Search published articles
Showing 15 results for Zabihi
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Fall & Winter 2025)
Abstract
The turbulent region of the Persian Gulf and West Asia, as well as the Horn of Africa, has always been at risk of establishing security due to political and social turmoil and sometimes long and erosive wars. While in today's world, security is still one of the most important goods that can be supported by stability and progress. Iran and Saudi Arabia, as the two main powers in the Persian Gulf and influential powers in the Horn of Africa, can play a pivotal role in creating regional security. Security cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia can be expanded on various aspects, from the field of shipping, energy, and the fight against smuggling to cooperation on areas of influence. Having said that, the basic question is raised, what are the challenges and obstacles of security cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa? The temporary answer to this question is as follows: The acting of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf, the lack of common understanding regarding security issues, geopolitical differences and cultural-religious differences and the lack of understanding over the area of influence are the challenges and obstacles to the security cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and in order to collect data and information, library and internet sources have been used. Based on the findings of this research, de-threats from Shiite Islam and confronting Iranophobia, technical and economic cooperation and finding a framework for cooperation on regional issues can be considered as solutions to realize security cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (Issue 1 (Tome 2)- 2012)
Abstract
Garden city idea as an important idea had emerged on 19 century. Creating sustainable complexes and having more relationship with natural environment were the main goals which had been defined for this idea. This idea was established in urbanism literature by Howards' research about creating a balance between city and village living; whereas in east, Garden City as a pure idea has had a metaphysic meaning which is used to create earthy paradise since 16th century. Respect and reverence for water and trees is institutionalized in ancient civilizations of Iran. Iranian people respect trees and water, both separately and in composite forms as gardens, which have been a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. The oldest Persian garden that have been discovered dates back to the Achaemenid Empire and the quadripartite gardens (charbagh) of Pasargadae. By studying about existent historic gardens, Persian Gardens are divided into different types. The way people use special physical and functional features could also be used as a scale of this division. In Persian Garden category, Garden City has been defined as a well-known model for designing particular gardens in city scale. According to this model, gardens have used sacred and soft spaces as a combination of hard and heavenly, for defining body structure and the development of the city textures. In advanced (pre- designed) samples, the entire city has been formed as a big garden; composed of a set of small gardens with many symbolic features, such as pavilions and water ponds, as seen in the Persian Charbagh Garden. During Safavid dynasty, Isfahan, as the largest Persian garden city, had been supported by a green major axis; which is the so called Charbagh that has been remained as a green heritage so far. Gardens and trees were the most important natural and architectural elements in Isfahan's cityscape at that period. These elements usually have been considered as the traditional identity of the garden city; hence their sustainability had a key role in preserving the structures. Therefore, Designers manufactured particular urban infrastructures to provide useful irrigation system. They had to construct the channels that branched off from the central river of Isfahan (Zayandehrood) and made the water accessible all around the city. First section of this paper is about Safavid Garden City origin. This subject was studied from the politics and governance points of views. In the following, Howard's Garden City origin has been studied. It has formed according to the special Utopias, which had relationships with that time's believes. In addition, some principles of Safavid Garden City have been compared to Howard's. The special study has been done about Intellectual origins which have influenced these Garden Cities creation. In conclusion, the comparison of Howard and Safavid Garden Cities shows that these ideas had been developed based on the worldview and vision of creative Iranians during Safavid dynasty and in 19th century. Moreover, the special methods of plantation, the quality of social relationships and economic similarities were the main differences between these two Garden Cities.
Volume 4, Issue 10 (12-2016)
Abstract
The representation of kinship relationships in Persian proverbs has been studied in this research. Method of the research is descriptive-analytic and during that some proverbs were extracted from the Great Dictionary of Persian Proverbs and those proverbs which were from non-Persian languages and dialects were deleted. Finally, 3332 Persian proverbs relevant to kinship relationships have been received. The proverbs were firstly classified based on kinship mentioned on them and abundance of the proverbs of each kinship received. Then based on Murdock Theory, kinfolks were classified and compared according to the kind of kinship, marriage kinship, blood or half-blood kinship, the degree of kinship, first, second and third degree and far kinship. Gender, generation and decent of kinfolk, gender of self and kind of family were also considered and were set as the basis for comparison of the mentioned kinship in the proverbs. Those proverbs related to the woman (as the wife) are more than the other kinfolks, while those proverbs related to marriage kinship are more than blood and half-blood kinship. After the woman, father has the second place and the child has the third one. Female kinfolks were mentioned more than male kinfolks in the proverbs, but at the same time, the abundance of those proverbs relevant to men kinfolks are more than women kinfolks.
Volume 8, Issue 35 (11-2020)
Abstract
Abstract
Most of the epic poetic texts in the west of Iran have been written in the literary language of Gorani. Some of these texts correspond to the Shahnameh's report, some according to the narrative texts and some independent epic narrations. The oldest remained hand-written manuscripts of these works were written in the eighth century AH, but the narrations of these texts often have very ancient epic elements. Seven Army, written by Mustafa bin Mahmoud Gorani, is one of the valuable surviving texts in this language, which has often been considered to be composed by Almas-khan Kondolei. Numerous manuscripts of this text are kept in the libraries of Iran and around the world, some of which date back to 150 years. The narration of Seven Army of Gorani is to some extent similar to Naqali, and in some other aspects similar to the prose version of Seven Army. It also has prominent elements such as The Seven Khan of Jahanbakhsh, and includes stories such as "Yaghut-push and Laal-push", "Bahram Javaher-push", and the independent narration of "Rostam and Xenon". The aim of this research, which borrows a descriptive-analytic method for analyzing the ancient manuscripts as well as other library sources, is to introduce, critique, and analyze this system, express its values and novelties, discover its similarities and differences with Persian texts, introduce the hand-written manuscripts, and note the necessity of its correction.
