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By using the opinions of Claude Levi-Strauss in the study of mythology, the following article tries to answer this question which despite the presence of incest in Ancient Iran and Egypt, why the legends associated with T411 type refuse it in these two lands? According to Levi-Strauss, there is the same structure behind the different appearance of related myths. Decoding of this hidden structure is possible with the help of its similarity with the language structure. Because myth, like language, has structural units called myth-phonemes. By discovering these units and understanding the relationship between them, it becomes clear what messages the interrelated myths convey and how? After checking the legends found based on the mentioned method, it became clear that these legends represent the dualism of the minds of their narrators. Because the opposition of Incest / prohibition of Incest, is the foundation of these legends. This confrontation is itself a result of a conflict that is rooted in the depths of human souls: Duality of Nature and Culture. Since the prohibition of Incest is the point of human disconnection from nature and the beginning of culture, Iranian and Egyptian legends are trying to institutionalize this should / Not should in the audience and so they have a different end from the old religious beliefs.
 

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The harvested walnut has a relatively high moisture content of 30% compared with the safe storage moisture content of 8%. One of the common means of reducing the moisture content is by drying. For design of drying and other aeration systems for agricultural products including walnuts, the relationship between the drop in pressure and airflow velocity must be known. An airflow resistance apparatus was designed and manufatured to measure the airflow resistance of walnuts. This apparatus consisted of an air compressor, a rotameter, a cylindrical bin and an inclined U-tube manometer. The pressure, drops at airflow velocities of 0.085 to 0.55 (m3/s)/m2, were measured at a constant depth of the nuts. Airflow resistance equations were fitted to the measured data. The results showed that, by increasing airflow rates, an increased drop in pressure was achieved through out walnut column. To study the effect of walnut moisture content on airflow resistance, the drop in pressure was measured at different moisture contents levels of 8.6%, 15.5%, 21.3% and 27%. Results indicated that the drop in pressure decreased with increasing moisture content, especially for high airflow rates.

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The purpose of this study was to test the political behavior model on managers' decisions with the mediating role of organizational identity and the moderating role of organizational trust in sports organizations. The study sample was all middle managers Federations, Youth and Sports Ministry, Office of Sport and Youth Sports provinces and provincial heads of 250 people, of whom 104 subjects were randomly selected. The present study is a descriptive-correlational survey research and applied research that was conducted in the field. Data collection was through four questionnaires of political behavior (17 questions), managers' decision making (14 questions), organizational trust (12 questions) and organizational identity (16 questions).Validity and questionnaires were confirmed. Reliability was also reported through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (political behavior =0.89, managers' decision = 0.92, organizational trust =0.85 and organizational identity =0.90). SPSS software, SPSS sample power and Smart PLS were used to analysis the data. The results showed that organizational trust has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior has a positive and significant effect on organizational identity. Organizational identity has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior also has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions through organizational identity. Finally, the results showed that organizational trust can moderate the relationship between political behavior and managers' decisions as a positive and significant effect. According to the results, it is suggested that when appointing managers, persons should be selected who care about the role and opinion of employees in organizational decisions and consider consulting in their activities.

