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Showing 8 results for Yamani
Volume 4, Issue 1 (1-2016)
Abstract
Background: The comprehensive evaluation program of the health system in higher education is a strategic plan in line with the goals of health reform program. The planning levels are based on 12 general policies. As professors of medical universities have an important role in public health promotion, this study aimed to identify the outcomes of faculty development at medical universities in Northern part of Iran, based on evolution and innovation program of medical education.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using Grounded Theory Approach during 2015-2016. The research population consisted of 22 faculty members of medical universities in Northern part of Iran. Sampling was performed by a purposive sampling method for those who had responsibilities at university or college.
Results: The results of the obtained data suggested two main themes: the internal university outcomes (i.e. Promotion of education quality at universities) and external university outcomes (i.e. Public health promotion).
Conclusion: It is suggested to education policy makers to apply a more accurate and systematic plan in order to achieve development and growth of their faculty members; so, the effectiveness and efficiency of faculty members and consequently higher education will be promoted.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Spring & Summer 2007)
Abstract
All studies worked of Iran climatic changes are related to this recent century. These works mainly have done by foreign researcher but there are deferent views of the reached results. Hans Bobek stated the best views on this way. Regarding to Iran elevation aspects he divided five morphoclimatic - morphodynamic regions. The studied area is located on the karkas northern slopes by border of Band-e-Rig in the east of Kashan. This region was influenced mainly on the rainy condition in quaternary cool era. The important point is the morphological features situated in the area of interest don’t correlate with the proposed temperature which was 4° to 6° C for that time. Therefore, we used daily temperature mean for analyzing and retrieving the last temperature conditions of local meteorology stations. For this reason the temperature in the glacier era is considered at the rate of 0° for present cirque (3000 meter H). The methodology for this research is the comparing of that temperature (0°) with present time temperature. The results show the temperature at the last Glacier time for this area was about 12°-14 C ° cooler than the present time. The presence of moraines and glacial tongues to 2000 in elevation and other traces are the most important futures of that time.
Volume 18, Issue 3 (Fall 2014)
Abstract
Mass movement occurrence in its various forms in mountainous areas causes a lot of human and financial losses yearly. Thus, it is necessary to identify and prioritize vulnerable places and prepare a specific regional plan to decrease occurrence and losses due to landslide in prone areas. Syahkooh anticline is one of the region which, signs of numerous landslide can be seen through all it. In this research, after identification of effective factors using Entropy model, these factors were investigated, an Entropy matrix produced and zoning map of landslide prepared and finally to reduce its damages some solutions have been suggested. The results show that distance of fault 46.06%, elevation 28.26%, slope 17.54%, lithology 7.14% and aspect 1% had been affected. Zoning map shows low risk areas only include 21.76% of the region and 78.23% of the region lied on the side of high and moderate risk zones, which states the high potential area of landslide occurrence in the area. The proposed solutions are construction away from faults and steep Asmari formation, increase in the level of protection of roads, control of Drilling and excavation in Asmari formation. These are the most important measures to reduce losses mass movement in the Syahkooh anticline.
Volume 19, Issue 3 (Fall 2015)
Abstract
geoarchaeological surveys are the efficient way to discover the environmental features of ancient settlements at the time of their establishment. . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of environmental factors in the site selecting of the prehistoric settlements in Varamin plain. In the archaeological view, the plains located in the southern foothills of central Alborz Mountains represent the Tehran plain and Varamin plain is laid in south east of Tehran plain, on the alluvial sediments of Jajroud River. After studying the environmental features of Varamin plain, eight characteristics of the natural environment, including the impact of geomorphologic features, geology, climate, vegetation, slope, land use and access to soil and water resources have been investigated and fuzzy logic was used in order to provide an environmental capabilities plain zoning map to establish settlements in Varamin plain. Results showed that the predominant Varamin plain’s prehistoric settlements are sited in areas with the good and very good environmental capability for establishing settlements and the most of these places are located on the central parts of Jajroor fan. Being located on alluvial deposits, suitable soil for farming and pottery, gentle slope, convenient access to streams, sufficient distance from the apex of the alluvial fan and being safe from flood risk And having better weather than the southern part of the alluvial fan are such factors That create suitable environmental conditions in these areas.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (Winter 2016)
Abstract
