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Smallholder farmers in northern Punjab struggle to adopt sustainable practices like essential oil extraction, despite their potential to improve livelihoods. Core elements from theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and innovation diffusion theory are amalgamated to develop an adoption model, which is subsequently analyzed using structural equation model. The results unveil significant mediating effects involving attitudes (perceived usefulness, easiness), normative concerns (social influence), and indicating maximum variation (R²) regarding by-product preparation (0.76) and steam distillation (0.65). The model successfully accounts moderating effects of socioeconomic variables, indicating a robust association among latent variables. Hence, improving the adoption behavior among smallholders necessitates a focus on socio-psychological and socioeconomic factors.

 

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The diallel cross design is frequently utilized to obtain information on genetic effects, estimates of General and Specific Combining Ability (GCA and SCA) and to identify promising heterotic combinations as well as heterotic patterns. In the present study, heterotic crosses were identified for specific alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) following Yan’s GGE Biplot model by use of 5×5 full diallel data. The results obtained through biplot analysis were compared with those obtained through Griffing’s to check and confirm the accuracy of Yan’s GGE biplot model. Parents A (papline), B (NB5KR40-7/2-3), and E (58/1) were identified as good general combiners. The crosses B×C, B×E and E×B for morphine, C×D and C×E for narcotine, and A×B, A×C and A×E were identified as heterotic combinations. None of the crosses were found heterotic for codeine and thebaine.