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Every unit which has identity for purposes of role and outward appearance in the geographical space, and its location of the place in the space that is specified, it could be accounted as a building that settlement should be figured as a type of these units. Housing, as one of the basic needs of mankind, has economical, social, and cultural characteristics. Being multidimensional, housing has found its place in the priorities of human life. Meanwhile, development of urban society has found its roots in the rural way of life. Rural housing due to its functional role and its underlying effects on the everyday›s life reserves its own special importance. The rural housing has a remarkable differences to city housing not only from outward appearance aspects but also from respected contains. These differences could be found only by study of compatibility of them with the around natural environment and different housing functions compatible with the environment and villagers activities and besides that the traditional experiences of construction. The rural houses for their residents prepare the necessary spaces for living, store of food and other articles, the place for domestic animals, and a place as a community center for communications, exchange of views and so on. In reality components and spaces forms the elements of house of residential unit and eventually define the functions of rural houses. The rural houses have different functions. The study and investigation of architecture and structures of rural houses not only can recognize the circumstances of construction and experiences of formers in the architectural harmony with the environment and climate but also can be as a light in the improvement road of rural houses in front of responsible persons and experts. In the investigation and recognition of rural settlements, typology of villages in one of the objects that for ease of rural development planning always should be considered. In principal, the rural typology is one of the main rural geographical subjects. Diversity in the type of villages is a consequence of differences of factors and phenomena which has been effective in coming into existence of villages. In human subjects, type of villages as compared with (with regard to) physical factors is more effective of the social and economic structures of villages, although the physical factors also play their role. The spatial establishment model of rural settlements for the reason of dependence of its most productive activities. The natural conditions and factors, more than the urban settlements can be influenced by these factors. The public fabric of rural settlements states the shape, form and model that are resulted from influence of different factors in the village land and the method of connection and interaction of these elements and their characteristics. In this manner, the skeleton fabric of these settlements is the representation of the disciplined method of houses and establishment of agricultural land and also quality of setting the roads and squares (road system) next to each other (saeidi, 53 ,2002). Distinction and differentiation of density rate and shape (form) of each village can help the nature recognition and also the social – economical differences that are ruling it. In this matter, rural housing is manifestation place of livelihood – living methods and eventually forces and environmental key factors and social- economical trends are effective on shaping up them. In this research, the method of study is based on field and document study, that documental method is including written document in the area of rural life and statistical resources. In the field study method for investigation of housing characteristics in the rural fabric, four principal methods of cluster sampling have been used. In this cluster category, it is tried the majority methods and also the ones from space point of view are usable and it is possible to use them in making model and repair for preservation of rural culturalheritage should be chosen. In choosing some models, regional native characteristics are considered in a way that housing as an outcome and product of architecture with the climatic conditioning of the zones are harmonized. Settlements of Semnan province in regard of natural environment characteristics and also from extent and population is confronted by the diversity. In this manner, for sampling, at the beginning, settlements of province based on population and four separated cities have been categorized in four population zones. Then for the reason of natural limitation establishment and forming of the settlements that following it in the fabric whole construction and rural housing has had remarkable influence. Four zones of villages in each city of province from natural establishment model point of view have been divided in three mountainous, hillside and flat zones. The results of investigations show that position and climatic geographic characteristics have a significant role in rural housing fabric and outward appearance and forming model of spaces, function of rural housing and types of construction materials of housing fabric of village which have been used with the native traditions and public recognition of material production technology and implementation of efficient models in the architecture of building housing have been continuous and sustainable. Investigation of rural housing architecture as a guide can play a role in development and improvement of rural housing in front of planners and experts. In this article, investigation of rural housing characteristics in three zones of flat, hillside and mountainous have been done and recognition and investigation of some of the housing models in each zone, the internal form and function of rural housing and the type of materials that have been used in houses. In this research, choosing some of the models with the pre-assumption that is being efficient and also possibility of copying of model along with construction and with repair and rehabilitation of housing in rural fabric provides the possibility of harmony of housing with climate for residents. The results of investigations show that situation, geographic factors and characteristics have a significant role in development of architecture models proportional to climate in each zone and rural housing outward appearance has formed proportional to them. Based on investigations that have been done in the region of study of housing units regarding to extent, form, shape and different spaces of each housing unit have been divided in three kinds of main spaces and the type of establishment and directional spaces are influenced by natural conditions that common model of space making in each of the zone in establishment of space model and choosing direction related to radiation and wind that get into shape. Also, materials and the type of construction materials that are used in housing fabric which is depending on natural environment and has a great support of native material. The role of the yard in every three zones in the organizing of spaces has been effective and common face of all the models. Also veranda in hillside and mountainous zones has a remarkable role between human and environment in outward appearance and fabric of some villages in aesthetics point of view and also in climatic has been significant. Some of the important materials that are used in housing are sun-dried brick, stone, brick and wood that have direct relation with regional native and geographic conditions. The other important point in rural architecture is the good interaction and the housing and influence of native and cultural characteristics of builders of buildings that shows their role in simplicity and clearness of spaces also the possibility of alternation and floating of activity in spaces and models could be seen. Product of this approach produces native architecture and harmony with climate that should be seen between human and nature and also can be found identicalness with architecture.