Research background
Mohammad Rashid Amini rewrote this poem from Namdar Zamani's version in 2277 verses and published a book on the Kurdish Shahnameh (Horami) as well (Kondolei, 2011, pp. 465 – 594). This edition contains less than half of the verses of the poem. Iraj Bahrami has published a copy of the "Javaher-push Book" without mentioning the name of Seven Army. The editor has admitted to manipulate many verses of the single version of her reference (Mustafa bin Mahmoud, 2010, pp. 38-39). Also, Abbariki introduced 10 copies of Seven Army in his study.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
Seven Army is one of the poetic and epic texts in Gorani language. As there are several commonalities between Gorani's Seven Army and other Persian narrated texts in terms of content and structure, it has become imperative to have a more precise investigation of this subject matter. Combining the Gorani's text with the narrated texts as well as the other independent narrations such as "Rostam and Xenon" and "Rostam and Salsal Div" is one of the novelties of the Gorani's text.
This study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What type of text is Gorani's Seven Army in terms of content and language structure?
2. Who is the composer of the Gorani's Seven Army?
3. Is the narration of Gorani's Seven Army similar to the Persian prose and other Persian narrated texts of Seven Army?
4. What is the source of the added and recent narrations of Gorani's Seven Army?
Results and discussion
Gorani's Seven Army is one of the epic texts in west of Iran. This narration is similar to Persian narration texts. In Persian texts, contrary to the Gorani's text, Teimur is aware of his lineage. In the narration of Gorani, Kaykhosrow is a captive of the Turan army; but there are three Iranian prisoners in the Persian narration texts (Banogshsab, Bijan, and Pas). The similar battle of Yaghut-push and Laal-push in the Persian texts is done by Teimur. The similar battles of Bahram Shah Javaher-push in the Persian narrative texts is the responsibility of Koohkash (Faramarz).
In the text of Gorani, killing Marjaneh Jadou by Jahanbakhsh is one of the steps of his Seven Khan. But the Persian book of Seven Army is not part of the Seven Khan, and Marjaneh is killed by Bano Goshsab (Haft-lashkar, 1998, p. 449). In the Narration Version of Shahnameh, she is killed by Teimur (Narration Version of Shahnameh, 2012, p. 767). The struggle of Jahanbakhsh and Xenon in the sixth Khan is taken from an independent Gorani narration called "Rostam and Xenon" which is included in Seven Army. Also, the report of the fifth Khan in this text, entitled "Killing Salsal Div", is an independent and separate narration in the Persian version of Seven Army (Seven Army, 1998, pp. 235-237).
The names of the characters in the Gorani text are divided into three categories: names corresponding to the famous names of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, names corresponding to the Persian narrated texts, and names dedicated to the Gorani text.
The dual confrontation of good and evil, which is the main feature of the Iranian mythology in different levels and areas, is evident in Gorani's Seven Army. One of the important confrontations in this text is the confrontation of light and darkness. This opposition has ancient roots in Manichaeism, which is based on the opposition of light and darkness. This idea has a clear effect on Gnostic beliefs. Incidentally, in the Yarsanha Bible, called "Kalam-e Kazaneh", there is a mixture of Zoroastrian, Zarwani, and Manichaean cosmological ideas as well (Letter of the End or Treasure Word, 1996, p. 391).
Conclusion
Epic texts in the west of Iran have very old narrations and elements. While sharing similarities with the ancient Iranian epic texts, there are some differences and novelties between them as well. Probably the origin of these narrations goes back to the epics of western Iran, including the lost prose Shahnameh such as Piroozan Moallem Shahnameh and Rostam Larjani. According to the ancient Persian texts, these texts are sometimes similar to the Safavid narrative texts and sometimes have independent stories. So far, the composer of Seven Army has been considered to be Almas-khan Kondolei, while according to reliable manuscripts, the poet’s name is Mustafa bin Mahmud. In addition to the similarity between the story of Rostam and Sohrab and Seven Khan of Rostam and Esfandiar in Shahnameh, it is similar in some aspects to the report of the Persian narrative texts. In addition, it has other differences and novelties that add to its value. The arrival of armies from Khotan to the Yaghut-push and Javaher-push army is a unique part of this text. One of its brilliant parts is Seven Khan of Jahanbakhsh, in which the heroic pupils are more than the reports of Seven Khan in Shahnameh. The sixth Khan also includes the narration of "Rostam and Xenon", which is an independent story in Gorani language. The dominant view and the cosmological beliefs of the text are based on the opposition of good and evil, and light and darkness. This is rooted in Zoroastrian, Manichaean, and Yarsan beliefs. The language of this work is occasionally influenced by the linguistic and expressive elements of the Persian narrative texts.
