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In the current research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the phonological and morphological changes of Persian loanwords in the process of localization, as well as the influence and impact of the Persian language on the Ottoman Turkish language, have been studied. For this purpose, by referring to all the dictionaries, the dictionary of definitions and allusions, thematic dictionaries and encyclopedias that were written during the period of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, the data required for this research, which were about 6000 Persian loanwords, were collected and examined. In this research, using Excel software and with the help of computer, the percentage and frequency of occurrence of common processes in the field of phonology and morphology have been determined. The results of the research show that among phonetic and phonological processes including vowel harmony, phonetic over differentiation, assimilation, metathesis, insertion, omitition, lenition, and weakening; Vowel harmony, which is one of the prominent features of Turkish as an agglutinating language, has the highest frequency. In the morphological field where the processes of composition and derivation were examined, derivation has the most frequency. Despite the different typological characteristics of the Persian and Turkish languages, the relationship between these two languages ​​has been extensive and its consequences have been remarkably one-sided, the consequence of which is the existence of many Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language.
 

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Soil stabilization techniques have traditionally relied on cement or lime, yet there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding the mechanical behavior of soil treated with innovative materials. Addressing this gap, this study delves into the mechanical properties of soil stabilized with polyurethane (PU) foam, nano-silica, and basalt fiber. Through rigorous experimentation, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and direct shear tests were conducted on reconstituted silica and calcareous samples, each treated with various combinations of these additives. A comprehensive examination of parameters such as additive content and curing time was undertaken to elucidate their effects. The results unveiled a noteworthy enhancement in UCS and shear strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle) with the incorporation of PU foam, nano-silica, or their amalgamation with fiber. Particularly striking was the superior performance observed with the combination of PU and basalt fiber, showcasing remarkable improvements in the mechanical behavior of both silica and calcareous sand, especially when considering shorter curing times. The synergistic effects of PU and basalt fiber proved instrumental in fortifying the soil's structural integrity against environmental challenges. Furthermore, it was consistently observed that calcareous samples exhibited elevated UCS, and shear strength values compared to their silica counterparts. This discrepancy underscores the inherent differences in mechanical behavior between these two types of sand, highlighting the need for tailored stabilization approaches. Moreover, the investigation delved into the failure patterns and microstructural changes within the stabilized samples, employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for detailed analysis. This microscopic examination offered valuable insights into the efficacy of the stabilizing agents and their impact on the soil's mechanical properties. For instance, SEM imaging revealed significant bonding in fiber-reinforced samples, indicating enhanced load transfer mechanisms. Similarly, the presence of clusters of nano-silica particles adhering to sand particles showcased an improved cohesion within the stabilized soil. PU-stabilized samples, on the other hand, exhibited a cohesive layer enveloping sand particle, thereby enhancing interparticle connectivity and overall stability. The superior performance of PU over nano-silica was underscored by its ability to create a more cohesive matrix and foster stronger interparticle bonds, as evidenced by the SEM analysis. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the potential of innovative stabilization materials such as PU foam, nano-silica, and basalt fiber in bolstering the mechanical properties of soil. The findings not only offer valuable insights into the efficacy of these additives but also pave the way for the development of tailored soil stabilization techniques geared towards enhancing infrastructure resilience and sustainability.
 

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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
     In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
     The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
 
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency

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  Background: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies tremendously in different parts of the world. This study reviews the percentage and molecular diagnosis of Hepatitis C in the persons from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan that visited to a particular laboratory.   Methods : The method includes the diagnostic procedure steps by Real Time PCR. A Total numbers of 1050 Persons were screened during four months i.e. January-April, 2014. The collected data was evaluated for prevalence rate, age wise prevalence, gender wise prevalence and comparison of RT-PCR and ICT. Results : Overall percentage was 64.85 which is an overestimation of a true prevalence because of the specific sampling method applied to current study. Middle age persons were more affected. The percentage was higher in male (56.9) as compared to female (43.02). The RT-PCR diagnostic test was found to be more sensitive for the detection of HCV comparative to ICT. Conclusion : It is recommended that government should establish such laboratories equipped with RT-PCR for timely and accurate detection of HCV. Moreover, awareness programs are required to decrease the burden of HCV in the Pakistani population.

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The ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is one of the most important natural enemies of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The effects of hexaflumuron and spirodiclofen were investigated on development and carbohydrates and total lipid contents of 4^th instar larvae of H. variegata. The insecticides had significant effects on the mortality of eggs, but no significant effects on mortality of larvae or pupae. Hexaflumuron significantly increased the length of development of eggs (2.89 days) and first instar larvae (3.28 days), but had no significant effects on other instars or pupae. Spirodiclofen had no significant effects on developmental stages of H. variegata. Glycogen content was significantly reduced by spirodiclofen (17.42 mg/g fresh body weight) and hexaflumuron (16.07 mg/g fresh body weight). Trehalose content in hexaflumuron (1.89 mg/g fresh body weight) and spirodiclofen-treated larvae (2.02 mg/g fresh body weight) was significantly lower than control (8.01 mg/g fresh body weight). Glucose content in spirodiclofen-treated larvae (0.96 mg/g fresh body weight) was significantly higher than in hexaflumuron-treated larvae (0.24 mg/g fresh body weight) and control (0.15 mg/g fresh body weight). Significant reduction in the amount of lipid was observed in spirodiclofen-treated larvae (5.29 mg/g fresh body weight), but not in hexaflumuron-treated larvae (7.11 mg/g fresh body weight). These results suggest that substantial physiological events in the life of larvae are affected in response to the action of the tested insecticides.  

