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The present article investigates the Persian so-called manner adverbs within the Davidsonian event semantics framework aiming at providing a more precise and comprehensive grouping for these adverbs. This category can be divided into two groups of manner and state adverbs. Manner adverbs are event-oriented, i.e. they modify the process of the event. State adverbs are participant-oriented, i.e. they modify the state of the agent or the theme during an event. Manner adverbs are divided into three categories of agent-oriented, resultative and pure manner adverbs. Agent-oriented adverbs modify the subevent of process and the agent; resultative adverbs modify the process and the result state of the event, and pure manner adverbs modify only the process of an event. State adverbs are divided into two subgroups of static depictive and dynamic depictive adverbs. Static depictive adverbs modify the state of the agent or theme during the event, and dynamic depictive adverbs mention the other action done by the agent, simultaneously. Therefore, state adverbs are the modifiers of agents and themes, which are noun phrases and as a result, contrary to the common view, adverbs can be noun modifiers. The only productive adverbial suffix of Persian is "-Ane". It attaches to some nouns and also adjectives which are not able to participate in an event structure, and makes agent-oriented adverbs out of them. The other state and manner adverbs are expressed by adjectives or preposition phrases. Consequently, the current classification of Persian manner adverbs is not accurate. The members of this group are very diverse and need to be treated differently.
 

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Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agents. Acute exposure to high level of aflatoxins leads to aflatoxicosis, which cause rapid death due to liver failure. Immune modulating effects of probiotic bacteria have good prospects to detoxification of natural foods. This study was aimed to investigate the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus strainLA-5 in the presence and absence of yoghurt starter culture for removing Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in comparison with yoghurt starter cultures (10⁸ CFU ml^-1). AFM₁ detoxification was evaluated for 21 days of yoghurt storage at 4°C at different concentrations of Aflatoxin (0.1, 0.5 and 0.75 µg L^-1). The amounts of unbound AFM₁ were determined using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). L. acidophilus combined with yoghurt starter culture and alone could significantly (P≤ 0.05) remove AFM₁ compared to control group. The results indicated that increasing initial AFM₁ concentration in the yoghurt samples and storage time affected the capacity of AFM₁ binding.