References
Afshari, M., & Madayeni, M. (eds.) (1998). Haft-lashkar; Comprehensive Scroll of Narrators. Tehran: Institute of Humanities.
Aidenloo, S. (ed.) (2012). Shahnameh Narration Scroll. Tehran: Behnegar.
Condolei, A. (2011). Kurdish Shahnameh (Horami) (edited by Mohammad Rahshid Amini). Bija: Kordonia.
Hosseini Abbariki, S. A. (2016). A look at the Gorani system of Haft-lashkar and the introduction of its manuscripts. Payam Baharestan, 27, 68 - 97.
Mustafa bin Mahmoud. (2010). Javaher-push boo (edited by Iraj Bahrami). Anna.
Safizadeh, S. (1996). Letter of the End; Kalam-e Khazaneh. Tehran: Hirmand.
Volume 9, Issue 42 (12-2021)
Abstract
Literature Review
So far, two books have been written on mineralogy. First, Mineralogy in Ancient Iran by Zavesh who has made a few mentions of some therapeutic properties of the stones. Second, The Encyclopedia of the Precious and Semi-Precious Stones and Minerals in the Persian Literature, by Mohammadi and Farmani Anosheh who also referred to some medical power of the stones, here and there (Mohammadi & Farmani Anosheh, 2013, pp. 14, 17, 29, 44). Besides these books on mineralogy, Zolfaghari has also touched on some curing qualities in his book Iranian’s Folk Literature (Zolfaghari, 2016, pp. 109, 122, 123, 307). Jahanshahi Afshar, in an article titled ‘Therapeutic Properties of Precious Stones in Ancient Medical and Literal Texts’, has also recounted the healing power of ten stones (see: Jahanshahi Afshar, 2016, pp. 306-315).
Aims, questions, and hypotheses
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic features of minerals in ancient texts and to offer a factual and accessible discussion on this topic. The major research question in this essay is: what are the most important stones' curative properties in ancient texts and how these properties can be categorized and analyzed? The basic hypothesis, accordingly, is that there are plenty of discussions about and references to therapeutic properties of minerals in mineralogical and medical texts as well as encyclopedias which through extraction, categorization and analysis give us a clear insight of ancient people’s perception of mineral medications.
Main discussion
Curative qualities of minerals lend themselves to study and analysis from three main perspectives: first, those features which were put in use for psychotherapy, ophthalmology, oral, and nasopharyngeal disease, internal conditions, kidney and bladder ailments, pregnancy and birth giving, arthritis and swellings, skin and hair disorder, wounds and injuries, poisons and antidotes; Second, there are disease preventions, and third, medical instruments.
In psychotherapy, some disorders such as melancholy, lunacy, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and insomnia were treated by means of stony corals, platinum, gold and silver. Some minerals were also considered to be effective in reliving sadness and raising one’s spirit (Tousi, 2008, p. 149). They also believed that some stones improved quality of sleep (Shahmardan ibn Abi Alkheir, 1983, p. 267). Minerals were used for curing some eye ailments as well (Ansari Shirazi, 1992, p. 174), for example, Malachite was used to treat Slack and Pterygium (Nasiruddin Tousi, 1967, p. 119). They were utilized to treat oral and nasopharyngeal disease, too. Some minerals were put in use to treat internal diseases such as stomach or liver disorder like cirrhosis. Treatment of kidney and bladder was another therapeutic application of minerals. Some traditions related to child birth and pregnancy were rooted in beliefs in supernatural or magical properties of stones. Another important therapeutic application of minerals was treatment of joint disease such as Gout. They were also thought of as effective in dermatology and hair disorders. Injuries also were sometimes treated by minerals. Poisoning and poison related disease were partly cured using minerals. Prevention of some diseases like cholera and plague also was belied to possible by means of minerals and finally, another group of mineral stones were used in making tools like needle, mirror or knife which were also believed to be helpful in curing some ailments.
Conclusion
Reliance on curative properties of minerals which has been documented in resources such as mineralogical and medical texts, encyclopedias and fantasy books, gave them the second important position for curing diseases after herbal and organic treatments. The therapeutic minerals were manufactured and applied in a variety of methods the most important of which were grinding, burning, drinking, eating, coating, fastening, hanging, taking with oneself and watching at them. These treatments covered an extended range of experimental attributes to traditional and popular beliefs.
References
Ansari Shirazi, A. (1992). Ekhtiarat e Badi’i (edited by M. T. Mir). Pakhsh e Razi, Pharmaceutical Co.
Jahanshahi Afshar, A. (2016). Therapeutic properties of precious stones in ancient medical and literal texts. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7(3) 306-319.
Mohammadi, M., & Farmani Anousheh, N. (2017). The encyclopedia of The precious and semi-precious stones and minerals in the Persian literature. Zavar.
Nasirudin Tousi, M. (1969). Ilkhani’s Tansoukh-Nameh (edited by M. T. Modares Razavi). Iran’s Culture Institute.
Shahmardan ibn Abalkhair. (1983). Alaei’s Nozhatnameh (edited by F. Jahanpour). Cultural Studies and Researchers Institute.
Tousi, M. (2008). Wonder creatures and strange animals. Cultural and Scientific.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2016). Iranian’s folk literature. Cheshmeh Publication.
