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Introduction
One of the centers of regional crisis is Afghanistan in the east of Iran. This country has common cultural, social, religious and political structures with Iran, but due to the weakness of political structures, it has been the center of geopolitical competition of regional and global powers. Due to its geographical proximity on the one hand and the competition of the powers, it is one of the geopolitical regions that can have many effects on Iran's regional actions. Therefore, Iran is bound to play a geopolitical role in this region. One of the most important reasons for the importance of Iran's role in the East, especially in today's Afghanistan, is activities of the groups that are religiously sympathetic to the Taliban. Therefore, national interests require Iran to prevent these groups from approaching radicalism through regional de-escalation. During the sanctions period, the Afghan market is one of the main markets for Iran's exports, the dependence of Sistan and Baluchistan province in eastern Iran on Hirmand River can be better achieved by maintaining the relationship with the Taliban, and finally, being present in Afghanistan prevents the country from turning into the backyard of Iran's regional and extra-regional rivals.

Methodology
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytic in terms of method and nature. Data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The statistical population of the research consists of experts and professors of the university and fields related to geopolitics, geostrategy and geoculture, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's model of 50 people. In order to analyze the findings, the average test was used in SPSS software.

Results and discussion
The factors of Iran's role-playing in the geopolitical region of the East with an emphasis on Afghanistan are subject to relevant factors and variables at three internal, regional and extra-regional "global" levels. In this context, the ambiguous future indicators of power in Afghanistan and Iran's capabilities in playing its role, ethnic diversity in Afghanistan and the Pashtuns' role in power and the roles played by the Islamic Republic with regard to its civilizational characteristics in Afghanistan and playing a role, the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered as one of the main and most important factors in the geopolitical region of the East in terms of building universities and scientific centers in Afghanistan and Pakistan and producing knowledge and increasing general literacy in Afghanistan, and the influencing factors. The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the fields of increasing the construction of cultural bases such as Basij, seminaries, knowledge centers and cultural centers, etc. is prominent. Preventing illegal immigration on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan has not been successful. In the context of evaluating Iran's role-playing achievements in the direction of securing the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the East, 12 indicators were presented, and the results showed that factors such as Iran's achievements in solving hydropolitical disputes with Afghanistan, Iran's achievements in the construction of the Chabahar Free Zone, Iran's achievements in the field of spreading the Persian language in Afghanistan and Iran's roles in preventing the spread of the Salafist ideology of Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia are the most achievements for Iran in the East, and finally factors such as Iran's role in preventing the transit of narcotics on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan and Iran's role in preventing arms smuggling in the borders of the peripheral east are not considered as the achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the peripheral east.

Conclusions
The results showed that Iran's role-playing in the geopolitical region of its peripheral east, with an emphasis on Afghanistan, will be subject to relevant factors and variables at three internal, regional and extra-regional "global" levels, and the greatest share of this role-playing includes extra-regional factors. Also, factors such as Iran's achievements in the field of settling hydropolitical disputes with Afghanistan, Iran's achievements in the field of establishing the Chabahar Free Zone, Iran's achievements in the field of spreading the Persian language in Afghanistan and Iran's roles in preventing the spread of Salafist ideology in Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia will bring the most achievements for Iran in its peripheral east.

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Today, Human resources are known as the most important and valuable resource for organizations’ successes. Social loafing leads directly to reduction of staff performance and their productivity. Therefore this research is investigating effect of colleague's perceived social loafing, negative affectivity and perceived organizational justice on the social loafing of tax administration’s staff in west of Tehran. This research investigate its six theories throughout organizational commitment in the early six month of the year 1394. This research is a practical research in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-survey research in terms of collecting data and a casual type. In order to calculate the sample volume Morgan and Kerjesey table were used. Since in each research some of questionnaires won’t return, 300 individuals were chosen as the sample using random sampling method and 270 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results showed that the colleague's perceived social loafing, negative affectivity and each dimensions of the perceived organizational justice has a positive and meaningful effect on organizational commitment and similarly the organizational commitment on the staff’s social loafing. Therefore, all of the theories have been approved.

