Volume 2, Issue 1 (Issue 1 (Tome 2)- 2012)
Abstract
City is like a living entity, which regenerates constantly by constructing new buildings. With few exceptions, the character of cities have changed over time with the architectural styles fashionable in each period as well as the changing demands for their functionality. Most often, the character is a combination of styles and it is important that this evolution is maintained and the vitality of places can be extended. In fact, city is the result of different historical periods and includes historical loads of various periods; and, contemporary eras are in this process, too. Our constructions will form some parts of the city in future and will cause a layer in this inherited complex, and will make specification and identity of cities and will be an inheritance for posterity. Although preservation is considered as a major step in revitalization of historic sites and buildings, ironically these sites benefit from being extended. In fact opposing construction of new structures on these sites could mean taking away the liveliness of the city and the long term standing of these sites as a historical place. In contrary, expansion and construction of new buildings on these sites maintains the history of the site to the new era and enrich its history. New architectural styles and materials are often introduced into the city initially on the periphery and then in empty plots or as replacements for dilapidated buildings. Sometimes, existing buildings are adapted to the new styles. New architecture in an existing setting will set out to copy, mimic, integrate, harmonize with, contrast, juxtapose on or even compete with the existing context. Each situation may necessitate a different approach. However, construction of these new structures on a historic context is a very delicate task which requires well-planned regulations as these new structures link the contemporary architecture to the values and characteristics of the site. Over the past few centuries a great afford has been carried out, thorough the world and particularity within the central Europe, for design of such regulations and legislations for revitalization and conservation of these sites. This has left a legacy of resolutions, recommendations and charters in this field around the world that are result of experience gained from a variety of approaches in this field in different countries. In order to achieve a design guideline for new constructions in historic context, the purpose of this paper is review of ideas and theories, agreements and charters associated with the presence of new constructions in historic context. In this paper, we will review the theory of theorists that had more impact on the approaches. We will then look at the details of the agreements between the international bodies that directly or indirectly influenced these regulations and had key roles in their design. At the end, we will set a table which will be based on the approach of any of the agreements, and the evolution of this approach is discussed in international scale.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Aims: In developing countries such as our country, most of the activities such as carpentry is performed manually and make workers exposure to inappropriate postures, which will increase the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). One way to reduce these disorders is educational ergonomics interventions. The present study aimed at determining the effect of education on reducing ergonomic risk in traditional carpet weavers working in workshops in Golestan province, Iran.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 employees in 54 traditional workshops in Golestan province of Iran in 2016. The studied population consisted of horsewomen carpet weavers who had at least one-year work experience and were selected based on simple random sampling method. The QEC method was used to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and Nordic standard questionnaire was used to determine the frequency of symptoms of these disorders. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19, using paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon.
Findings: In the pre-interventional stage, the greatest risk was related to the neck (71.0%) at high-risk level. This intervention was significantly reduced from interventional, and only 5.0% of subjects were at this level (p<0.001). The waist circumference was 97.0% of the subjects before the training at the level of intermediate exposure. After intervention, this amount decreased and most of the subjects (64%) were exposed to low levels of exposure.
Conclusion: Education can reduce ergonomic risk in traditional carpet weavers working in workshops.
Volume 6, Issue 4 (Fall 2020)
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiological prevalence of human brucellosis in Gorgan and Dasht, Northeastern Iran during one year.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 153 brucellosis-suspected cases who were referred to the health centers of Gorgan and surrounding villages from April 2017 to March 2018, were included. Two serological assays (Wright and 2-mercaptoethanol) were performed on all sera taken from patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) using Chi-square test and independent t-test. A p-value less than .05 was considered as statistically significant.
Findings: Of 153 suspected cases, 62 cases (40.5%) were positive for brucellosis, among whom 39 cases (62.9%) were men, and 41 cases (66%) were 17-38 years old. The highest prevalence rate of brucellosis was observed in rural men (69.5%) as well as in those consuming raw cheese (35.5%) and being in direct contact with livestock (27.5%). Furthermore, the frequency of the disease was significantly higher in the summer. The incidence rate of the disease was significantly associated with season, history of contact with livestock, and the type of dairy product consumed (p <.05).
Conclusion: The prevalence of brucellosis is higher in rural areas of Gorgan, particularly among farmers and livestock keepers. Providing training and raising awareness of these individuals as well as developing strategic health plans regarding the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products could help reduce the incidence of brucellosis.