So far, two books have been written on mineralogy. First, Mineralogy in Ancient Iran by Zavesh who has made a few mentions of some therapeutic properties of the stones. Second, The Encyclopedia of the Precious and Semi-Precious Stones and Minerals in the Persian Literature, by Mohammadi and Farmani Anosheh who also referred to some medical power of the stones, here and there (Mohammadi & Farmani Anosheh, 2013, pp. 14, 17, 29, 44). Besides these books on mineralogy, Zolfaghari has also touched on some curing qualities in his book Iranian’s Folk Literature (Zolfaghari, 2016, pp. 109, 122, 123, 307). Jahanshahi Afshar, in an article titled ‘Therapeutic Properties of Precious Stones in Ancient Medical and Literal Texts’, has also recounted the healing power of ten stones (see: Jahanshahi Afshar, 2016, pp. 306-315).
Aims, questions, and hypotheses
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic features of minerals in ancient texts and to offer a factual and accessible discussion on this topic. The major research question in this essay is: what are the most important stones' curative properties in ancient texts and how these properties can be categorized and analyzed? The basic hypothesis, accordingly, is that there are plenty of discussions about and references to therapeutic properties of minerals in mineralogical and medical texts as well as encyclopedias which through extraction, categorization and analysis give us a clear insight of ancient people’s perception of mineral medications.
Main discussion
Curative qualities of minerals lend themselves to study and analysis from three main perspectives: first, those features which were put in use for psychotherapy, ophthalmology, oral, and nasopharyngeal disease, internal conditions, kidney and bladder ailments, pregnancy and birth giving, arthritis and swellings, skin and hair disorder, wounds and injuries, poisons and antidotes; Second, there are disease preventions, and third, medical instruments.
In psychotherapy, some disorders such as melancholy, lunacy, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and insomnia were treated by means of stony corals, platinum, gold and silver. Some minerals were also considered to be effective in reliving sadness and raising one’s spirit (Tousi, 2008, p. 149). They also believed that some stones improved quality of sleep (Shahmardan ibn Abi Alkheir, 1983, p. 267). Minerals were used for curing some eye ailments as well (Ansari Shirazi, 1992, p. 174), for example, Malachite was used to treat Slack and Pterygium (Nasiruddin Tousi, 1967, p. 119). They were utilized to treat oral and nasopharyngeal disease, too. Some minerals were put in use to treat internal diseases such as stomach or liver disorder like cirrhosis. Treatment of kidney and bladder was another therapeutic application of minerals. Some traditions related to child birth and pregnancy were rooted in beliefs in supernatural or magical properties of stones. Another important therapeutic application of minerals was treatment of joint disease such as Gout. They were also thought of as effective in dermatology and hair disorders. Injuries also were sometimes treated by minerals. Poisoning and poison related disease were partly cured using minerals. Prevention of some diseases like cholera and plague also was belied to possible by means of minerals and finally, another group of mineral stones were used in making tools like needle, mirror or knife which were also believed to be helpful in curing some ailments.
Conclusion
Reliance on curative properties of minerals which has been documented in resources such as mineralogical and medical texts, encyclopedias and fantasy books, gave them the second important position for curing diseases after herbal and organic treatments. The therapeutic minerals were manufactured and applied in a variety of methods the most important of which were grinding, burning, drinking, eating, coating, fastening, hanging, taking with oneself and watching at them. These treatments covered an extended range of experimental attributes to traditional and popular beliefs.
References
Ansari Shirazi, A. (1992). Ekhtiarat e Badi’i (edited by M. T. Mir). Pakhsh e Razi, Pharmaceutical Co.
Jahanshahi Afshar, A. (2016). Therapeutic properties of precious stones in ancient medical and literal texts. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7(3) 306-319.
Mohammadi, M., & Farmani Anousheh, N. (2017). The encyclopedia of The precious and semi-precious stones and minerals in the Persian literature. Zavar.
Nasirudin Tousi, M. (1969). Ilkhani’s Tansoukh-Nameh (edited by M. T. Modares Razavi). Iran’s Culture Institute.
Shahmardan ibn Abalkhair. (1983). Alaei’s Nozhatnameh (edited by F. Jahanpour). Cultural Studies and Researchers Institute.
Tousi, M. (2008). Wonder creatures and strange animals. Cultural and Scientific.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2016). Iranian’s folk literature. Cheshmeh Publication.
 |
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)
Abstract
Aims: In the last century of Iranian architecture, the use of passive thermal comfort methods has been forgotten and replaced by active methods, in addition to environmental constraints and crises, this process have caused high costs and sometimes reduced access to electricity; As a result, it is essential to use elements and passive methods, especially in warm climates where more electricity is consumed. One of the most important elements of Iran's traditional architecture is wind tower which is still functional due to its simplicity of operation and use of wind energy. In recent years, the use of new building technologies, such as Phase Change Materials, has also led to the revival of passive methods and significant energy savings. Therefore, the present study has attempted to use this material in the wind tower to improve its performance in passive cooling.
Methods: This research was carried out in the form of modeling of airflow in the wind tower channel in Fluent Software and comparing the inlet and outlet temperature. In this regard, three models - fiberglass and two types of phase change with different melting constant temperatures as wall cover-were tested.
