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Considering the vast changes in different aspects of life and various ways of earning livelihood, flexibility in contemporary housing design can be regarded as an appropriate solution in order to prevent from discreteness in interactions within the society and environment and among people. That is because a residence must be designed according to the changing needs of modern human. Traditional houses in Iran have already contained this concept, in modern era however, such viewpoint towards housing cannot be seen so often. Flexibility refers to the idea of adaptation throughout the time. Therefore it can be said that a flexible settlement is a house that can be adapted with the needs of the users and will lead to understanding the users’ expected demands with their own cooperation. Peoples’ cooperation in this process will increase the possibility of adaptation of housing with their needs which will eventually increase the general satisfaction of the housing. This research discusses the issue of flexibility and the related concepts in the field of housing with emphasis on some residential projects. Every settlement is depended on its user and the ground for its adaptation. Therefore, in terms of general design, we can say that settlement is dependent on both the environment and the user. Since human beings normally demand variety and  monotonous environmental conditions make human beings unsatisfied and bored; they usually have a favorable and positive view towards changes in their living environment. These varieties can range from some minor changes up to basic ones such as a change in the residential house itself. Flexibility in architectural design indicates variety. Such variety includes the possibility of adjustment and compatibility of a residential unit throughout time. It will eventually lead the building to show new varieties of its own. In order to demonstrate flexibility, the architects have to put the probable needs of the users into consideration in the process of designing. In other words, a “long-term thought” is required in designing.Flexibility in housing can be investigated from two points of views: first, from users’ point of view and secondly the innovative construction. Designing consists of four main issues: (1) structural system; (2) servicing spaces; (3) architectural design; and (4) facilities for environmental flexibility. The present study tries to express the concept of flexibility as a “new form of challenging architecture”. This is done using some examples and instances. From such viewpoint, the goal this study tries to attain is to survey the limitations and boundaries of flexible designing. This is done by analyzing the selected items. This way, the architect can turn flexibility into an opportunity and produce creative options in his/her work and design. The present study was conducted using library-based method and case study with the aim of studying and discussing the conceptual and operational grounds of housing design in different countries. The structure and main framework of the present study stands on the idea that flexibility can be used for  housing development in all eras and periods as a general concept and includes different types itself.

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Already in a variety of buildings with different uses, what would seem more architectural design, the changes after utilization by users that this change in terms of non-compliance with design requirements and not due to changes in other aspects, such as engineering and pre-operation. Sometimes encountered with a sudden change in the design process and according to the traditional structure of the design process, this change does not apply in other dimensions and design errors during the operation, to show the changes will be binding, it could be next a model to follow design changes and pre-operation would lead to elimination; as necessary. Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked.
In the construction of a project, including design partnership with the consultancy, construction and post-run (after the operation) is, in fact semantic knowledge building must be provided, building information model, common architecture Other aspects of the project such as building provides structural and semantic knowledge, based on continuous improvement approach, which supports the evolutionary changes simply and recovery. It improves with time-saving schematic design, design changes and development, creation and coordination between the various elements of project design and control documents in advance of the operation increases productivity. The main objective of this study was to develop methods to improve the architectural design stage before an exploit is in fact to determine the effectiveness promoter factors, using the building information model, the final design is done. The rise of the more complex, faster and build sustainable development in the form of improved technology makes BIM drawing because the traditional activities are not able to meet these pressures. It is hoped that with the widespread use of building information modeling in the field of construction, the cost of future performance and reduced use and improved performance of the operation to reduce errors. The Building Information Modeling as an innovative way to design, construction of process before and after the operation, implementation and management, compared with more traditional methods of design and attitude as human activities that model, instead of seeing it as an object-oriented approach or a special software. In fact, BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked. BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.

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Aims: The spread of the COVID-19 threatens the citizens health, especially the elderly, in community spaces. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the presence of vulnerable groups such as the elderly in community spaces, with the aim of providing lessons in order to be prepared for the post-Corona architecture and healthy environment.

Methods: The research method is "meta-analysis" of the documents and scientific reports development regarding the impacts of pandemic on architecture and planning. The research which was carried out with a comprehensive method and a designerly approach. The theoretical framework of the research is a synthesis of the highperformance architecture theory and theory of healthy environment. The methodology analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of urban community spaces in critical paradigm.