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In his book; Nashvār al Mohāzirah and Akhbār al Mozākerah, Tanoukhi – the judge and Arabic literary writer speaks about a puppet called “Dobārkeh”. This short report shows well how this puppet is made in Baghdad and is placed on the housetop at Nowrouz night-the ritual which is closely tied to the ancient ceremony of new year especially saint marriage. By relying on the evidence gathered from Tanoukhi’s re-interpretation and extra textual signs of New Year in Babylon and puppet rituals of Iran, this paper tries to unveil the nature of “Dobārkeh” and its link to the goddess of fertility. The most important result of this research is that Baghdad’s inhabitants hold this ceremony and “Dobārkeh” is the goddess of fertility represented in the body of this puppet. Therefore, it is possible to take into account   “Dobārkeh” and its rituals in the same vein as Nowrouz theatrical rituals.
 

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The oral culture of the Iranian people is a mysterious and untapped world, the study of the delicate content of which can open new perspectives to the world of anthropology and human sociology. The present study tries to analyze and use the cultural elements and popular beliefs common among the people of Sarkavir region in the south of Semnan province in the proximity of the desert plain, to explain the concept of taboo among the people of this land. To this aim, the themes of taboo in the folk literature are categorized into two parts: The first one concerns the taboo words and languages, and the second one concerns the behavioral and material taboos in the customs of the people. The study found that the behavioral taboos are related to marriage, the dead and the mourning customs, taboos of the people's names, occupations and other social taboos which are content-analyzed based on the local narratives.
Background
The oral culture of the Iranian people is a mysterious and untapped world. Sigmund Freud, in the second chapter of his book, Totem and Taboo (1984), has studied and analyzed this concept among the elders and heroes, and the dead. Borujeni (2010) has studied the concept of taboo in stories written by Hedayat, Ahmad Mahmoud, Chubak, and Simin Daneshvar. Rahimi Talab (2011), in his dissertation entitled Knowledge of Totem and Taboo in the Legends of Gilan, has explained the manifestations of taboo in the folktales of Gilan. But, so far, no research has been done specifically on the concept of Taboo in Sarkavir folklore.
Aims
The purpose of this study, in the first place, is collecting and introducing some common and living taboos among the residents of Sarkavir. It also analyzes its content and shows its ancient roots and connection with some long-standing rituals and mythical traditions. Analyzing the taboos, it was revealed how the taboo themes are used in the oral culture of behavioral and social traditions. Also, some cultural and climatic characteristics of the people of this land have been identified.
Theoretical framework
Popular beliefs are among the major and valuable resources of humanity. By studying them, some of the beauties of an ancient and growing culture can be recovered and represented. Linguistic and cultural taboos are one of the aspects of literary and social aesthetics in the folklore of people in any nation. The language of taboo has a direct and clear relationship with the popular culture, to the extent that forbidden behaviors or words and interpretations will not be comprehensible and tangible, unless the dominant cultural context and the intellectual system of society are analyzed.
As one of the fundamental propositions, taboo has a significant application in recognizing religious beliefs. Taboo is a kind of sanctity for the tribal Totem and its ban stems from a threat to the tribal totem.
The word taboo literally does not have a clear meaning. It is a term derived from the Polynesian language that semantically contains two opposing concepts: on the one hand, it means sacred, and on the other hand, it evokes dangerous, horrible, forbidden, impure, and mysterious meanings (Freud, 1984, p. 31). The trace of the concept of taboo is prominent in the oral culture of the inhabitants of Sarkovir.
Despite forgetting much of the ancient customs, this part of beliefs continues to maintain its function and strength, and plays a significant role in people's social life. This is due to the cultural isolation of the region and the reduction of media and cultural relations with large human societies over the past decades. In this article, taboo propositions in Sarkovir folklore are divided into two general categories: The first one concerns the taboo words and languages, and the second one concerns the behavioral and material taboos in the customs of the people.
In Sarkovir dialect, there are words, the use of which have been severely banned by society and not used except in emergencies. Instead, an equivalent word called euphemism (well-intended interpretation) is used, which is a word devoid of vulgarity and unpleasantness (Sabzian and Kazzazi, 2010, p. 202). Apart from avoiding the use of taboo words, the people of Sarkovir consider doing some things to be illegal for themselves, the most important of which are mentioned below.
Marriage-related taboos generally include the following: marriage with a stranger, showing the happiness of the bride and the bride's relatives at the wedding ceremony, putting henna on the bride's palm or soaking it by the widow, and leaving home by the bride during the wedding days.
Taboos related to the dead are among the most serious and prominent taboos in Sarkovir and include the following: relatives' celebrating of the dead, leaving the corpse alone at night, crying over the corpse at night, washing the corpse by a non-family member, burying the dead at night, attending the graves of the dead on Thursday evening, and using the corpse's accessories.
Taboos related to people's names are: Saying the name of the wife, and choosing the name of the grandfather for the grandchildren.
Taboos of occupations are: Blacksmith, wheat collector, and bath man.
Special taboos on farming include: stepping on a green wheat field, and selling ancestral agricultural land.
Taboos related to gender are: a boy sitting on the edge of the oven, and the women wearing white pants.
Other taboos include: pouring boiling water on the ground, pissing in water, farting, and picking nails.
By examining these cases, one can realize the behavior and some of the lifestyles of people in this region.
Conclusion
Based on the objective observations and face-to-face interviews with the people living in the Sarkovir region, the present study has studied the concept of taboo in oral culture. The study focused on a brief review of the concept of taboo, and then categorized it in the social life of inhabitants in the area. Accordingly, the types of taboos have been separated and discussed. The first general conclusion to be drawn is the discovery of cultural beauties and linguistic delicacies which is evident among one of the Iranian tribes. Due to their natural and inner taste, people in Sarkovir have realized that instead of words, phrases and themes of the taboo, they need to use some alternatives and euphemism. Moreover, through this research, the invisible but inseparable link between the Iranian subcultures and the ancient and deep-rooted rituals of the ancient humans can be explained and explored.
References
Afraz Borujeni, M. (2010). Investigating the content and linguistic structure of taboo words in some contemporary Persian stories. Master Thesis, Shahrekord University.
Avesta: The oldest Iranian songs and lyrics. (2007). Morvarid.
Freud, S. (1984). Totem and Taboo (translated into Farsi by Iraj Poorbaqer). Asia.
Gignoux, P. (2004).  ArdavirafName. Moin.
Rahimitalab, F. (2011). Recognition of totems and taboos in the legends of Gilan. Master Thesis, University of Guilan.
Sabzian, S., & Kazazi, J. (2010). Dictionary of literary theory and criticism. Morvarid
Tabatabayi, S. (216). Selected of Sarkavir proverbs (in Farsi). Hablerood.
Interviewees:
 MahPari Aghayan. 76 years old, illiterate, housewife.
Fateme Akbari, 77 years old, illiterate, housewife.
SeyedMirza Tabatabayi, 92 years old, illiterate, farmer.
Leila Tabatabayi, 79 years old, illiterate, housewife.