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Abstract: Chloride penetration resistance of concrete is considered a key parameter affecting durability of structures exposed to marine environments. Chloride diffusivity of concrete can be determined by immersion or ponding tests. However such tests are time consuming and costly. These facts have lead researches to develop accelerated tests such as the rapid chloride penetration test RCPT (ASTM C1202). In the RCPT test, the electrical charge passing during six hours through a 50 mm concrete disc, under potential difference of 60 volts is measured. A main concern expressed for the RCPT test has been the rise in temperature of concrete specimens which results in a reduction in concrete resistivity. The other criticism towards the RCPT test is the role of ions other than chloride ion, particularly the (OH)^- ion in conductance of electrical charge. It has therefore been suggested that some complementary cementitous materials can cause a reduction in the electrical charge passed, by reducing the concentration of (OH)^- ions in pore solution. Another quick method for measuring chloride resistance of concrete is the Rapid Chloride Migration test RCMT (AASHTO TP64). This test is in general similar to the RCPT method. However for avoiding the heating of specimen, the applied voltage is adjusted in accordance with the initially passed charge. Also in the RCMT test, for avoiding the influence of other charge carrying ions, the actual chloride ion penetration into the specimen is determined. A further method proposed for appraisal of chloride resistance of concrete, is determination of electrical resistance. For avoidance of heating of concrete specimens, electrical conductivity measurements are carried out for short durations. This research was carried out with the aim of comparing the results of various quick methods for determination of chloride resistance of concretes containing various supplementary cementitous materials. In the experimental study the control mix had a water cement ratio of 0.38 and cement content of 420 Kg/m³. Mixes containing various amounts of supplementary cementitous materials including silica fume, fine fly ash, pumice, fly ash and slag were studied. For the RCPT test, the temperature effect resulted in considerable overestimation in the effect of using of supplementary cementitous materials in improving chloride resistance of concrete. Temperature rise did not occur during the RCMT test, and this test therefore does not suffer  In the case of optimum fiber value, the obtained results from laboratory tests have shown a reduction in compressive strength and value of ultrasonic test around 8.7% and 2.5% respectively. Moreover it has shown an increase in tensile strength, flexural strength, electrical resistance and value of VB test about 33%, 10%,11% and 51% respectively. Consequently utilizing such fibers in sleeper concrete could be suggested for practical applications.

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Aims: Cities play a key role in promoting human values. Nowadays, population growth, widespread urbanization in developing countries, demographic change, environmental challenges, economic problems, urban transportation problems, advances in information and communication technology, and bureaucracy have necessitated the need for smart urban governance. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide a model of smart urban governance with a future study approach.
Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory. The statistical community is experts in the field of research. The sample size was determined using Roscoe rules 45 people and the sampling method is snowball.
Findings:  the key drivers of smart city governance were extracted from Latin sources as well as the Delphi method, 9 key drivers for the future of smart city governance were considered. In the next step, scenarios were developed for each driver and strategies were considered for each desired scenario. Finally, the model of smart city governance in Rasht was presented.
Conclusion: direct citizenship education, design of public participation opportunities, formulation of local policies, integrated urban management, create a financial model to allocate appropriate budgets, development of data communication infrastructure and access network, encourage investors, develop The law as a means of attracting private sector investment in public infrastructure, Creating open data portals, enacting strong laws to protect the privacy, providing online services and eliminating bureaucracy and careful planning of smart government at the national level, the highest score in achieving They achieved the model of futuristic smart city governance.

