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The Quranic word "raht" is associated with two semantic domains: kinship and community, and it encompasses various meanings. The present study seeks to address the issue of why the word "raht" has multiple meanings and what its primary meaning is. Commentators and linguists have not provided any answer to this issue. These meanings are believed to have originated from potential twin roots in the Afroasiatic language family and the reasons behind the polysemy of this word by examining the processes of semantic construction of the word, along with its usages in Arab culture. This will be achieved by utilizing historical sources and then analyzing the word in the context of relevant Quranic verses, using a descriptive-analytical method. In the end, it has been established that the origins of this word can be traced back to two possible root meanings in ancient languages, one related to "combining" and "hand" and the other associated with "digging." These meanings have evolved over time and have shaped the various interpretations of the word. The association of common concepts of "group" and "collective" in classical Arabic and genealogy texts is derived from the concurrent meanings of "combination" and "symbol of the hand" in one branch of the word's historical roots and Considering the historical and cultural context of this word and its usage in the context of Quranic verses, it becomes clear that "Raht" is the smallest group within a tribe, often associated with unity and cooperation in facing or dealing with turmoil and challenges.

 

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A 12-week feeding trial was carried out in 500 L fiberglass tanks  to evaluate the effect of dietary choline at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg ^-1 levels on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Acipenser baerii (37.67±0.67 g). A semi purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Four isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg^-1) diets were prepared and fed to the fish three times daily to apparent satiation. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline (p<0.05). The best growth performance was observed in fish fed diets containing 2 and 8 g kg ^-1 choline (p<0.05). Fish fed with 2 and 4 g kg ^-1 choline showed higher lipid content compared with the control diet (p<0.05), but not significantly different in body protein (p>0.05). Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results, we recommend adding a 1.5 gkg^-1 choline to commercial diet of juvenile Acipenser baerii.

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One of the noticeable of the presence of women in folklore literature stories and formal literature stories, specially in love stories which almost illustrates positive and awe_ inspiring visage of elderly women is the character of DAYA (wet nurse). DAYA who her fundamental function is lactating and nurturing adopted infants in their childhood, sometimes in stories perform even more mothers for challenging situations in their adolescence. In addition to this, sometimes DAYA appearance as leaders or someone who aids the main characters of the stories by their experience of resolving problems. Some of the most important performances of DAYA in stories include: the intervention between lover and beloved, aiding the lover and beloved in their alliance, courage and helping warriors and AYYARAN, socio-political activities and saving adopted children’s life. On the other hand, sometimes we face procurer who perform noticeable roles in misogyny stories and demonstrate the negative visage of women, versus the positive character of wet nurses particularly in formal stories. In this research we will verify the roles and activities of wet nurses in some book namely: Samak-e Ayyar‚ Darab Name‚ Firuz-Shah Name, Jami ul-Hikayat; Sindbad Name‚ Tuti Name. . the main purpose of this research is illuminating one of the aspect of women’s characteristics in folklore literature and its reflection on literary letter which is culturally important.

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Rural development is considered as a requirement for today's society and several factors play a role in it that lead to the success in rural development. Based on this, local managers’ necessary skills to manage rural affairs are one of the most important issues for managers in rural areas. Management skills are necessary for the successful performance of managers at different levels. Therefore, local rural managers with management skills can guide rural management towards new goals of sustainable development and in this way transform the village from a backward environment to a vibrant and developed environment. In spite of the management components and management skills, the most important element that shows itself in this is the element of skill in managing a lively rural environment.
Theoretical discussion
Amazement is defined as the process of effective and efficient use of material and human resources in planning, organizing, mobilizing resources and facilities, directing and controlling to achieve managerial and organizational goals and based on the accepted value system and criteria. In all activities, managers benefit from skills that are called management skills. The subject of management skills is one of the issues that have been of interest since the beginning of the development of management until today, and many views have been raised in this field. Management skills are skills that enable a person to move the components of a set in order to move all the components towards the set goals. Therefore, according to the definition, skill refers to a person's developable abilities that are reflected in his performance and performance of duties. Therefore, the meaning of skill is the ability to effectively use personal knowledge and experience.
Discussion
Pearson's correlation test was used to prove the existence of a relationship between the variables measuring the management skills of rural managers with the five dimensions of management skills. A significant relationship can be seen at the 99% level between the influential variables in measuring the management skills of rural managers and the five dimensions of management skills, which indicates the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. This means that the more the rural managers with the management skills measurement variables (average age, gender, management experience, education level), the more successful in having the five management skills and applying them in the rural development process.
Conclusions
According to the analysis of the research findings, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of management skills. Also, the results of the Friedman test showed that the share of social skills with an average of 4.21 compared to other skills is higher than the studied villages, which shows the relationship and social bond as well as the skills of dealing with the villagers among the studied villages. Political, technical, human and perceptual skills were ranked last with an average 2.21, which is a sign of poor understanding of the concept and frameworks of development in the studied villages by local managers. Also, the results of the t-test of two independent samples were used to compare the management skills between two groups of local managers (Shura-Dahyar) and showed that the average of the two groups of local managers has no difference in having management skills (no difference in the mean). In fact, the two groups of local managers (Shura-Dehyar) have the same management skills among the studied villages. Also, Spearman's correlation test was used to prove the significance of the relationship between the variables measuring the availability of rural managers and the five dimensions of management skills, and the significance of the relationship was visible in all dimensions of management skills. Finally, the results of the Vaikor decision-making model with the aim of prioritizing the studied villages in terms of management skills showed that Kooh Abad village was ranked first and Farman Abad village was ranked last.