Kheir-Al-Nesa Mirzay. 69 years old, illiterate, housewife.

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Objective: As we are approaching the global eradication of wild poliovirus, laboratory surveillance of poliovirus by the gold standard cell culture method becomes increasingly important. As there is a lot of concern about accurate and sensitive detection of imported wild and Vaccine Derived Polioviruses (VDPVs) in Polio-Free countries, in this study we assessed and compared the sensitivity of the cell lines used in polio laboratory simultaneously to standard poliovirus and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) polioviruses, to ensure the accurate detection of circulating and imported polioviruses in the society. Materials and Methods: Cell sensitivity test was performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Polio Laboratory Manual for RD, L20B and Hep2 cell lines using 3 serotypes of standard monovalent and OPV polioviruses. The test was repeated every four passages for all cell lines. Results: The sensitivity of L20B and Hep2 cell lines for standard poliovirus type 1 and 2 is more than sensitivity for the same types of OPV virus but for poliovirus type 3 it is vice versa. Also RD cell line is more sensitive to all 3 types of OPV virus. In addition, the test showed that increasing the passage number will decrease the sensitivity of all cell lines. Conclusion: Using RD & L20B cell lines simultaneously (with low passage number) will assure us of sensitivity and accuracy of the cell lines for detection of circulating and imported polioviruses.