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Mespilus germanica as a valuable medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Aim of this study, investigated effect of combination various ratio of solvents (Glycerin, Ethanol, Methanol and Water) on the efficiency of Mespilus extract by mixture optimal design. Numerical optimization was used to obtain the optimal formulation of solvent. At the end of the day, the antimicrobial effect of Mespilus extracts based on three methods (agar diffusion Method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) on the three microorganisms managing infectious diseases was investigated in vitro. In this study, investigated effect water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin on the five levels (0, 31.25, 83.33, 125,250 mm) on efficiency of Mespilusextracts by mixture optimal design. Diffusion agar test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration by microbroth dilution method was used to determination Susceptibility of bacterial isolate. The Result indicated that Scheffe polynomial model was highly significant for efficiency of Mespilusextracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively. The optimum condition has been found as following: glycerin (0 ml), water (23.7 ml), methanol (100.2ml) and ethanol (126.1 ml) respectively.  It’s worth to mention that there was no significant difference between experimental and predicted value in optimum condition. Mespilus extract was highly significant for reduce of Infectious bacteria. Mixture methodology based on the D-optimal design was able to statistical assessment extraction process with the minimum experiment.

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Reinforced concrete deep beams have useful applications in many structures, such as tall buildings, foundations, offshore structures, and several others. The reinforced concrete deep as important structural elements having small span-to-depth ratio. The investigation of their behavior is a subject of considerable interest in RC structures researches and some studies on the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams have been carried out over the last fifty years. In deep beams, according to shear span-to-depth ratio and web reinforcement the ultimate strength is generally controlled by shear rather than flexure, if the sufficient amount of longitudinal reinforcement is used. Several different failure modes have been identified from experimental studies, due to variability in failure, the determination of their shear strength and identification of failure mechanism are very complicated. In this paper the influence of effective parameters on the behavior of high-strength RC deep beams was investigated. For this purpose, an experimental-analytical investigation was conducted; a total of five reinforced concrete deep beams with compressive strength in range of 60 MPa were tested under uniform contributed top loading. The tested specimens were simply supported and reinforced by vertical steel bars in various spacing. The general behavior of tested beams was investigated. Observations were made on mid-span vertical deflections, cracks form, failure modes and shear strengths. All the beam specimens showed a same response up to failure. The test results indicated that vertical web reinforcement are efficient in shear capacity of deep beams, all the specimens were failed at abrupt shear mode. According to the test results, the shear capacity is affected by amount of web reinforcement and the test specimens are stronger in comparison with those were tested under two-point loading. Elastic solutions of reinforced concrete deep beams provide a good description of the behavior before cracking, but after cracking, a major redistribution of stresses occurs and hence the beam capacity must be predicted by inelastic analysis. Due to their geometric proportions, the capacity of reinforced concrete deep beams is governed mainly by shear strength. Deep beams behave differently from shallow beams and have been identified as discontinuity regions where the strain distribution is significantly nonlinear and specific strut-and-tie models need to be developed, whereas shallow beams are characterized by linear strain distribution and most of the applied load is transferred through a fairly uniform diagonal compression field. Strut-and-tie method is one of the most simple and applicable methods which can be used to simplify analysis and design of deep beams. Strut-and-tie modeling is the most rational and simple method for designing no flexural members currently available. At least, the experimental strength of specimens was compared with predicted results of strut-and-tie method (STM). The performed comparison indicates that the STM to provide acceptable estimates of shear capacity of deep beam loaded under uniform loading.

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Dual properties of Enterococcus on the one hand, have made them suitable and accepted bacteria as starter cultures in the production of food products and probiotics, but on the other hand, because of antibiotic resistance properties and virulence factors, has resulted in concerns about the consumer’s health. In this study, in order to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of enterococcal isolates, the disk diffusion method was used. Also, culture-based method was applied for hemolytic and gelatinase activities. The results of the inhibition zone of Enterococcus isolates against common clinical antibiotics revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin and Ampicillin and are resistant to Kanamycin and Streptomycin. The isolates showed very little resistance to Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol and none of the isolates were resistant to all tested antibiotics. Results obtained from hemolytic activity of isolates showed that none of examined isolates were capable of blood hemolysis and consequently no clear zone of inhibition in medium containing sheep’s blood. All of isolated were γ hemolytic and they have no hemolytic activity. Gelatinase activity results confirmed that none of the isolates are able to produce clear zone in tryptone soy agar containing gelatin.