Findings: Testing of the models showed that the cover of the phase change material was much more effective than the fiberglass cover (at least between 4.5°C until 5.5°C) in reducing the outlet temperature of the wind tower.
Conclusion: This amount of cooling covers at least three months in warm season and some time of day in the warm and humid climate of Qeshm and will play a reliable role in reducing electricity consumption.
Methods: This research was carried out in the form of modeling of airflow in the wind tower channel in Fluent Software and comparing the inlet and outlet temperature. In this regard, three models - fiberglass and two types of phase change with different melting constant temperatures as wall cover-were tested.
Findings: Testing of the models showed that the cover of the phase change material was much more effective than the fiberglass cover (at least between 4.5°C until 5.5°C) in reducing the outlet temperature of the wind tower.
Conclusion: This amount of cooling covers at least three months in warm season and some time of day in the warm and humid climate of Qeshm and will play a reliable role in reducing electricity consumption.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Aims: The aesthetic function of the building form is one of the concerns of the monument designer, which is generally overshadowed by various issues such as economic, political, cultural conditions, etc. The aim of this study is to discuss how materials and construction technology affect beauty as one of the key issues in this field. Another goal is to investigate the impact of materials and construction technology on the aesthetic function of the form of monuments.
Material and Method: To process complexity, we first used the results of research that, by logical reasoning, generalized Luman's theoretical framework of social systems, which claims to reduce complexity through distinction and differentiation; Then, the effect of each of the characteristics and the relationships between them are determined by Dematel method.
Findings: The Findings were evaluated based on the method of fuzzy network analysis process, the effect of factors affecting the beauty of the form, and four monuments were evaluated and ranked accordingly. Findings were analyzed in case studies of Khayyam, Bu'ali, Nader and Babatahir tombs, in self-referential elements (visual elements and communication elements), other referential elements (mental elements), and understanding (practical elements).
Conclusion:The conclusion shows that type of material is the most impressionable criterion and shape is the most influential criterion in choosing a beautiful form. In a situation that new materials create a new shape or traditional materials are used in a new way, it will have a positive effect on the aesthetic evaluation of the form.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2011)
Abstract
Air transportation has an important position among the other modes of transportation due to its significant impact in the economy and welfare of a society. Within the several components of air transportation market, flight network plays a fundamental role and considerably affects the airlines revenue. Improvement of the network system requires an accurate plan and programming. Hub-and-spokes are of further interest; as such networks reduce the operational costs, create proper ground for flight network development and extension, and help in competition. However, several models have been introduced for hub-and-spokes design purposes based on the diversity of the effective factors, decision-making variables and different forms of the network. Generally speaking, hub-and-spokes are categorized into two principal sectors: single allocation and dual or multiple allocations. Within a single allocation, traffic is accumulated in a single hub and then distributed to the destinations, while within a dual-allocation network, the gathered traffic at the first hub is again distributed to another hub before directing it to the final destination. This research presents a linear model for hub-and-spokes evaluation and planning, determining optimum flight routes and fleet assignment. The model considers both direct flights and hub connections, and outputs an optimum network based on the mixture of these two options. Sets of airport connections are so designed to well cover all the necessary inter-airport trips. This particular is done by utilizing hub-and-spoke system as the airport networks. To fulfill the requirements of the study location (Iran), in this paper, single allocation was selected to develop the models, meaning that just one hub has been considered in the modeling process. Inter-airport demands of the passengers were inputted in the network and the model works only for passenger transportation. The objective was to design the hubs so as to obtain an optimum network. In other words, the model is to suggest the best option with which the demand is handled cost-effectively. Trips are planned to be either direct or meeting a one-hub maximum. As the model is to minimize the cost, such variables as demand for variety of routes and type and quantity of the available aircrafts were included. The model was developed in two stages to ease the process. The first stage dealt with the target function and the fleet was assigned to the Abstracts 136 outputs of the stage one. Iran's internal flight network was chosen as the case of study to develop the model based on the country's geographical situation and available data. 59 airports were chosen as the total set of airports and trip origins. The number of hub candidates and destination airports were eight including Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Tehran, Shiraz, Kerman and Mashhad airports. Based on the availability, the data of five types of aircrafts were used in the model development. Lingo Version 8 has run the model using branchand- bound method to obtain accurate and reliable outputs. Up to eight hub networks were considered by the model and the model confirmed that with increase in the number of hubs, operational cost decreased. However, cost reduction had lower rate for the systems with six hubs and over. The results also suggested that the probability of stop in a hub rises for longer trips. Flights longer than 1.5 hours had to stop at one hub in three-, four-, five-, six- and eighthub networks. Four-hub network was found to be the optimum one due to having the shortest stop slot where fixed cost has been allocated for selecting an airport as the hub. The hubs of the optimum fourhub network are Tehran, Shiraz, Kerman and Isfahan airports. The results showed that demand is not the only effective factor in the selection of the hub; it means that another key factor, geographical positions, has effect and the airport with higher demand is not necessarily selected as the hub. Therefore, hub-and-spokes can enhance the efficiency of the airports with lower demands. As an example out of the results, passengers intended to use Isfahan and Kerman airport as their hubs in a four-hub network were more than the ones targeting Isfahan and Kerman airports as destinations. Analysis of the four-hub network cleared that, according to the current demand and operational costs of different aircrafts, large planes (e.g. Airbus 300) and small lpanes (e.g. Foker 50) will perform more flights in comparison the with other types. Using the model developed in this research, airlines will be able to forecast and plan their required fleet combination based on the demands.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (Winter 2024)