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Recently there has been much attention to use of natural ingredients instead of synthetic compounds as food additives, dye and drug. Red beets have Betacyanins, which is used as the color of ice cream, jams and canned fruits. Today, there is a growing demand for the development of more efficient and effective methods to extract the active ingredients contained in the plant material. The aim of this study is extracting from red beet by maceration and ultrasonic methods and comparison extracts features based on the extraction efficiency, the extraction rate of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin  pigment, total sugar and soluble solids. Extraction was performed using both ultrasound and maceration with water and ethanol and water - ethanol 1:1 as solvents. Results showed that extraction by ultrasound with water-ethanol has highest (62%) and extraction by maceration with ethanol has lowest (4.8%) efficiency. In Ultrasonic extraction method by water solvent obtained the maximum amount of Betacyanin and the lowest amount of Betacyanin was related to maceration method by ethanol. The amounts of extracted Betaxanthin have no significantly difference in methods and the difference is in the type of solvents, So that water and water - ethanol solvents by absorption of 1.389 and 1.329, respectively, extracted more Betaxanthin  in compared to ethanol with absorption of 0.3. Highest and lowest sugar levels were extracted by water (1.48M) and ethanol (1.146M) respectively. Ultrasound method also extracts more sugar (1.589M) compared to maceration extraction methods (0.994M). Overall, we can conclude that the use of ultrasound method for the extraction of red beet, is more appropriate due to more efficiency in less time. With this method, more pigments and sugar were extracted in compare with maceration method. Among the solvents that used in this study, water has extracted more Betacyanin, Betaxanthin and sugar from redbeet.  

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Mespilus germanica as a valuable medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Aim of this study, investigated effect of combination various ratio of solvents (Glycerin, Ethanol, Methanol and Water) on the efficiency of Mespilus extract by mixture optimal design. Numerical optimization was used to obtain the optimal formulation of solvent. At the end of the day, the antimicrobial effect of Mespilus extracts based on three methods (agar diffusion Method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) on the three microorganisms managing infectious diseases was investigated in vitro. In this study, investigated effect water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin on the five levels (0, 31.25, 83.33, 125,250 mm) on efficiency of Mespilusextracts by mixture optimal design. Diffusion agar test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration by microbroth dilution method was used to determination Susceptibility of bacterial isolate. The Result indicated that Scheffe polynomial model was highly significant for efficiency of Mespilusextracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively. The optimum condition has been found as following: glycerin (0 ml), water (23.7 ml), methanol (100.2ml) and ethanol (126.1 ml) respectively.  It’s worth to mention that there was no significant difference between experimental and predicted value in optimum condition. Mespilus extract was highly significant for reduce of Infectious bacteria. Mixture methodology based on the D-optimal design was able to statistical assessment extraction process with the minimum experiment.

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Fermentation is used for centuries to protect quality improvements or flavor modifications of cereals, fruits, vegetables, milk and meat. Yellow Zabol kashk (Sistani) is a grain-dairy fermented product, which is highly consumed in Sistan-Baluchistan province. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the Lactic Acid Bacteria involved in spontaneous fermentation of this product to introduce the native strains. These strains could be used in industry or some of them may be considered as probiotic strains. The cell morphology of each strain was investigated. Then gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates were selected. In order to classify 83 selected isolates that seemed Lactic Acid Bacteria according to preliminary experiments, physiological and biochemical tests, including growth at 10°C and 45°C, 6.5%  NaCl, pH=4.4 and pH=9.6, carbon dioxide production from Glucose and carbohydrates fermentation were performed. Twenty eight selected isolate identified genotypically based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the isolates belong to: Lactobacillus plantarum (24.09 %), Lactobacillus helveticus (13.25 %), Lactobacillus brevis (963 %), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (18.07 %), Lactococcus lactis (13.25 %), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (9.63 %), Leuconostoc citreum (2.40 %) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (9.63 %). To identify the bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria it is suggested using both culture and molecular-based method.