 

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 Jujube is a functional fruit with a great source of fibers, vitamins and nutritional elements and has a sweet, delicious flavor. Replacement effects of wheat flour with varying levels of jujube powder (0, 5, 15 and 25 % w/w) on the physicochemical, texture and sensory properties of the cakes based on completely randomized design, was investigated. The viscosity of cake batter increased from 744.5 cp (% 0 jujube powder) to 9872.5 cp (% 25 jujube powder) as the replacement level of wheat flour with jujube powder increased (p <0.05). The physicochemical (moisture content, volume, porosity, firmness, fiber and ash) and sensory properties of the cake prepared by replacing wheat flour with jujube powder were changed significantly (p <0.05). As the replacement level of wheat flour with jujube powder increased, the volume and porosity of the cake were decreased and the hardness, fiber, ash, browning index and the lightness of them were increased (p <0.05). Cakes made with the % 5 and then the higher level (up to % 15) as compared to control, received the highest sensory overall scores (p <0.05).  The cakes containing % 5 jujube powder, showed the least physicochemical changes similar to control samples and found to be more acceptable from sensory points as compared to other treatments (p <0.05).   

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Microbial quality of raw milk is very important in two respects. First, milk consumption itself plays a very significant role in people's food tables and its high microbial load endangers consumer health. Second, if the microbial quality of milk is not suitable, from a technology point of view, milk-derived products will not have a good quality. In this project, which has been carried out in collaboration with Pegah Golestan Company, the separation process (with separators) and double bactofugation was used to reduce microbial load with the aim of reducing milk heating (in order to reduce the nutritional value as a result of heat). Milk samples used for lactic cheese production in Golestan province were examined in 2020 and 2021. After the process, total microbial counting, aerobic and anaerobic spores were counted. The results showed that by using this method, the total microbial load, aerobic and anaerobic spores of the collected milks were reduced to an acceptable level throughout the year without decreasing the microbial quality of the produced cheese during the storage period. On the other hand, the process of separation and bactofugation produces dairy sludge. Normally, dairy sludge is removed every 20 minutes, which was performed in separator and bactofuge1 to 21 minutes to reduce dairy sludge.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing of rice flour with different ratio (0, 10 and 20 % w/w based on rice flour) germinated and non-germinated soy flour with ultrasonic pretreatment (0, 4, and 6 min) on the cake batter on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of rice cake. A factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications was used for data analysis. The use of germination soy flour in rice cake formulations and ultrasonic pretreatment on batter cake, significantly improved the technological characteristics and sensory attributes of the samples (p< 0.05). Compared with the non-germination soy flour, the germinated groups had higher contents of moisture, protein, fiber, and also improved volume, porosity and softness, significantly (p< 0.05). The sample formulations containing of 20 % w/w germinated soy flour with ultrasonic pretreatment for 6 min indicated the highest ranked of the technological characteristics (volume, porosity, and firmness) and sensory attributes (texture and overall) and unfortunately showed a higher darkness (L value) and redness (a value) and received low sensory scores of tastes and color compared to the other sample and control. The optimized formulation for the technological characteristics (volume, porosity, and firmness) and all sensory attributes preference had a germinated soy flour content of 10% with ultrasonic pretreatment for 6 min (p< 0.05). These achievements will pave the way for using the combination technologies involving the germination treatment with sonication pretreatment for improving physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cake produced by gluten-free flour blend.
 

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Corn production rank is second among cereals after wheat crop, and usually, a large part of it is not used immediately after harvesting but is kept in storage for gradual use in other seasons or exported to other regions. The spread of different types of fungi and the production of fungal toxins, especially in areas with high humidity, in addition to quantitative and qualitative damage to stored products, cause an increase in waste and endanger the health of society. To replace the low-risk methods of increasing the storage life, in this research, the effect of ozone gas with two variables of ozone concentration; (25, 50, and 75 ppm) in the duration of ozonation (1, 3, 5, and 7 days) on the dominant corn grain (Single cross number 407) in Golestan region, was evaluated. The microbial characteristics were compared with the control sample in terms of controlling the spread of fungi and changes in the seed qualitative aspects. The results showed that increasing the ozone concentration up to 50 ppm and the ozonation time of 3 days had a significant effect on reducing the growth of fungi and the production of aflatoxin (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated that the use of 75 ppm concentration in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days had caused significant oxidative changes in the characteristics of fat (increased acidity indices) and starch (increased carboxyl index) of corn kernels compared to the control sample. Different conditions of ozonation up to the concentration of 50 ppm at varying times did not have a significant effect on the amount of corn seed protein (P<0.05).