Abstract
Aims: The prevalent academic procrastination among medical students, who will assume significant responsibilities in the future, can have irreversible consequences. One of the underlying factors is the weakness of cognitive and metacognitive strategies, which can be taught and learned by professors and students. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of teaching cognitive and metacognitive strategies virtually on the academic procrastination of medical students at Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental research employed a two-group before-and-after design and was conducted at the Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The study included 70 medical students from Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were divided into control and intervention groups. Cognitive and metacognitive skills were presented virtually in four one-hour sessions. Data were collected using Solomon and Rothblum's Academic Procrastination Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
Findings: Initially, no significant difference was found between the scores of the participants in the two groups before the cognitive and metacognitive strategies course (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the scores of the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of cognitive and metacognitive strategies training has a positive and significant influence on reducing academic procrastination among students
Volume 12, Issue 60 (12-2024)
Abstract
Tabari's written proverbs are often recorded as singulars in local history books, and they all refer to historical events and sidelines of the battles of Tabaristan or Mazandaran. These cases are classified as historical proverbs. The time, place and persons in these parables are known and definite. Although these proverbs have been common among the people of the region for several centuries, none of them reached the contemporary period and they exist only in the same historical books. Regarding the written parables of Tabari / Mazandarani, no suitable background has been written so far. This issue can be seen in the entry of encyclopedias and the beginning of published books and articles. Most of the contemporary books that deal with Mazandarani parables are written for taste and patriotism; therefore, despite the importance of such published works, this deficiency is observed in all of them. Considering the relative knowledge of the most important published historical and contemporary works, this study aims to fill this gap. Due to the historical nature of the article, the research method is descriptive and the method of collecting information is library.
Research background
The background of the research in the field of Tabari proverbs is not very rich and there are only scattered studies without regard to the background of Tabari proverbs. Only two related studies (Emadi, 1983; Honari Kar, 2016) could be found in the literature. However, they paid more attention to the linguistic and literary nature and the historical narrative of Tabari proverbs.
Objectives, questions, and assumptions
There are several historical written sources for Tabaristan or Mazandaran in the form of books and corrected manuscripts. Some contemporary writers have also mentioned some historical examples from these written sources.
This article deals with parables that are found in historical books and the author of the book also considered them to be proverbs. Therefore, it was tried to be more accurate in quoting proverbs in order to better show its historical background and importance.
The study aims to answer the following questions:
1. Can we find more and older written parables by reading the texts? And add to their number?
2. Tabari's oldest proverb has a history of several centuries, but what is its position in relation to modern Iranian languages and dialects?
Main discussion
Parables, as one of the types of prose in the typology of popular literature, do not have a specific date of origin; but it can be assumed that people used them all the time. All languages have proverbs and Tabari language is no exception. Certainly, a language that has a valuable historical background carries a huge cultural burden that proverbs form a part of its body.
Local history books are valuable resources that provide useful information about various aspects of people's social life. particularly the proverbs and ironies, etc. Tabari proverbs were extracted based on historical priority from the books Tarikh Tabaristan by Ibn Esfandiar (7th century AH), Tarikh Royan by Maulana Olyaullah Amoli (8th century AH), History of Tabaristan, Royan and Mazandaran by Mir Zahir al-Din Marashi (9th century AH), History of Mazandaran by Mullashikh Ali Gilani (11th century AH). In addition to that, the studies conducted in Diwan Manochehari Damghani (5th century AH), general poems of Talib Amoli (11th century AH) and the manuscript of Nisab Tabari (13th century AH) were also used. In the review of local written sources, a set of other information such as nicknames and the place of occurrence of some incidents were also mentioned, the location of which was in Tabaristan or that the perpetrators were from Tabaristan.
Conclusion
By examining the local written sources published about Tabaristan and Mazandaran, ten proverbs of Tabari were identified in these books. Of these, four proverbs were previously identified, and six of Tabari's old proverbs have been added to them with further explanation in this article.
The oldest written proverb of Tabari dates back to the time of "Ispahbod Khursheed" and "Sinbad Nishaburi" (early 2nd century AH - 138 AH). This proverb is related to the time when the Islamic period has not yet started in Mazandaran. Other proverbs happened during the battle of Tabaristan local dynasties with each other. Two proverbs were created in the time of Qaranvandan, two proverbs in the time of Bavandian in the second period, four proverbs in the time of Marashian and one proverb was created in the attack of Timur Gorkani on Mazandaran.
Mir Zahir al-Din Marashi in the book Tarikh Tabaristan, Royan and Mazandaran mentioned five proverbs, Olyaullah Amoli in the book Tarikh Royan mentioned three proverbs, Mollashikh Ali Gilani mentioned two proverbs in the book History of Mazandaran, and Ibn Esfandiar mentioned one proverb of Tabari in the book Tarikh Tabaristan. The period of historical proverbs is from the beginning of the second century to the end of the eighth century of Hegirae; the oldest sources for Persian proverbs are related to the 3rd and 4th centuries of Hegirae and the oldest work in Arab culture is related to the year 168 Hegirae.