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the extracted (ES) and mechanical (MS) soybean meals two levels 25% and 35% in broiler chicken feeding. Three hundred and fifty two one-day-old unsexed Lohman chickens were placed in four treatments by 4 replicates and 22 chickens in each in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake was increased significantly in starter period by ES in comparison with MS. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved when 25% of ES was replaced by fish meal compared with 35% of ES in starter period. Body weight was significantly higher by 25% ES replaced by fish meal in comparison with 25 and 35% MS in grower period. Metabolizable energy was declined in all options (AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn) in MS than ES. Significant depressing in jejunum length was observed by 35% in the two types of soybean meal compared with 25% mechanical soybean meal replaced by fish meal in 14 days. In more details, villous length was lower by mechanical soybean meal in comparison with ES. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was significantly higher in 35% ES in comparison with 25% ES replaced by fish meal and 35% MS in 14 days. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was reduced remarkably by 35% mechanical soybean meal compared with 25% extracted soybean meal replaced by fish meal in starter period. Urease activity in extracted soybean meal (0.07) was lower than mechanical soybean meal (0.22). The results of this study have shown better performance by extracted soybean meal compared with mechanical soybean meal. In spite of this, less expensively processed mechanical soybean meal (MS) at 25% level replaced by fish meal could be more economical in broiler chicken feeding.

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River bank erosion causes damages to agricultural land, adjacent establishments and widening of river dimensions. Mass failure process of bank erosion is a factor to transport bulk of sediments followed by deposition in downstreams of a river system, which could be an important problem in river management. This research is to investigate internal erosion under different bank and floodplain slopes, By this means, a number of experiments were carried out in a model designed to simulate internal river bank erosion in the laboratory. In these experiments, the scour hole length, resulted from internal erosion and seepage discharge were measured under different hydraulic gradients. Results showed that bank slope plays an effective role in scour hole length and calculated Reynolds number in porous medium. As it was observed that the scour hole length and hydraulic gradient decrease with an increase in the bank slope and porous medium Reynolds number decreases with reduction in the hydraulic gradient.

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Nanotechnology has been shown to have promising roles in the development of various industries including the agricultural sector. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the researchers’ attitude and the obstacle hampering the development of nanotechnology in the agricultural sector of Iran. The population of this study consisted of researchers in national research centers/institutes (N= 187) during the biennium, 2009-2010. Proportional stratified random sampling was used for sample selection in the study (123). A questionnaire was developed and its validity was evaluated by a panel that consisted of the experts in the Nanotechnology Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Iran, and the faculty members of Tarbiat Modares University. A pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach Alpha coefficient was confirmed for the scales of the questionnaire (α= 0.92). The results of this study showed that the respondents’ attitude toward the significance of nanotechnology was in the range of adequate to excellent level (92%, accumulatively). On the other hand, among the 37 obstacle variables investigated, 5 factors were found to account for 69.89% of the variance of obstacle variables. These included budget hindrance, instructional difficulties, management problems, research problems, and relative-informative hardships.

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The linguistic phenomenon of differential object marking (DOM) has long been recognized as a basis for typological categorization of world languages in terms of how the direct object is case-marked. Yet, DOM in Farsi constitutes a source of contention among linguists. Some of them maintain that DOM actually exists in Farsi where they assert some types of the direct object are case-marked with “rā,” but, on the contrary, others give counterexamples for each instance to prove that is not the case. That is why some Iranian linguists have entirely abandoned the idea of DOM in Farsi and assigned “rā” a new functional role other than an object case-marker. By elucidating the theoretical bases of DOM in general, the present analytical review aims to apply a new approach to how “rā” is used in Farsi sentences with transitive verbs. The approach not only proposes explanations for the aforesaid counterexamples, but also attempts to restore its grammatical role as the case-marker of the direct object to “rā” by introducing a new viewpoint on DOM in Farsi. Thus, by establishing a grammatical role to “rā” as a marker of some kinds of direct objects, the present paper has attempted to redefine DOM in Persian. It is hoped that future corpus-based studies about the relative frequencies of “rā” occurrences in Persian sentences will lend evidential support to this theoretical approach.

