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Showing 10 results for Yilmaz
Volume 14, Issue 4 (7-2012)
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of different water and nitrogen application levels on drip-irrigated tomato plants. The amount of water usage was based upon the pan evaporation from a screened (class “A”) evaporation pan. The treatments consisted of two irrigation intervals (I1= 5 days and I2= 10 days), three plant-pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50; Kcp2= 0.75 and Kcp3= 1.00) and three nitrogen (N) levels (N0 = 0, N1= 80 and N2= 160 kg ha-1). The I, Kcp and N levels affected the tomato yields and water usage efficiencies, however the effects of nitrogen applications were found to be greater than those of the other applications. Consequently, to reach the maximum tomato yields under similar climate and soil conditions, plant-pan coefficients (Kcp) and nitrogen values should be equivalent to 1.00 and 160 kg ha-1, respectively.
Volume 17, Issue 5 (9-2015)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preslaughter shackling durations on some blood parameters, breast and thigh meat quality traits, and muscle metabolites in broilers. The effects of shackling were determined in a group of Ross 308 broilers (240 birds) aged 42 days. Four shackling treatments were used in experimental tests: shackling of broilers for 10 (Group G10; as control), 30 (G30), 60 (G60), and 120 seconds (G120). Results showed that corticosterone (CORT) level (2314.79 pg ml-1) at 120 seconds shackling group increased (P< 0.01). Results indicated that kinase (CK) activity was the highest (2265.69 U I-1) in the 120 seconds shackling group while it was the lowest (1970.64 U I-1) in 10 s group according to the shackling duration (P< 0.05). The breast meat redness value increased due to increase in shackling duration (P< 0.05). It was revealed that shackling duration had decreased breast muscle glycogen level in all treatment groups (P< 0.001). Conversely, breast lactate level increased according to increase in shackling duration (P< 0.05). It was revealed that there was a negative relationship (r= -0.466) between breast meat ultimate pH and cooking loss (CL) value in male broilers (P< 0.01). These results indicated that the preslaughter shackling procedure might be a considerably stressful procedure for broilers, particularly exceeding 60 s. This study suggested that broilers could be at disadvantage due to more struggle during long duration shackling and accelerated postmortem glycolysis, which is detrimental to the quality of breast meat.
Volume 17, Issue 5 (9-2015)
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from various soil samples collected from different regions of Kahramanmaraş in Turkey and were characterized by their colony morphology, PCR method with cryIAb/Ac, cryID, cry2 and cyt2 primers, and SDS-PAGE of crystal proteins with 130-140 and 60-70 kDa molecular weights. Plasmid profiles of selected isolates were also analyzed. Among the cry genes studied, cry1Ab/Ac was found to be the most common one (60%) in local isolates. Bioactivity tests were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the efficacy of isolates against the third instar larvae of the stored product insects; Anagasta kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella. Toxicity values of the isolates varied between 20.00-53.33% for A. kuehniella and 20.00-55.56% for P. interpunctella at 1,000 µg g-1 concentration. Out of 55 isolates, ST13.1 was found to be the most effective against A. kuehniella. Also, ST7.2, ST7.3, and ST8.2 isolates yielded remarkable control against P. interpunctella. Further research is recommended to investigate the efficacy of these promising Bt isolates against other pest insect species.
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
World apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) production is increasing steadily due to breeding of new high yielding cultivars in different countries. More recently, breeding programs have been modified according to consumers’ demands and also improvement in resistance to diseases (Sharka, Monilinia etc.), frost damages, and determination of self-(in) compatibility. In this study, fourteen apricot breeding progenies and six of their parents were evaluated by using both morphological and molecular markers. As morphological markers, fruit weight, width, length, height, total soluble solids, acidity, and fruit firmness were used. In molecular analysis, to determine genetic relationships, Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP), Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP) markers were used. In addition, SRc-F/R markerswere used to determine S allele profile. The results showed that, although there were no earlier genotypes than Ninfa and Priana, Ay×P3 cross was a promising genotype with regard to earliness and fruit characteristics. A total of 224 scorable bands obtained with 8 SRAP primer combinations (25 bands), 8 DAMP primers (81 band) and 16 ISSR primers (118 bands) showing high diversity among crosses and cultivars. A total of 4 S-RNase alleles (SC, S2, S3, S6) were identified in this study and the most widely identified alleles were SC and S3 alleles.