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In this study, the effect of edible coating based on Lallemantia iberica seed mucilage (LISM) with different contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% vol/vol) of Citrus paradise essential oil nanoemulsion (CPN) was investigated on the microbial, chemical, and sensory qualities of lamb slices during cold storage. The antimicrobial results showed that at the end of the storage period, the lowest number of total viable bacteria (6.26 log CFU/g), psychrotrophic count (3.28 log CFU/g), Escherichia coli (0.95 log CFU/g), Staphylococcus aureus (0.87 log CFU/g) and fungi (1.12 log CFU/g) were observed in LISM+2% CPN sample. The highest and lowest pH at the end of the storage period were related to uncoated samples (6.42) and LISM+2%CPN (5.65). The amount of peroxide number and thiobarbituric acid in the control and LISM+2%CPN samples were 11.60 meq O2/kg and 1.20 mg MDA/kg and 5.40 meq O2/kg and 0.59 mg MDA/kg, respectively, after 9 days of cold storage. The meat color (L*, a*, b*) was also preserved by edible coating containing C. paradise essential oil nanoemulsion (LISM+CPN). The addition of nanoemulsion in edible coating increased sensory scores such as aroma, color, texture, and overall acceptance of lamb slices, especially on the last day of cold storage. The obtained results suggest the LISM+CPN edible coating as a solution for retarding the chemical and microbial spoilage of lamb slices.
 