1. Introduction
Differential object marking (DOM) is a linguistic phenomenon in over 300 world languages where the object of a verb can be either case-marked or unmarked, depending on a number of factors. These factors usually have something to do with the prominence of the object, that is, characteristics such as its definiteness, specificity and/or animacy. But regarding the Persian language, there have been widespread disputes among linguists about the occurrence of DOM in this language thus far. Some linguists have focused on the use of “rā” in Farsi, which sometimes comes after the direct object of a transitive verb and sometimes not, and claimed that only some direct objects are marked with “rā”, providing evidence for the occurrence of DOM in Farsi. For instance, it has been asserted that “rā” is associated only with definite and/or specific objects, and it does not necessarily come after the other types of objects. Other linguists, however, have promptly given counterexamples from Farsi to refute such claims as lacking comprehensiveness. The present paper attempts to answer the question whether it is possible to resolve all those counterexamples against the object-marking role of “rā” by presenting a new theoretical basis, restoring the grammatical role to “rā” in Persian sentences with transitive verbs. Thus, by applying a theoretical framework that was first used by Judith Aissen elsewhere, the present analytical review shows how it is possible to settle almost all the disputes over DOM in Farsi.
Therefore, as noted above, our main research question is as follows: Is it theoretically possible to restore to “rā” its grammatical role as the case-marker of some direct objects in Farsi, resolving the counterexamples given so far in order to disprove claims about the occurrence of DOM  in Farsi? Our hypothesis is that with the help of a theoretical framework applied otherwise by Aissen, it is possible to do that.

2. Literature Review
The fact that whether DOM actually occurs in Farsi has long been the subject of discussions among linguists. Comrie (1989, pp. 132-133) associated the direct object's markedness in Farsi with the definiteness, and claimed that the Persian direct object is marked with “rā” only if it is definite. However, this is a claim that many other linguists have disputed over (e.g. see: Browne, 1970; Dabir-Moghaddam, 1990; Lazard, 1982, 1984; Lambton, 1984; Karimi , 1989, 1990; Natal Khanlari, 1999; Shokouhi & Kipka, 2003; Peterson, 1974; Roberts, 2005; Rahimian & Hajiani, 2009; Rasekh Mahand, 2010; Sadeghi, 1999).

3. Methodology
The American linguist Judith Aissen has attempted (2003) to explain DOM using the “optimality theory,” based on the harmonious alignment of the grammatical relation between the subject and the object according to the dimensions of animacy and definiteness (see Fig. 1).

Figure 1
Relative Markedness on the Scales of Animacy and Definiteness: (a) Animacy Scale: Human > Animate > Inanimate; (b) Definiteness Scale: Personal Pronoun > Proper Name > Definite NP > Indefinite Specific NP > Non-Specific NP (Aissen, 2003).








4. Results

The purpose of tables and figures in documents is to enhance your the readers’ understanding of the information presented in the document. It is much lucid and efficient
According to Aissen, “It is those direct objects which are most in need of being distinguished from subjects that get overtly case-marked. This intuition is sometimes expressed as the idea that the function of DOM is to disambiguate subject from object” (Aissen, 2003, p. 437). In the present paper, the very theoretical framework is applied to the current issue of DOM in Farsi, though surprisingly Aissen's view of DOM in Farsi does not differ from a properly challenged view by Lazard in this regard (Aissen, 2003, pp. 468-471).  
As Aissen noted, the more prominent the direct object is, the more likely it is to be case-marked, because “the function of DOM is to disambiguate subject from object” (Aissen, 2003, p. 437). Accordingly, if the prominence of the object is so much that it is not possible to clearly distinguish the subject from the object, the object must be marked compulsorily, and when the prominence of the object is less than this limit, the object can be marked optionally, and, finally, if there is no ambiguity in distinguishing the subject from the object, there is no need to mark the object (see the Table 1).

Table 1
Differential Object Marking in Farsi, Based on the  Relative Prominence  of  Object/Subject: A definite object  with a definite subject (either specific or unspecific) must  be  marked with "rā" (the first column); An indefinite , specific object with an indefinite subject (either specific or unspecific) must  be  marked with "rā, but with a definite subject, it can  optionally be marked with "rā" (the second column);  An indefinite, unspecific object with an indefinite, unspecific subject  must  be  marked with "rā ", but with an indefinite, specific subject, it can optionally be  marked with "rā ", while with a  definite subject, it is used either  with  or  without "rā ", depending on its dimension of  animacy (the third column).