Volume 20, Issue 1 (1-2018)
Abstract
The concentration of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn) in the water, sediment and fish (Mugil cephalus) were investigated from different sites on Köyceğiz Lagoon System. Potential ecological risk analysis of heavy metal concentrations in sediments underlined considerable ecological risk for two sites of the lagoon during winter and spring. The ratio of transfer factors of Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in fish from water was higher than 1, which means that fish undergo bioaccumulation of these elements from lagoon water. The determination of individual Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) in fish tissue indicated safe levels for the local people, but there is a possible risk in terms of total THQ because the highest THQ value of As suggests that they may experience a certain degree of adverse health effect.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
Introduction:
Northwestern of Iran reveals different geographical appearances including plain, semi dry and mountainous regions. Geographically, east of northwestern of Iran is mountainous with montane valleys that highly attracted societies through history for potential sources and geographical variables. Arjaq Plain is among the most important montane valleys of east of north-west of Iran, of where settlements date to Chalcolithic period. It was only during recent decades that archaeologist considered the regions, while earlier researches and chronologies generally limited to two coasts of Lake Urmia and conclusions generalized to the whole region of northwestern Iran, especially during Iron Age.
Methodology:
Data of research are consisted of archaeological and geographical ones. The geographical data are collected and analyzed following bibliographic, according geographical researches; while Archaeological data are collected following field works, according archaeological surveys and excavations. The main question of the research is effective cultural, environmental, and geographical variables in formation and development of Shahryeri site. Present research attempts to answer the question considering archaeological surveys and excavations and analysis relying on theories of landscape archaeology that is one of the most important attitudes in recognizing and interpreting behavioral patterns of ancient societies, considering expansion of surficial data. Landscape archaeology is a conceptual, interactional, processual, and interdisciplinary attitude that provide a framework at define patterns, and determining explainable and interpretable behavioral data. Considering landscape archaeology, time and space are significant in investigating archaeological data. Ecological theory of Kennethe F.watt used to study category of location. Kennethe F.watt enjoyed ecological variables of material, energy, space, time, and variation that effected formation, expansion, continuity, and destruction of settlement. He believed that if one could present interaction of these five variables, therefore, all ecological parts integrate in a single theoretical framework.
Results and discussion:
Shahryeri ancient site at Mshkin Shahr is among the most characteristic sites of northwestern of Iran that covers some 200 hectares on a promontory, 1.5 Km east of Pirazmian village at suburbs of Meshkin Shahr and Noqdi County. For the first time, it discovered following surveys of Charles Burney at 1978 at northwestern Iran, where introduced as Qaleh Arjaq. It was only at 1381 that it registered in National heritage list by no. 6162. There have been three seasons of archaeological excavations since 1382 to 1384 under Alireza Hozhabri Nobari.
The site formed and firstly settled following Herding and semi pastoralism subsistence strategy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The most important architectural remains of the periods is an early temple that included an stone wall, mud mortar, mud brick, and monoliths that laid back to the wall. It is semicircular whereas the monoliths positioned in front of each other. There is a 4.5×3 m chamber at west with a platform. It appears it is an adjunct space to the temple that used as tribute chamber and altar.
Three features indicate development at Middle Iron Age at Shahryeri including:
Castle with fortifications: the enclosure covers about 35 hectares area. Length of the wall of castle is 522 m and it is about 0.16-2.5 m thick. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates in the wall, whereas the main gate is located at southernmost of lower city and another gate at east of lower city that is protected by huge walls and two towers. The gate is 5.5 m wide. There is a precipice at northwest of the castle that glorifies the castle and creates a natural enclosure at this part of the castle.
