16R primers. F. asiaticum isolates were distinguished from other FGSC using Fg6CTPSf177/Fg16R primers. The phylogenetic trees based on Translation Elongation Factor-1α (TEF-1α) dataset clearly separated all morphological taxa. PCR-based detection of mycotoxin-synthesis-pathway gene was also used to determine the potential to produce trichothecenes (DON and NIV). Among 60 tested isolates, 16 isolates (27%) belonged to DON chemotype and 10 isolates (17%) were NIV chemotype. These results show that DON was the most common chemotype in western Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first report on molecular identification of Fusarium species isolated from poaceouswild grasses in Iran.
Volume 20, Issue 1 (Spring 2016)
Abstract
Villages in border areas are sensitive and fragile that any types of changes and ovulations can have economical and social effect the border functions not only on this area but also due to the dependency principle and systematic view can affect on other areas in country. Therefore, it is essential that the results and effects of any actions should be examined so that by identifying its strengths and weaknesses the steps to plan for making the borders area dynamic can be taken. Regarding these purposes in the present study, the effects of border closure on economic and social indicators of Kawmirabad rural areas in Marivann by applying 260 people’s view (using Cochran’s formula) and security, disciplinary and rural developing officials has been investigated. The study findings following the analysis by descriptive statistics (mode and mean) and inferential statistics (chi-square and Multiple Linear Regression) showed that both groups believed in border peace , transportation and traffic and sense of security on positive actions, but local people in contrary of officials believe that border closure makes their living situation worse. The Multiple Linear Regression showed that this bad living condition is the most important dimension in rural dissatisfaction from border closure in spite of their consent of other dimensions.
Volume 21, Issue 1 (1-2014)
Abstract
Modern Europe witnessed a historical simultaneity as the result of which , not only Europe ruptured from its own past, rather a forced attachment to the non- European's future was also forged. This historical "development" has been narrated in the "colonial discourse". On the other hand, for the non–Europeans, however, a different historical simultaneity took place. Hence; the colonized/non -Europeans found themselves forcefully ruptured not only from their own selfhood, but also thrown in an imposed 'state of nature' dispossessed of their identity. This historical experience has been narrated in the "post-colonial discourse". The current paper is an attempt to host a 'meeting' between the colonial and the post-colonial discourses.
Volume 21, Issue 152 (October 2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in food is increasing, which makes antibiotic treatment of infected food more difficult. One of the food sources that can cause foodborne infection is dairy products made from raw milk and one of the bacteria resistant to various antibiotics is Salmonella. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species in Poosti and Koozeh cheeses produced from raw milk in western Iran. For this purpose, the probable Salmonella species were isolated in Koozeh cheese from Bukan and Poosti cheese from Lorestan and Kermanshah. After initial phenotypic identification and biochemical testing, molecular identification was performed by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene with primers U1492R and B27F. The isolates were tested for resistance to tetracycline, oxacillin, penicillin and ampicillin. The results confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica subspecies Typhimurium in all three cheeses among 14 Enterococcus isolates. The species of all three cheese were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin and ampicillin and the identified species of Lorestan Poosti cheese were resistant to tetracycline. But the identified species in Kermanshah Poosti cheese and Bukan Koozeh cheese were sensitive to tetracycline. The results of this study indicate that local Poosti and Koozeh cheeses in some western parts of the country may be carriers of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains and that in case of microbial infection caused by contaminated cheese, treatment with antibiotics may be difficult.
Volume 22, Issue 2 (summer 2022 2022)
Abstract
The study of speculators' behavior is very important in explaining the phenomena of the Iranian housing market. Many of the unfavorable phenomena that occur in this market are the results of speculative activity in the housing market. Speculators enter the market at the beginning of the boom period and earn maximum profit of price increases, and as signs of recession appear, they quickly exit the market and invest in parallel markets such as banks, stocks, exchange and gold, which leads to fluctuations in housing prices. In this study, following the Roehner model and using the time varying parameter ordinary least squares method (TVP-OLS), the speculation index in the housing market during the period 1991 to 2020 was estimated, and then the impact of different shocks to stock market, exchange market, gold market, interest rates and housing tax on speculation in the housing market was investigated, and for estimating the effects of these shocks, the Markov-switching vector autoregressive (MSVAR) method was used. The results show that during the period under study, on average, 20% of the increase in housing prices was related to speculation, with the highest growth in 1997 at 320% and the lowest growth in 2005 at -23%. According to the results of the Markov-switching vector autoregressive model (MSVAR), speculation in the housing market had the highest response to the exchange and gold markets, and interest rates and the least response to the stock market and housing tax.