 
1. Introduction
Differential object marking (DOM) is a linguistic phenomenon in over 300 world languages where the object of a verb can be either case-marked or unmarked, depending on a number of factors. These factors usually have something to do with the prominence of the object, that is, characteristics such as its definiteness, specificity and/or animacy. But regarding the Persian language, there have been widespread disputes among linguists about the occurrence of DOM in this language thus far. Some linguists have focused on the use of “rā” in Farsi, which sometimes comes after the direct object of a transitive verb and sometimes not, and claimed that only some direct objects are marked with “rā”, providing evidence for the occurrence of DOM in Farsi. For instance, it has been asserted that “rā” is associated only with definite and/or specific objects, and it does not necessarily come after the other types of objects. Other linguists, however, have promptly given counterexamples from Farsi to refute such claims as lacking comprehensiveness. The present paper attempts to answer the question whether it is possible to resolve all those counterexamples against the object-marking role of “rā” by presenting a new theoretical basis, restoring the grammatical role to “rā” in Persian sentences with transitive verbs. Thus, by applying a theoretical framework that was first used by Judith Aissen elsewhere, the present analytical review shows how it is possible to settle almost all the disputes over DOM in Farsi.
Therefore, as noted above, our main research question is as follows: Is it theoretically possible to restore to “rā” its grammatical role as the case-marker of some direct objects in Farsi, resolving the counterexamples given so far in order to disprove claims about the occurrence of DOM  in Farsi? Our hypothesis is that with the help of a theoretical framework applied otherwise by Aissen, it is possible to do that.

2. Literature Review
The fact that whether DOM actually occurs in Farsi has long been the subject of discussions among linguists. Comrie (1989, pp. 132-133) associated the direct object's markedness in Farsi with the definiteness, and claimed that the Persian direct object is marked with “rā” only if it is definite. However, this is a claim that many other linguists have disputed over (e.g. see: Browne, 1970; Dabir-Moghaddam, 1990; Lazard, 1982, 1984; Lambton, 1984; Karimi , 1989, 1990; Natal Khanlari, 1999; Shokouhi & Kipka, 2003; Peterson, 1974; Roberts, 2005; Rahimian & Hajiani, 2009; Rasekh Mahand, 2010; Sadeghi, 1999).

3. Methodology
The American linguist Judith Aissen has attempted (2003) to explain DOM using the “optimality theory,” based on the harmonious alignment of the grammatical relation between the subject and the object according to the dimensions of animacy and definiteness (see Fig. 1).

Figure 1
Relative Markedness on the Scales of Animacy and Definiteness: (a) Animacy Scale: Human > Animate > Inanimate; (b) Definiteness Scale: Personal Pronoun > Proper Name > Definite NP > Indefinite Specific NP > Non-Specific NP (Aissen, 2003).








4. Results

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According to Aissen, “It is those direct objects which are most in need of being distinguished from subjects that get overtly case-marked. This intuition is sometimes expressed as the idea that the function of DOM is to disambiguate subject from object” (Aissen, 2003, p. 437). In the present paper, the very theoretical framework is applied to the current issue of DOM in Farsi, though surprisingly Aissen's view of DOM in Farsi does not differ from a properly challenged view by Lazard in this regard (Aissen, 2003, pp. 468-471).  
As Aissen noted, the more prominent the direct object is, the more likely it is to be case-marked, because “the function of DOM is to disambiguate subject from object” (Aissen, 2003, p. 437). Accordingly, if the prominence of the object is so much that it is not possible to clearly distinguish the subject from the object, the object must be marked compulsorily, and when the prominence of the object is less than this limit, the object can be marked optionally, and, finally, if there is no ambiguity in distinguishing the subject from the object, there is no need to mark the object (see the Table 1).

Table 1
Differential Object Marking in Farsi, Based on the  Relative Prominence  of  Object/Subject: A definite object  with a definite subject (either specific or unspecific) must  be  marked with "rā" (the first column); An indefinite , specific object with an indefinite subject (either specific or unspecific) must  be  marked with "rā, but with a definite subject, it can  optionally be marked with "rā" (the second column);  An indefinite, unspecific object with an indefinite, unspecific subject  must  be  marked with "rā ", but with an indefinite, specific subject, it can optionally be  marked with "rā ", while with a  definite subject, it is used either  with  or  without "rā ", depending on its dimension of  animacy (the third column).

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