The Lorestan province is one of the most suitable areas of Iran for planning and development of tourism projects based on natural resources; the position of province in the zone of central Zagros Mountains with numerous elevations and holds the snow is caused to be desirable potential of development recreation and Mountain sports. The main objective of this article is locating and identifies favorable zones of province for construction of ski resort with emphasis on geomorphologic characteristics. In this article that is done in two stages, has been used of the geomorphologic information layers, climatic elements, land use, supplementary data and data extracted from the questionnaires and interviews. Stages of prioritize, weighting and normalization of input criteria have been implemented in the specialized software’s and multivariate models of integrating layer in geographic information system (GIS). The first stage results showed that in case study range, located in 3 regions, so convenient zones; northern slopes of the Oshtorankooh Mountains, Ghalikooh and Gareen elevations. In the second stage, Oshtorankooh that in terms of the 8 initial natural index was identified as one of the suitable regions to create ski resort, in terms of the studied supplementary indicators that is included the infrastructures and wind speed indicator, is in more suitable situation compared to Ghalikooh and Gareen elevations, thus in terms of collection of studied indicators is most suitable region for the construction of ski resort
Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2020)
Abstract
Introduction
In order to tectonic analysis northwestern Zagros, we have used fractal geometry against classic geometry and fuzzy logic instead of Aristotelian classic logic to evaluate natural landscapes with non-integer dimension and the complex nature of tectonic processes. The fractal dimension (FD) has been applied to determine anomaly or normality of surface rupture (faults) pattern in association with drainage network that can show the maturity of structures. In other hand, uncertainty of fuzzy logic has been applied to specify the potential of tectonic activity by using morphotectonic factors. At the end, we have compared results of these two methods with surface epicenters of earthquakes.
Methodology
To calculate the FD of faults and drainage network using box-counting, the area was divided to 6 boxes that contain main fault trends horizontally and vertically. In fractal method each box is covered by several network (grid) that their side length (quantity of Size) is decreased at every grid level. Then the relation between reciprocal of side length and boxes containing linear feature (quantity of Number) was drawn Logarithmically as a linear regression that shows FD. In fuzzy model, six main effective factors were determined and 12 layers were produced base on their importance in tectonic analysis. The membership degree of these layers’ effective parts by fuzzy functions were determined and then they were overlaid by fuzzy operators like gamma with different powers.
Results and Discussion
Calculating number-size quantity using box-counting method for faults and drainage network shows both partial and overall FD changes. As partial changes are close, yjey indicate the existence of the self-similarity components. Based on partial FD, there are three communities: back ground with FD larger than slope of linear regression, threshold community with repeating component, and anomaly community with FD value more than three. Based on overall FD, development of faults and drainage network have not entered to chaos phase. The comparison of mean value of fuzzy zoning with different gamma powers for each box indicates that 0.7 power of gamma has the most correlation with overall FD of boxes.
Conclusion
Areas of high value of FD for faults and low value for drainage network are more tectonically active. Here the box labeled A which represent western parts of Kermanshah in folded Zagros, has the highest FD value of faults (1.32) and lower FD value of drainage network (1.432). Epicenter evidences of earthquakes for example 7.3 magnitude earthquake of Ezgeleh, confirm the FD results; whereas, the box labeled E near Dezful Embayment shows the lowest FD value of faults (1.07) and highest FD value of drainage network (1/470). Overlaying fractal boxes (A to F) with fuzzy exports (gamma 0.7) are in line with these results and represent more potential of tectonic activity for northwestern parts of area (box A).
Keywords: Tectonic, Northwestern Zagros, Fractal, Fuzzy.Introduction
In order to tectonic analysis northwestern Zagros, we have used fractal geometry against classic geometry and fuzzy logic instead of Aristotelian classic logic to evaluate natural landscapes with non-integer dimension and the complex nature of tectonic processes. The fractal dimension (FD) has been applied to determine anomaly or normality of surface rupture (faults) pattern in association with drainage network that can show the maturity of structures. In other hand, uncertainty of fuzzy logic has been applied to specify the potential of tectonic activity by using morphotectonic factors. At the end, we have compared results of these two methods with surface epicenters of earthquakes.
Methodology
To calculate the FD of faults and drainage network using box-counting, the area was divided to 6 boxes that contain main fault trends horizontally and vertically. In fractal method each box is covered by several network (grid) that their side length (quantity of Size) is decreased at every grid level. Then the relation between reciprocal of side length and boxes containing linear feature (quantity of Number) was drawn Logarithmically as a linear regression that shows FD. In fuzzy model, six main effective factors were determined and 12 layers were produced base on their importance in tectonic analysis. The membership degree of these layers’ effective parts by fuzzy functions were determined and then they were overlaid by fuzzy operators like gamma with different powers.