Temple with anthropomorphic monolith: the temple covers about 2200 m with 7 corridors from 15 to 25 m length and 1 to 3 m width. There are some more than 500 anthropomorphic monoliths with 2.3 to 35 cm with different forms, while there are platforms as altar in front of each.
Expansion of cemetery: there are two groups of burials at the cemetery of Shahryeri. The first group, which sums up to 278 burials, is scarce burials around the castle that spread within 5 km radius. The second group consists of a dense cemetery with 200 burials 5 km away from the castle. Distribution of the burials generally is at northwest of the castle and around the temple area and surrounding plains and valleys. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates along the wall, whereas main gate is at southernmost of the lower city and the other entrance is at eat of the lower city that protected by huge walls and two towers. The defensive wall constructed using huge rough stones, while they filled by smaller stones. The enclosure is 140-150 cm thick and reaches to 200 cm next to the entrance.
Ecological potentials to settle societies that Kennethe F.watt classified assessed at landscape of Shahryeri at the phase of formation and development. Results of the formation phase indicate water, soil, availability of mines, weather, accessibility, location at connecting roads, plain and mountain pastures, and natural shelters to protect herds were among the most important factors to locate the landscape of Shahryeri by semi pastoral people of Late Bronze Age. Architectural remains from archaeological excavations, from the same period, affirmatively including pastoral settlements with an early structure of temple and few burials. The phase of development at Middle Iron Age, is coincided to accumulation of wealth following location at main road, flourish of Shahryeri's temple, and collection of tributes from different regions. Archaeological evidences of development of Sharyeri are a 534 m fortification and a temple, with expansion of cemetery to more than 10 hectares. Considering lack of residential area, it appears that people's lifestyle and subsistence strategy were semi pastoralism, whereas the vast cemetery indicates an increase of population across the landscape, however, they partially resided at the castle.
Conclusion:
Conclusions indicate that assembling of five factors of material, energy, space, time, and varieties of facilities at the site during Late Bronze Age are caused settlement of the site, whereas flourished at Middle Iron Age for location at main roads and accumulation of wealth in addition to former factors.
Northwestern of Iran reveals different geographical appearances including plain, semi dry and mountainous regions. Geographically, east of northwestern of Iran is mountainous with montane valleys that highly attracted societies through history for potential sources and geographical variables. Arjaq Plain is among the most important montane valleys of east of north-west of Iran, of where settlements date to Chalcolithic period. It was only during recent decades that archaeologist considered the regions, while earlier researches and chronologies generally limited to two coasts of Lake Urmia and conclusions generalized to the whole region of northwestern Iran, especially during Iron Age.
Methodology:
Data of research are consisted of archaeological and geographical ones. The geographical data are collected and analyzed following bibliographic, according geographical researches; while Archaeological data are collected following field works, according archaeological surveys and excavations. The main question of the research is effective cultural, environmental, and geographical variables in formation and development of Shahryeri site. Present research attempts to answer the question considering archaeological surveys and excavations and analysis relying on theories of landscape archaeology that is one of the most important attitudes in recognizing and interpreting behavioral patterns of ancient societies, considering expansion of surficial data. Landscape archaeology is a conceptual, interactional, processual, and interdisciplinary attitude that provide a framework at define patterns, and determining explainable and interpretable behavioral data. Considering landscape archaeology, time and space are significant in investigating archaeological data. Ecological theory of Kennethe F.watt used to study category of location. Kennethe F.watt enjoyed ecological variables of material, energy, space, time, and variation that effected formation, expansion, continuity, and destruction of settlement. He believed that if one could present interaction of these five variables, therefore, all ecological parts integrate in a single theoretical framework.
Results and discussion:
Shahryeri ancient site at Mshkin Shahr is among the most characteristic sites of northwestern of Iran that covers some 200 hectares on a promontory, 1.5 Km east of Pirazmian village at suburbs of Meshkin Shahr and Noqdi County. For the first time, it discovered following surveys of Charles Burney at 1978 at northwestern Iran, where introduced as Qaleh Arjaq. It was only at 1381 that it registered in National heritage list by no. 6162. There have been three seasons of archaeological excavations since 1382 to 1384 under Alireza Hozhabri Nobari.