The analysis of extracted proverbs shows that most of the proverbs are scattered and there was no written thought in collecting them; but in the contemporary century, the process of collecting proverbs has become research-oriented and they have been written with the aim of recording a part of the social life of the people of Mazandaran.
References
Emadi, A. (1983). A parable of Tabari in the history of Mazandaran. Ayande Magazine, 9(5), 347-349, [In Persian].
Honarikar, B. (2016). Be Har Hali, Soote Kali Beh Ke Zinde Garmavrood, Shelab collection of articles, book 5, Yusof Elahi and others, Babol: Eksir ghalam [In Persian].
Zolfaghari, H. (2021). The use of old proverbs in the poems of Manochehari Damghani. Culture Quarterly, 68, 51-96 [In Persian].
Research background
The background of the research in the field of Tabari proverbs is not very rich and there are only scattered studies without regard to the background of Tabari proverbs. Only two related studies (Emadi, 1983; Honari Kar, 2016) could be found in the literature. However, they paid more attention to the linguistic and literary nature and the historical narrative of Tabari proverbs.
Objectives, questions, and assumptions
There are several historical written sources for Tabaristan or Mazandaran in the form of books and corrected manuscripts. Some contemporary writers have also mentioned some historical examples from these written sources.
This article deals with parables that are found in historical books and the author of the book also considered them to be proverbs. Therefore, it was tried to be more accurate in quoting proverbs in order to better show its historical background and importance.
The study aims to answer the following questions:
1. Can we find more and older written parables by reading the texts? And add to their number?
2. Tabari's oldest proverb has a history of several centuries, but what is its position in relation to modern Iranian languages and dialects?
Main discussion
Parables, as one of the types of prose in the typology of popular literature, do not have a specific date of origin; but it can be assumed that people used them all the time. All languages have proverbs and Tabari language is no exception. Certainly, a language that has a valuable historical background carries a huge cultural burden that proverbs form a part of its body.
Local history books are valuable resources that provide useful information about various aspects of people's social life. particularly the proverbs and ironies, etc. Tabari proverbs were extracted based on historical priority from the books Tarikh Tabaristan by Ibn Esfandiar (7th century AH), Tarikh Royan by Maulana Olyaullah Amoli (8th century AH), History of Tabaristan, Royan and Mazandaran by Mir Zahir al-Din Marashi (9th century AH), History of Mazandaran by Mullashikh Ali Gilani (11th century AH). In addition to that, the studies conducted in Diwan Manochehari Damghani (5th century AH), general poems of Talib Amoli (11th century AH) and the manuscript of Nisab Tabari (13th century AH) were also used. In the review of local written sources, a set of other information such as nicknames and the place of occurrence of some incidents were also mentioned, the location of which was in Tabaristan or that the perpetrators were from Tabaristan.
Conclusion
By examining the local written sources published about Tabaristan and Mazandaran, ten proverbs of Tabari were identified in these books. Of these, four proverbs were previously identified, and six of Tabari's old proverbs have been added to them with further explanation in this article.
The oldest written proverb of Tabari dates back to the time of "Ispahbod Khursheed" and "Sinbad Nishaburi" (early 2nd century AH - 138 AH). This proverb is related to the time when the Islamic period has not yet started in Mazandaran. Other proverbs happened during the battle of Tabaristan local dynasties with each other. Two proverbs were created in the time of Qaranvandan, two proverbs in the time of Bavandian in the second period, four proverbs in the time of Marashian and one proverb was created in the attack of Timur Gorkani on Mazandaran.
Mir Zahir al-Din Marashi in the book Tarikh Tabaristan, Royan and Mazandaran mentioned five proverbs, Olyaullah Amoli in the book Tarikh Royan mentioned three proverbs, Mollashikh Ali Gilani mentioned two proverbs in the book History of Mazandaran, and Ibn Esfandiar mentioned one proverb of Tabari in the book Tarikh Tabaristan. The period of historical proverbs is from the beginning of the second century to the end of the eighth century of Hegirae; the oldest sources for Persian proverbs are related to the 3rd and 4th centuries of Hegirae and the oldest work in Arab culture is related to the year 168 Hegirae.
The analysis of extracted proverbs shows that most of the proverbs are scattered and there was no written thought in collecting them; but in the contemporary century, the process of collecting proverbs has become research-oriented and they have been written with the aim of recording a part of the social life of the people of Mazandaran.
References
Emadi, A. (1983). A parable of Tabari in the history of Mazandaran. Ayande Magazine, 9(5), 347-349, [In Persian].
Honarikar, B. (2016). Be Har Hali, Soote Kali Beh Ke Zinde Garmavrood, Shelab collection of articles, book 5, Yusof Elahi and others, Babol: Eksir ghalam [In Persian].
Zolfaghari, H. (2021). The use of old proverbs in the poems of Manochehari Damghani. Culture Quarterly, 68, 51-96 [In Persian].