Volume 22, Issue 4 (7-2022)
Abstract
Nowadays, concrete is used as a widely used material in different industries. Depending on the usage of concrete, different properties can be expected from it. Plentiful usage of concrete in other industries such as bridge construction, landscaping, construction, harbors, docks, and special structures has made this valuable material the center of attention of many researchers. Depending on the type and place of using concrete, this material has limitations and problems. Destruction of concrete in the long term is one of the factors causing damage to the industrial cycle and economy of countries. The high durability and reliability of concrete reduce damage to the environment and increase the service life of structures. Important factors are the useful life of concrete structures, environmental conditions, and concrete quality. The attack of sulfates on concrete is one of the critical factors in reducing the life of the structure and the durability of concrete. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulfates are salts usually found in soils and groundwater and react with different phases of hydrated cement paste, such as hydrated alumina, hydrated monosulfate, and calcium hydroxide, to produce needle-shaped crystals of ettringite and calcium sulfate (gypsum). The volume of these crystals is greater than the volume of cement hydration products, so they cause internal stress and cracking in hardened concrete. Magnesium sulfate is more damaging than other sulfates because it destroys calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). In the attack of magnesium sulfate and the conversion of Ca(OH)2 to gypsum, it is accompanied by the simultaneous formation of Mg(OH)2 (brucite), which is insoluble and reduces the alkalinity of the system. In the absence of hydroxyl ions in the pore solution, the stability of C-S-H in the system is reduced and attacked by the sulfate solution. The ultimate product of this substitution reaction is the magnesium silicate hydrate, the formation of which is associated with the loss of the cementitious characteristic. Permeability and porosity are the most critical factors in increasing the resistance of concrete against sulfate attack. This study evaluated weight and compressive strength changes after placing in magnesium sulfate solution for six designs of concrete mixes containing silica fume, glass powder, and steel slag. In addition, the depth of water penetration under pressure and water absorption tests were performed to evaluate the permeability of concrete. The results showed the proper performance of glass powder and steel slag against magnesium sulfate attack and reduced the depth of water penetration. Changes in the weight and compressive strength of concrete against magnesium sulfate attack depend on the properties of supplementary cementitious materials, their replacement amount, and concrete porosity.
Volume 23, Issue 1 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
introduction
The space and how it can be organized and evolved in time and place can be the most fundamental issue and focal point for all topics and schools of geography, urban planning and urban design. Therefore, the organization of human settlements, activity centers at ground level with certain possibilities and limitations and the regulation of the interactive relationships between these elements in order to achieve an effective community can be considered as an ancient aspiration for spatial planning . Organizing and producing space in the form of a state begins since the Constitutional Revolution with the advent of a modern state in Iran, In fact, the modern state is trying to change the nature of space from consumption to exchanging mod for controlling and managing the space. the tool of this changing is city. In this way, the modern state (emerging from the heart of the city) seeks to change the nature of space through urbanization of space. The modern state has consistently embraced in strengthening and development of cities and urbanization with its city-centered and orbital city policies and in return, it paid less attention to the lives and livelihoods of rural and nomadic communities. In this research, the process of changing the nature of space in Iran from consumption to exchanging and commodity mod and the influential elements in this change will be discussed. To clarify the issue, Tehran city will be considered as the capital of the modern state and the most important place in space changing during the last century in order to examine the changing of the nature of space in the last 100 years in Iran.
Methodology
The present study aims to study and analyze the process of formation of the production of capitalist space in contemporary Iran, especially during the period of the emergence of the modern state with the Constitutional Revolution. For this purpose, the method is descriptive-analytical study. The documentary (library) method has been used for data collection, The research approach was based on the study of the process of formation of the state capitalist space in Iran based on the city of Tehran in six areas in five periods of Qajar, Constitutional Revolution, the First Pahlavi, Pillar, Second Pahlavi, and the Islamic Republic. These areas include social structure, political economy, spatial system of the country, Tehran's place and role in the spatial structure of the country, spatial and physical changes of Tehran city which has been studied in five stages in order to analyze the process of production of state capitalist space.