The site formed and firstly settled following Herding and semi pastoralism subsistence strategy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The most important architectural remains of the periods is an early temple that included an stone wall, mud mortar, mud brick, and monoliths that laid back to the wall. It is semicircular whereas the monoliths positioned in front of each other. There is a 4.5×3 m chamber at west with a platform. It appears it is an adjunct space to the temple that used as tribute chamber and altar.
Three features indicate development at Middle Iron Age at Shahryeri including:
Castle with fortifications: the enclosure covers about 35 hectares area. Length of the wall of castle is 522 m and it is about 0.16-2.5 m thick. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates in the wall, whereas the main gate is located at southernmost of lower city and another gate at east of lower city that is protected by huge walls and two towers. The gate is 5.5 m wide. There is a precipice at northwest of the castle that glorifies the castle and creates a natural enclosure at this part of the castle.
Temple with anthropomorphic monolith: the temple covers about 2200 m with 7 corridors from 15 to 25 m length and 1 to 3 m width. There are some more than 500 anthropomorphic monoliths with 2.3 to 35 cm with different forms, while there are platforms as altar in front of each.
Expansion of cemetery: there are two groups of burials at the cemetery of Shahryeri. The first group, which sums up to 278 burials, is scarce burials around the castle that spread within 5 km radius. The second group consists of a dense cemetery with 200 burials 5 km away from the castle. Distribution of the burials generally is at northwest of the castle and around the temple area and surrounding plains and valleys. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates along the wall, whereas main gate is at southernmost of the lower city and the other entrance is at eat of the lower city that protected by huge walls and two towers. The defensive wall constructed using huge rough stones, while they filled by smaller stones. The enclosure is 140-150 cm thick and reaches to 200 cm next to the entrance.
Ecological potentials to settle societies that Kennethe F.watt classified assessed at landscape of Shahryeri at the phase of formation and development. Results of the formation phase indicate water, soil, availability of mines, weather, accessibility, location at connecting roads, plain and mountain pastures, and natural shelters to protect herds were among the most important factors to locate the landscape of Shahryeri by semi pastoral people of Late Bronze Age. Architectural remains from archaeological excavations, from the same period, affirmatively including pastoral settlements with an early structure of temple and few burials. The phase of development at Middle Iron Age, is coincided to accumulation of wealth following location at main road, flourish of Shahryeri's temple, and collection of tributes from different regions. Archaeological evidences of development of Sharyeri are a 534 m fortification and a temple, with expansion of cemetery to more than 10 hectares. Considering lack of residential area, it appears that people's lifestyle and subsistence strategy were semi pastoralism, whereas the vast cemetery indicates an increase of population across the landscape, however, they partially resided at the castle.
Conclusion:
Conclusions indicate that assembling of five factors of material, energy, space, time, and varieties of facilities at the site during Late Bronze Age are caused settlement of the site, whereas flourished at Middle Iron Age for location at main roads and accumulation of wealth in addition to former factors.
Volume 23, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
The study was aimed at assessing the leg health variables (footpad dermatitis, hock burn, tibial dyschondroplasia, gait score), tarsometatarsus asymmetry, and physical properties of tibiatarsus of broilers reared with perch application and different litter thicknesses. A total of 459 one-day old Ross-308 broiler chicks were allocated into 27 pens, each containing 17 chicks, in a 3 (perch treatments)x 3 (litter treatments) experimental design with three replications. The position of both cooled and non-cooled perches was set to make animals pass over the perch for feeding and drinking. The perch temperature was set to 10°C for cooled perches while litter thicknesses were 1, 7, and 14 cm. Results showed that cooled perches decreased the severity of footpad and gait score, and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Footpad dermatitis and hock burn score decreased in broilers reared at 14 cm litter. It was determined that the length and width of tarsometatarsus at 42 day of age was increased in cooled perch and 1 cm litter group. Tibia length and robustness index in cooled perch group was found higher than those in non-cooled and no-perch groups. The perch application has no effect on the weight-length and tibio-tarsal indexes. Tibia lengths in 1 cm (103.81 mm) litter thickness group were higher than in both 7 and 14 cm groups. The bones from 1 cm litter thickness group were found heavier (21.55 g) than in 7 cm litter group. These results indicated that cooled perch and 14 cm litter thickness has a beneficial effect on broilers’ well-being in hot weathers.