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The concept of determinism has been studied in Hafiz poetry by many scholars. Some considered determinism, like many other concepts, as a means for literary creation, some viewed it as a justification for astute utterances, while others regarded it as the outcome of Hafiz’ own deterministic views. Though the first two accounts seem accurate, the third one seems imprecise. His literary creation style and worldview, indicative of his free will and open-mindedness, which was manifested in his poems, coupled with the inherent paradox between determinism and reformism, makes it hard to presuppose a relation between determinism and Hafiz’ worldview.
By employing an academic and methodological approach, while recognizing different interpretations, one can gain an understanding, which is closely related to Hafiz’ worldview, of deterministic propositions in his poetry. Following this approach, one should refrain from forming arguments on the basis of single verses. Therefore, the current paper has attempted to analyze deterministic propositions in Hafiz poems by applying Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe theory. Moreover, based on CDA’s presuppositions, language plays a major role in forming understandings and its means is not always clear. Hence, the paper was aimed at indicating that Hafiz’ use of deterministic propositions can be interpreted not as an indication of his worldview but as a method and medium to expand the discourse of astuteness and, at the same time, to undermine the hegemony of ascetic discourse, which had dominated the cultural atmosphere of Iran for centuries.
 

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Time preference and intertemporal behavior are of basic importance in theoretical and applied studies of decision-making and economic analysis. Present-bias induces individuals to postpone their savings and makes the saving level less than its optimal level. This article studies the present-biased and time preferences in intertemporal consumption-saving behavior among selected students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. It examines the effect of interest rate on intertemporal decision-making and tests the impacts of individual factors such as past experiences, gender and consumption expenditure on present-bias. Hence, after reviewing the theoretical basics, the parameters of individual present-biased and time preferences have been estimated by “multiple price list” and “convex time budget” methods. In this experiment, participants were faced with different decision-making situations along with changes in interest rates. The results of experiment show that participants are generally present-biased in their intertemporal behavior. In addition, individuals exhibit more present bias in “multiple price list” method than “convex time budget” method.  While interest rate is an influential factor in intertemporal decision-making, but the intertemporal behavior of students is influenced by their past experiences. There is no significant relationship between gender and present bias. Furthermore, consumption expenditure was independent of present bias.

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The aqueous solution of xanthan gum has high viscosity and pseudoplastic behavior. This research aimed to analyze the effect of microwave pretreatment at different time intervals (0, 1, 2, and 3 min) on the viscosity and rheological behavior of xanthan gum solution. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of xanthan gum solution (untreated solution) reduced from 0.177 Pa.s to 0.036 Pa.s with increasing shear-rate from 12.2 s^-1 to 171.2 s^-1. Also, the apparent viscosity of xanthan gum solution reduced from 0.070 Pa.s to 0.046 Pa.s with increasing the microwave pretreatment time from 0 to 3 min (shear-rate=61.2 s^-1). The flow behavior of all samples was successfully modeled with Power law, Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, and Casson models, and the Herschel-Bulkley model was selected as the better model to describe the flow behavior of xanthan gum solutions. The Herschel-Bulkley model had an acceptable performance with the maximum correlation coefficient (r) (higher than 0.9032) and the minimum sum of squared error (SSE) (lower than 0.7165) and root mean square error (RMSE) (lower than 0.2552). The yield stress and consistency coefficient (Herschel-Bulkley model) of xanthan gum solution increased from 0.095 Pa to 0.450 Pa, and from 0.659 Pa.sⁿ to 0.811 Pa.sⁿ, with increasing microwave pretreatment time from 0 to 3 min, respectively. The flow behavior index (Herschel-Bulkley model) of xanthan gum solutions decreased from 0.440 to 0.328 while the duration of microwave treatment increased.