Results and Discussion
Calculating number-size quantity using box-counting method for faults and drainage network shows both partial and overall FD changes. As partial changes are close, yjey indicate the existence of the self-similarity components. Based on partial FD, there are three communities: back ground with FD larger than slope of linear regression, threshold community with repeating component, and anomaly community with FD value more than three. Based on overall FD, development of faults and drainage network have not entered to chaos phase. The comparison of mean value of fuzzy zoning with different gamma powers for each box indicates that 0.7 power of gamma has the most correlation with overall FD of boxes.
Conclusion
Areas of high value of FD for faults and low value for drainage network are more tectonically active. Here the box labeled A which represent western parts of Kermanshah in folded Zagros, has the highest FD value of faults (1.32) and lower FD value of drainage network (1.432). Epicenter evidences of earthquakes for example 7.3 magnitude earthquake of Ezgeleh, confirm the FD results; whereas, the box labeled E near Dezful Embayment shows the lowest FD value of faults (1.07) and highest FD value of drainage network (1/470). Overlaying fractal boxes (A to F) with fuzzy exports (gamma 0.7) are in line with these results and represent more potential of tectonic activity for northwestern parts of area (box A).
Keywords: Tectonic, Northwestern Zagros, Fractal, Fuzzy.
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
Nowadays, given the rapid growth of population, development of infrastructure is inevitable and the pressure of human needs on the soil and exploitation of areas around cities in rural areas are increasing. Access to surface water, fertile soil, groundwater, access to transit roads, etc. have made establishing of new cities compulsory despite the environmental hazards in those areas.
Land deformation as an environmental hazard may be related to tectonic activities such as earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, landslides and anthropogenic processes such as groundwater exploitation, which threaten urban areas. Land surface subsidence is recognized as a potential problem in many areas. This phenomenon is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the removal of subsurface water. Also, Iran with rough and mostly mountainous topography, have a high potential for landslides and instability of slopes.
Pardis new city in the east part of Tehran is one of the areas most prone to Domain Instabilities. The location of the city and its expansion toward the steep slopes have made it susceptible to all kinds of natural hazards, so the main purpose of the study is investigate the potential of landslide and subsidence in Pardis.
Material and Methods
This research consists of two stages: first, ground surface deformation was estimated using radar interferometry technique. Then, landslide susceptible zoning was carried out using Fuzzy and AHP methods.
We applied SBAS algorithm to the 27 SAR images of the Sentinel-1 satellite, in ascending orbit for the time period of 2016.01.06.-2018.12.21. The first step of the SBAS procedure involves the selection of the SAR data pairs to generate the interferograms; the selected images are characterized by a small temporal and spatial separation (baseline) between the orbits in order to limit the noise effect usually referred to as decorrelation phenomena. The second step of the procedure involves the retrieval of the original (unwrapped) phase signals from the modulo-2 π restricted (wrapped) phases directly computed from the interferograms.
In the next stage, landslide susceptibility zones have been evaluated using both fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models, as a weighting technique to explore landslide susceptibility mapping. In the modelling process, eight causative variables including aspect, slope degree, altitude, distance from the road, distance from the fault, distance from the river, lithology and land use were identified for landslide susceptibility mapping.
In fuzzy logic the degree of membership of variables may be any real number from 0 (non-membership) to 1 (full membership) which reflects a degree of membership (Zadeh, 1965). By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. After Fuzzification of all layers, since the causative factors are not the same value, the AHP method to determine the weights was performed. The AHP methodology consists of pairwise comparison of all possible pairs of factors. The relative rating for the dominance between each pair of factors was guided by expert knowledge. After obtaining weight of each factors, these weights are multiplied in the map calculated by fuzzy membership.
Results and Discussion
We used 27 c-band sentinel-1 images for the 2016-2018 period and the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach to investigate land deformation in Pardis. Result of the deformation map of Pardis show that the northern part is uplifted with an annual rate of 25 mm/yr. The uplift of the northern part can be attributed to tectonic factors and the southern part of the basin subsided with an annual rate of -35 mm/yr. Thereafter landslide susceptibility areas have been evaluated. Geomorphological variables (slope, aspect, elevation, river), geology variables (lithology, fault) and anthropogenic variables (land use, roads) have been used for generation of the landslide susceptible map. The results of the landslide susceptible map indicate that the northern part of the Pardis basin have a high potential for landslides. Landslide susceptible map is classified into five classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low.
Medium to very high susceptible class covered 40% of the study area which overlay on uplifting areas resulting from radar technique.