Volume 25, Issue 6 (11-2023)
Abstract
Determination of the optimum product components that would provide all actors is essential for agricultural products. Examining the most desired product characteristics for potatoes within the domestic market to contribute welfare and sustainability of a market-oriented agricultural production is of great importance for producers, intermediaries, and the community. In the present study, 3072 cross-sectional data acquired from consumers via face-to-face survey was used to determine optimum potato characteristics utilizing a multivariate Conjoint Analysis. It was found that potato has been consumed in fresh form in the domestic market. The factors affecting purchasing decision appeared to be 22.20% price, 20.22% sales point, 15.07% crust type, 22.13% crust color, and 13.23% view and package. The optimum product component scenario with a maximum utility value of 2.990 for the consumer at the community level was composed of the sales channels: local street market, price level: low (suitable), crust type: thin, crust color: yellow, view and product supply: 3 kg net, and scaling, and service: necessary. With the optimum product component set developed in the study, a market-oriented production model was determined for potatoes. Directing production within the determined scenario was considered a new way to assure sustainability of consumer and producer satisfaction and to solve market-related problems.
Volume 26, Issue 3 (5-2024)
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effects of leaf damage rates at different growth stages of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars under Eastern Mediterranean conditions of Turkey (Osmaniye Province). The study was conducted in completely randomized design in split-split-plots with three replications, in 2020 and 2021. Cultivars NC 7 and Halisbey were in the main plots, growth stages (R1, R2 and R3) in sub-plots, and leaf damages (control, 25, 50, and 75%) in the sub-sub-plots. Yield and various quality parameters were measured and recorded. The highest value of the number of pods per plant was obtained from the Halisbey (24.5±0.4) cultivar, the R2 period (23.5±0.6), and the control (25.7±0.6) treatment. The number of pods per plant decreased when the leaf damage increased. The highest pod yield was obtained from NC 7 cultivar (2302±8.2 kg ha-1) and R1 period (2041±9.1 kg ha-1). The order of leaf damage treatments in terms of yield was as the control (2536±8.8 kg ha-1), 25% LD treatment (2011±8.0 kg ha-1), 50% LD treatment (1906±11.9 kg ha-1), and 75% LD (1481±7.6 kg ha-1). Thus, it was determined that the selection of cultivars and integrated control against diseases and pests are important in order to reduce the effect of leaf damage on the quality and yield of peanuts in Osmaniye conditions.
Volume 26, Issue 6 (11-2024)
Abstract
Molecular studies show that okra germplasm harbour narrow genetic diversity despite certain level of phenotypic variation in Turkey. However, there is a gap in the information on the cytogenetics of Turkish okra genotypes. Studies on the cytogenetics and ploidy level may provide further information on the genetic diversity of Turkish okra germplasm. This study, therefore, investigated nuclear DNA content, ploidy level and chromosome number of 26 okra landraces and 3 commercial cultivars (Akköy-41, Kabaklı-11 and Marmara-1). The 2C nuclear DNA content varied from 3.05 to 3.20 pg with mean 2C values ranging between 3.11 and 3.18. The variation in nuclear DNA content was, however, statistically insignificant. Okra had a high number of chromosomes with very small sizes. The chromosome number of the plants investigated in the study was determined to be 2n (10x)= 128±2. Based on these results, the genotypes investigated are, probably, allodehaploid with some extra chromosomes and B chromosomes. In conclusion, the Okra germplasm has a narrow base of genetic diversity in the germplasm pool, which may limit the success of future breeding programs. Suggestions are discussed to enhance genetic diversity in the germplasm for more effective breeding programs.
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