Results and discussion
Space is a product of society and social production and every. Each production mode produces its own space according to its political and ideological characteristics. In the process of space production, three dimensions of space (spatial practice, representation of space and representational space) are involved, the balance of these three dimensions of space makes space equilibrium. The process of production of space in Iran before the Constitutional Revolution was in equilibrium and all the stakeholders in space were involved in its production. And also the nature of the space was concrete and for consumption, but after the advent of the modern state in Iran, the government not only influenced urbanization processes but also began to create new space by changing production methods,overnment intervention in space created an imbalance in space; in fact, the government began to represent space without regard for other stakeholders. The result of government intervention was to overcome the balance of space and the change in the nature of space, Over time, other actors (city planners, municipality, capital, and local communities) have been influenced in new space production. In fact, the state provided the necessary base for the new elements, but over the time, the role of the state in space was reduced and the role of capital increased, the purpose of capital in the new space was to generate more profits, thus, with a strong central focus, it reduced space barriers to accumulate profits. This created an uneven geography of urban development that the spatial structure of the city and the space organization, went to an unbalanced line Which resulted in the disintegration of space, Also, by changing the nature of space from Consumption space to exchange space Converted space into goods and this has caused the loss of sense of space in space, these are the desirable spaces which have exchange and sale value. As a result of such a process, space has become abstracted and its users have no role on it.
Conclusion
In Iran, after the Constitutional Revolution, the state not only affect the urbanization process. And changes the process of urbanization by using the mechanism of changing the mode of production from the capitalist mode to the state capitalist mode but also changes the nature of space (urban space) as urbanization expands. This means that the nature of urban space is also beginning to change and the government creates new space that the nature of the space consumption is dimmed. And the exchange space is replaced by it. in this process, new actors are formed through the government that each of them help the process in some way, The city of Tehran as the capital of the country was the first place where these changes took place and the process of changing the nature of city space over a century has been giving to the state and its related elements that the city has changed a lot to accumulate capital and accelerate the process of production, distribution and consumption during this period. And changed from a "city-life" to a "city-capital" and eventually to a "city-commodity". And it has been the result of a hundred years of state effort in space production, The state has taken control of space with great influence on the representation of space (imagined space) and abstract planning of the city and with the process of changing the everyday life has also been affected the living and perceived space.
Volume 26, Issue 3 (Fall 2022)
Abstract
The city's livability largely depends on its capacity to meet the residents’ basic needs. One of the essential components of public welfare is the ability of residents to access urban services on a neighborhood scale. This research aims at evaluating the accessibility of different socio-economic groups to urban services. Fair distribution of urban resources and services among socio-economic groups is an issue that needs attention, especially for developing countries with rapid urbanization like Iran. In this research, various methods have been used to analyze the correlation between accessibility to services and urban poverty and to provide the information needed for better decision-making. 21 social, economic, and physical indicators of statistical blocks have been used to map urban poverty. In order to map the accessibility of urban services, criteria such as the capacity of urban services (park, educational, religious, therapeutic, and sports), population density, and distance to services are considered. The results show a negative correlation between accessibility to services and urban poverty in Urmia city. The highest intensity of negative correlation between accessibility to services and urban poverty belongs to educational services (r=-0.231). This situation is not compatible with the goals of sustainable development and equal access to urban services. In this article, the areas of the city that need attention are identified on the map, which will be useful in the future planning and development of the city.
Volume 27, Issue 1 (12-2020)
Abstract
In his Nichomachean ethics, Aristotle has introduced Friendshiop (philia) as a civic virtue higher than justice. After Aristotle, Latin and Iranian thinkers articulated on the notions of “Amiticia” and “Dusti” as equivalent to Aristotel’s philia. In the modern times, while justice was regarded as legal system protecting individual rights, Friendship was reduced to a personal concern and was confined to private sphere of life. In recent time once again friendshiop has entered the intellectual melieu both in Iranian and German culture. In this paper three models of Friendship, namely Phronetic, Erfanic, and Phenomenological, are analysed, and, according to what these models pertain to, it is suggested that as regards convergence, it can be brought about by Friendship more than by Justice.