Conclusion
SBAS time series method has been used to detect ground surface deformation and vertical movements. This method is based on an appropriate combination of multi look DInSAR Interferograms. Deformation map indicate that northern part of the basin, uplifted and southern part subsided. The cities of Pardis, Roodehen and Boomehen in the southern part, subsided a mean rate of respectively -35, -31 and -29 mm/year. The northern part uplifted with a mean rate of 25 mm/year which can be attributed to tectonic activity. Then, the landslide susceptibility map was created using both Fuzzy and AHP methods. The result show that more than 40% of the basin is exposed to landslides. The results of both methods SBAS time series analysis, landslide susceptibility mapping, demonstrated domain instabilities in northern part of the basin. As a result, identifying instable areas seems necessary for the urban development of the Pardis.
Key words: Pardis city, SBAS time series analysis, landslide, subsidence
Land deformation as an environmental hazard may be related to tectonic activities such as earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, landslides and anthropogenic processes such as groundwater exploitation, which threaten urban areas. Land surface subsidence is recognized as a potential problem in many areas. This phenomenon is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the removal of subsurface water. Also, Iran with rough and mostly mountainous topography, have a high potential for landslides and instability of slopes.
Pardis new city in the east part of Tehran is one of the areas most prone to Domain Instabilities. The location of the city and its expansion toward the steep slopes have made it susceptible to all kinds of natural hazards, so the main purpose of the study is investigate the potential of landslide and subsidence in Pardis.
Material and Methods
This research consists of two stages: first, ground surface deformation was estimated using radar interferometry technique. Then, landslide susceptible zoning was carried out using Fuzzy and AHP methods.
We applied SBAS algorithm to the 27 SAR images of the Sentinel-1 satellite, in ascending orbit for the time period of 2016.01.06.-2018.12.21. The first step of the SBAS procedure involves the selection of the SAR data pairs to generate the interferograms; the selected images are characterized by a small temporal and spatial separation (baseline) between the orbits in order to limit the noise effect usually referred to as decorrelation phenomena. The second step of the procedure involves the retrieval of the original (unwrapped) phase signals from the modulo-2 π restricted (wrapped) phases directly computed from the interferograms.
In the next stage, landslide susceptibility zones have been evaluated using both fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models, as a weighting technique to explore landslide susceptibility mapping. In the modelling process, eight causative variables including aspect, slope degree, altitude, distance from the road, distance from the fault, distance from the river, lithology and land use were identified for landslide susceptibility mapping.
In fuzzy logic the degree of membership of variables may be any real number from 0 (non-membership) to 1 (full membership) which reflects a degree of membership (Zadeh, 1965). By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. After Fuzzification of all layers, since the causative factors are not the same value, the AHP method to determine the weights was performed. The AHP methodology consists of pairwise comparison of all possible pairs of factors. The relative rating for the dominance between each pair of factors was guided by expert knowledge. After obtaining weight of each factors, these weights are multiplied in the map calculated by fuzzy membership.
Results and Discussion
We used 27 c-band sentinel-1 images for the 2016-2018 period and the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach to investigate land deformation in Pardis. Result of the deformation map of Pardis show that the northern part is uplifted with an annual rate of 25 mm/yr. The uplift of the northern part can be attributed to tectonic factors and the southern part of the basin subsided with an annual rate of -35 mm/yr. Thereafter landslide susceptibility areas have been evaluated. Geomorphological variables (slope, aspect, elevation, river), geology variables (lithology, fault) and anthropogenic variables (land use, roads) have been used for generation of the landslide susceptible map. The results of the landslide susceptible map indicate that the northern part of the Pardis basin have a high potential for landslides. Landslide susceptible map is classified into five classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low.
Medium to very high susceptible class covered 40% of the study area which overlay on uplifting areas resulting from radar technique.
Conclusion
SBAS time series method has been used to detect ground surface deformation and vertical movements. This method is based on an appropriate combination of multi look DInSAR Interferograms. Deformation map indicate that northern part of the basin, uplifted and southern part subsided. The cities of Pardis, Roodehen and Boomehen in the southern part, subsided a mean rate of respectively -35, -31 and -29 mm/year. The northern part uplifted with a mean rate of 25 mm/year which can be attributed to tectonic activity. Then, the landslide susceptibility map was created using both Fuzzy and AHP methods. The result show that more than 40% of the basin is exposed to landslides. The results of both methods SBAS time series analysis, landslide susceptibility mapping, demonstrated domain instabilities in northern part of the basin. As a result, identifying instable areas seems necessary for the urban development of the Pardis.
Key words: Pardis city, SBAS time series analysis, landslide, subsidence
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