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Introduction
One of the concepts considered as a development indicator in recent decades is to increase the level of public awareness about all themes, including individual rights and laws. Urban rights are a set of rules and regulations that determine the quality of relations, rights, and duties of citizens against each other, society and institutions of urban management. Awareness of these rights can be regarded as the core of social and political participation and basis of civil society. Accordingly, active participation of citizens in community affairs is considered as a part of the rights and duties of citizenship. Today, citizenship is part of the social and civil rights of any person who impels the organizations and the public to support him, in respect of obedience and observance of the laws and obligations. Although the concepts of citizenship rights in the developed Western countries have an extensive history, however, during the process of globalization, this concept has entered into developing countries, including Iran, and has attracted the attention of researchers, social activists, planners and urban managers. The first step in dealing with the issue of urban rights and active citizenship is to measure the citizens' awareness of their rights. Accordingly, in this study, citizens' awareness of urban rights in two affluent (5^th municipal area of Mashhad) and non-affluent areas (1^st municipal area of Mashhad with emphasis on Sadjad district), as well as the relationship between the awareness of urban rights and their active participation were investigated and analyzed.
Methodology
Considering that present study is seeking to assess a relationship between the level of urban rights and citizenship awareness, this study is considered as a solidarity research in terms of its nature, and it is considered as a descriptive-analytical study in terms of the method applied. The required data are collected through documentary and survey methods. The statistical population of this research includes residents of two districts of 1^st and 5^th municipalities of Mashhad, which involves the age group of 25 to 70 years. The reason for choosing this age range is that people usually marry at the age of 25 after graduation and military service (in the case of men) and enter the work and activity field, consequently, deal with urban management institutions. The research unit in this study is individual and the sample size was determined using the 384 Cochran formula. Data were collected through questionnaires using descriptive and inferential statistical tests such as correlation test, mean comparison, and chi-square, and were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
The results of this research show that the awareness level of residents of municipal district 1 regarding the urban rights is fair with an average of 3.124 and in district 5 with an average of 2.517 is lower than average as well as the difference in mean in two regions is significant. The significant difference in the level of awareness of urban rights in the two districts can be explained so that the district 1 is considered as one of the affluent and prosperous areas of Mashhad, and in contrast to the district 5 is considered as a non-affluent and impoverished area. It is normal that more income, better use of more educational facilities, the use of more advanced media outlets (Internet, newspaper, books, etc.), provide the higher occupational conditions and interaction with well-informed people, possibility of more domestic and foreign travels, which all contribute to raising the level of awareness of urban rights. There is also a significant positive relationship between income level and awareness which is another result of this study, confirms this claim. Other results of the research show that there is a significant positive relationship between the citizens’ awareness of urban rights and their active participation in urban management institutions. That is, the higher the level of citizens' awareness of citizenship rights is, their active participation in urban management. Furthermore, the results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between residents' awareness of citizenship rights and their gender variables, their income, and educational level. This means that the men are more aware of urban rights and laws than women. People with higher levels of income and education have also had a greater awareness of citizenship rights. There was no significant relationship between the age and duration of respondents' residence in Mashhad and their knowledge of urban rights.
Conclusion
The results of most studies conducted in Iran on the participation of citizens indicate their high level of willingness to participate in community affairs and urban management, however, in practice, the active participation of people in the administration of city affairs is less. Perhaps one of the missing circles in this regard is less attention to citizens' awareness of their rights and duties towards citizens, urban managers, and the use of urban spaces. Citizens who do not understand their rights and duties to the community cannot be expected to participate actively in city affairs. There is a significant positive relationship between the awareness level of the rights and the laws of the city and the active participation of citizens in this research according to the theoretical issues and research background in relation to the issue of citizenship rights and participation. Members of a community are encouraged to participate in real, informed, and effective participation in different aspects of social life, in case, they are aware of their rights and obligations on the one hand and the scope of duties and responsibilities of the managers of the institutions and executive agencies on the other. Such awareness also encourages them to claim their rights and increases their sense of responsibility towards respecting the rights of others as well as the rules of the institutions of the community. Therefore, awareness of citizenship rights can be considered as the core of social and political participation of a community.
The lack of a meaningful relationship between the age and dwelling duration of residents with the level of awareness of citizenship rights in this research reflects the fact that in Iranian cities, even in metropolitan areas such as Mashhad, there is no appropriate social and institutional context for active citizenship participation and informing and training on urban and citizenship rights. Hence, to create and to improve such a field, more effort of managers, planners, and educational institutions is required.
 

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With the emergence and expansion of additive manufacturing processes, especially the fused deposition modeling process, extensive research has been conducted on these processes. One important research area is strengthening the printed parts by the fused deposition modeling method. One of the main areas of research is related to the strengthening of printed parts by the fused deposition modeling method. This process enables the production of complex structures and the customization of parts. On the other hand, polylactic acid material is one of the main materials used in this process, which has been noticed over other materials due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. In this research, the effect of annealing heat treatment on the compressive strength and modulus of porous samples has been investigated with the approach of using them in tissue engineering as a scaffold for bone tissue. The samples are 3D printed with wiggle, grid, and honeycomb patterns and with filling percentages of 40, 70, and maximum. In addition, the effect of two parameters, the extrusion width, and the layer height, has also been investigated. To create porous structures with interconnected porosities, the pattern of filling in each layer is rotated to a certain extent, and this causes the introduction of new porous structures that can have wide applications such as being used as scaffolds in tissue engineering. After evaluating the compressive mechanical properties of the samples, the same samples were heat treated, and then their compressive mechanical properties were also evaluated. The obtained results show that the maximum compressive strength and modulus occur in the sample with an extrusion width of 0.6 mm, layer height of 0.25 mm, wiggle filling pattern, and maximum filling percentage. The values ​​of compressive strength and modulus for the non-heat-treated sample are equal to 84.51 MPa and 2.28 GPa respectively and for the heat-treated sample, it is equal to 105.44 MPa and 2.29 GPa respectively.