Findings: Studies show that after the spread of Corona virus and pandemic of COVID-19, the presence of the elderly and other vulnerable groups in urban spaces became less than before. As a result, urban spaces have moved towards polarization, which endangered the value and the quality urban spaces.

Conclusion: The outcomes of the study show that collective open spaces should be planned and designed based on an integrated approach to theories such as "healthy environment" and "healthy city" in order to allow the presence of vulnerable groups, especially the elderly in order to increase the quality of the urban environment. The performance-based design should span from visual-thermal comfort to pollution dispersion and healthy corridor design.
 

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Aims: Fine dust is one of the environmental challenges in dry areas, which disturb human comfort. Wind is the main factor in the movement of fine dust, and the movement pattern of wind is affected by the architecture of cities. The presence of a hole in the form is one of the design which affects the wind load and the flow of fine dust. The purpose of this research is to compare the distribution of fine dust in a tall building with horizontal cavity, with variable number and volume of cavity.

Methods: Numerical study was done by CFD. K-omega-SSD turbulence model is used. In order to the software data (the size and type of particles), the field sampling method has been used.

Findings: The findings of the research show that as the number of holes increases in volume and their size decreases, the wind speed inside the holes decreases and on the other hand, the movement behavior of the wind and accordingly the dispersion behavior of the particles become more uniform. In these cavities, the concentration of suspended particles increases and their size becomes smaller.

Conclusion: The results show that the design of the form with more holes and smaller volume is more suitable to deal with the phenomenon of fine dust and to achieve comfort in indoor environments. In addition, the design of the openings at higher heights and the depth of the holes reduces the settling rate of fine dust particles in the interior spaces.
 

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The goal of this research is providing optimization approach for bi-objective scheduling work shifts and job rotation problem in order to exploit efficient performance of employees. In this article scheduling work shifts and job rotation problems had been modeled in one mathematical model with two objective functions: minimizing labor cost and maximizing number of job rotation. Also human factors (fatigue, learning and forgetting) that have effect on workers performance were modeled. Presented model was mixed integer and nonlinear and genetic algorithm and ε-constraint technique have been used to solve it and gain Pareto sets. To illustrate efficiency of provided algorithm, its performance has been compared to results of LINGO. The results indicated that performance of genetic algorithm is better than that of LINGO in terms of computational time and objective value. To relate relationship between objectives, set of problems have been solved. Obtained Pareto indicated that there is a conflict between objectives. Hence with considering human factors that have effect on workforce’s performance it is needed to plan work shifts and job rotation simultaneously. Results indicated that the proposed optimization approach is capable to provide suitable alternatives while managers try to consider decreasing cost, increasing jobs variety and multi-skilled training.

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One of the organizations’ fundamental issues is supply chain network design. Optimization of this network can lead to effective management of the whole supply chain. Network design specifies the position, capacity, number and type of network facilities, and transportation network of materials and products from the supplier to the customer and vice versa. This research proposes new solution procedure based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm-II (NSGAII) to find the set of Pareto optimal solutions that empowers the decision-makers by alternative solutions. Considering that in this study the level of service is very important, so this modeling was based on satisfying all customer demands. Objectives for network optimization are minimization of total cost and maximization of capacity utilization balance for network facilities that lead to the reduction of customers’ service time (increase service levels). Nine problems were designed from small to large. In order to compare the quality of the obtained Pareto solutions of both algorithms, seven criteria (for multi-objective problems) were used in this study. The results indicated that the solutions produced by NSGAII algorithm have higher quality.

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In recent years internet shops have had considerable growth. Performance measures are needed for these shops to maximize the use of resources and getting closer to the aims,‌ to provide the identification of strengths and weaknesses along with minimizing resource inputs to improve the situation. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is a nonparametric method for measuring technical efficiency and performance of a set of units. This study given the importance of assessing the performance of internet shops and using multiple input-oriented CCR model, measure the performance of internet shops. In this study, internet shop production process is divided into two stages: marketability and profitability. So to calculate the efficiency, a two-stage model of data envelopment analysis is used. Based on the data collected, the efficiency of 37 Internet stores evaluated. Results include overall efficiency and efficiency of marketability and profitability stages. After determining the efficiency of marketability and profitability stages, inefficient stages were identified and solutions were proposed to improve it.

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