Volume 16, Issue 4 (7-2017)
Abstract
This study is aimed at designing offline and online controllers for energy management of series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV). where beside decreasing fuel consumption and keeping battery state of charge within acceptable range, reduces air pollution .In this paper two energy management strategies of SHEV are designed. In first strategy based on known driving cycle, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed to manage energy and power between Electric battery (EB) and internal combustion engine (ICE). In Second control strategy widths of Gaussian membership functions in designed FLC of first strategy are optimized. Preliminarily optimization of Gaussian membership functions widths is done by ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, then according to four representative driving cycles, four optimized FLCs are designed. In contrast with first strategy these four FLCs can manage energy and power between EB and ICM for an unknown driving cycle.
Recognition of deriving cycle is based on main features extraction of each driving cycle. A learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network is used to recognized pattern of unknown driving cycle. Finally after recognition of driving cycle, a Driving cycle recognition (DCR) network algorithm is used to manage switching between optimized FLCs. To verify performance and efficiency of proposed method simulation performed due to Matlab/Advisor environment
Volume 16, Issue 8 (10-2016)
Abstract
The Assessment of strain accumulation due to nonlinear events like creep, plasticity or ratcheting phenomenon has gained importance, since it causes an increase in creep and fatigue damage of materials. Some factors like the magnitude of loading, constitutive equations or the elastic regions around the nonlinear events have effect on the rate of strain accumulation. The elastic follow-up can explain the mechanism of strain accumulation. This phenomenon may occur when a mechanical structure with elastic manner is connected to non-linear events and they are subjected to a displacement load. In these cases, the high rigidity portion of elastic region of mechanical structure may enhance the force to the regions with low rigidity. So in the local non-linear portion, the strain is accumulated. This phenomenon is proposed as an important instruction in mechanical assessment codes. In this study, the effects of Elastic Follow-up phenomenon on strain accumulation due to elastic-plastic and local creep are investigated. So the Elastic Follow-up parameter is defined by the methods which are described in high temperature assessment procedures (R5). The results revealed that the strain accumulation depends on the elastic region in structures which is described by the Elastic Follow-up phenomenon.
Volume 17, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
This paper has introduced a fast GEO satellite conceptual design method named Statistical Design Model (SDM). The main merit of SDM is to determine parameters involved in the satellite conceptual design phase, such as power and mass, with an acceptable accuracy and time performance. This method implemented by means of a complete database can readily find specifications of GEO communication satellite subsystems. With respect to the application of GEO communications satellites as well as high cost and time required for their conceptual design, a demand has always existed to shorten the duration of the development of such satellites. Herein, we present SDM method for the conceptual design of GEO communications satellites lying in the mass range of 1000 to 7000 kg and amply indicate its effectiveness for reduction of design time. For implementation of SDM and the attaining of reliable relations, we used a database which is constructed from records of over 450 GEO communication satellites launched between years 2000 and 2016. The attained relations demonstrating the subsystems specifications are analyzed. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is verified through a case study and also through a statistical method. In the various subsystems, mean error of the obtained results was nearly 15.7%, being well acceptable for the conceptual design phase.
Fateme Zabihi, Hojjat Karazhiyan,
Volume 19, Issue 123 (May 2022)
Volume 19, Issue 123 (May 2022)
Abstract
Dairy desserts are milk-based products that play an important role in maintaining the mankind diet because of their nutritional value. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of adding millet flour on quality characteristics of dairy desserts based on rice flour. Desserts were produced using millet flour at different contents (0, 10, 20, 40 and 50%) and their physicochemical, textural and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that desserts with millet flour had less moisture content and sugar, but more ash and fat content (p˂0.05). The acidity and pH of the dairy dessert samples were affected by the storage time and the amount of millet flour. With increasing time, the acidity of the product increased and pH decrease due to the prebiotic properties of millet flour, which provides the conditions for better growth and development of lactic acid bacteria. Millet flour decreased L * value, but indices a * and b * values increased significantly (p˂0.05). The results of texture tests showed that with increasing the concentration of millet flour, the texture properties (hardness, adhesion and resilience) of dairy desserts improve. Evaluation of sensory characteristics of the samples indicates that desserts with low and medium amounts of millet flour had the highest sensory acceptability amount.
Volume 20, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
Speeding contributes to increased frequency and severity of road crashes. Strengthening deterrence of speeding requires imposing effective penalties for non-compliance with speed limits, as well as effective enforcement of the legislation. Yet, different monetary and non-monetary penalties have been proposed for offensive drivers. The literature, however, lacks evidence on relative deterrence of existing penalties and the way the drivers respond to new forms of penalty systems. This study is among the first that investigated relative deterrence of different speeding penalties including “monetary fines”, “demerit point”, “car detention”, and “social deprivation”. Questionnaire was designed based on choice experiment method (CEM) with considerations of balance and orthogonality. Convenience sampling method was used to collect data in campuses of Kharazmi University in Karaj, College of Engineering in University of Tehran, and East Tehran Branch of Islamic Azad University, which all are among the largest university campuses in the country. A total of 550 questionnaires including 2004 choices were conducted (response rate: 91.1%). Using an indirect approach, we conducted a mixed logit (ML) model to estimate the drivers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for non-monetary speeding penalties. Results indicated that “social deprivation” would offer stronger deterrence compared to other penalties. Deterrence effect of “monetary fines” and “demerit point” increases with increase in drivers’ age. Findings emphasized that further development of non-monetary penalties in the future would increase deterrence of speeding violations.
| Page 1 from 1 |