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The effect of two insecticides, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen, were investigated on some biological parameters of ladybird beetle Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory condition. Theladybird beetle were exposed to insecticides by ingestion of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (prey). For imidacloprid, maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) (1/1 MFRC = 140 ppm), 1/2 and 1/4 MFRC were tested. For pyriproxyfen dilutions of 1/1 MFRC (50 ppm), 2/1 and 1/2 MFRC were used after 24 h. The 100% mortality was observed with imidacloprid in all tested concentrations, whereas no mortality was observed by pyriproxyfen even at the highest concentration (2/1 MFRC). Because of the high mortality observed with imidacloprid, lower concentrations of 1/10, 1/20 and 1/40 MFRC were tested and all predators were killed 3, 7 and 10 days after treatment, respectively. At 1/100 MFRC, no eggs were laid but prey consumption was continued for two weeks. At 1/1 and 2/1 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, ingestion of prey was reduced by 18% and 23%, respectively. At 1/1 and 1/2 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, fecundity and fertility of the coccinellid predator was decreased to 43% and 24.5%, respectively. Imidacloprid at 1/100 MFRC caused significant reduction on fecundity but had no detrimental effect on fertility of the produced eggs. Therefore, unlike the pyriproxyfen that had not acute toxicity, the imidacloprid was extremely toxic to coccinellid at MFRC. However, pyriproxyfen was able to affect on feeding ratio and reproduction of M. sexmaculatus.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of cardamom essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae species.
Materials & Methods: The chemical compositions of cardamom essential oil were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device. Cardamom essential oil antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and its total phenolic compounds (TPC) were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cardamom essential oil were determined using the serial-dilution method.
Findings: According to the GC-MS analysis results, 17 compounds were totally identified in cardamom essential oil, among which the most important compounds were 1, 8-cineole (36.74%) and α-terpinyl acetate (33.07%). MICs obtained for S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae were 12.50, 25.00, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Also, MBC obtained for both S. aureus and E. coli was 25 mg/mL, while MBC for S. cerevisiae was 3.36 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity measurement results showed that increasing the amount of cardamom essential oil reduced the amount of color and absorbance of DPPH solution to 517 nm. The results also showed that the amount of TPC in cardamom essential oil was 214.35 mg gallic acid per 100 g of dry material.
Conclusion: Cardamom essential oil used in this study showed antibacterial and anti-yeast activities against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae species. Antimicrobial effects of cardamom essential oil were predictable due to the presence of antimicrobial components in this oil.

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The process of language change is an inseparable feature of the inherent nature of every language. This change is so slow and delicate that it will be tangible for the native speakers only after a long time and in comparison with the past. A diachronic outlook of the language is especially beneficial here. The present research seeks to examine the transition process of (negative or positive) semantic prosody of some presently neutral Persian verb compounds into connotation. To this end, different researches on semantic prosody, connotation and their transformation in different languages and especially in English are reviewed and the same trend is traced in some verb compounds in Persian. Two corpora from two different historical periods (12th century and modern Persian) of language data were compiled and the semantic prosody of seven verb compound was established in the two. The results show that the semantic prosody of some of these compounds have changed from positive to negative over time and this negative semantic prosody in some of the compounds especially mojeb shodan (cause) is changing to negative connotation.

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Males of the subgenus Eofoersteria Mathot (Hym., Mymaridae, Camptoptera Foerster) are diagnosed, described, and illustrated for the first time, based on examination of specimens from Tamil Nadu and from photographs of the male paratype of Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao from Karnataka. New distributional records of C. (Eofoersteria) manipurensis (Rehmat & Anis) from Karnataka and Kerala states of India are documented.

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The Indian species of Omphale Haliday are discussed. Seven species are included, of which four species O. akhtari Jamali & Zeya sp. nov., O. ecola Jamali & Zeya sp. nov., O. kamili Jamali & Zeya sp. nov. and O. litera Jamali & Zeya sp. nov. are described and illustrated. One species O. appannai (Kurian) is transferred to Omphale Haliday from Chrysonotomyia Ashmead. Diagnostic characters are presented for O. stonia Narendran & O. calicuti Narendran. An identification key to Indian species is also provided.

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Three genera are recorded for the first time in Saudi Arabia: Alaptus Westwood, Anagrus Haliday, and Polynema Haliday. A new species, Erythmelus (Erythmelus) irba sp. nov. Zeya & Anwar & Ahmad is described. Four known species are recorded for the first time: Erythmelus (E.) flavovarius (Walker), Erythmelus (Parallelaptera) rex (Girault), Polynema (Polynema) brevicarinae Annecke & Doutt and Stephanodes reduvioli (Perkins).

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This study aims to consider ghazal/sonnet from conceptual metaphor perspective (Lakoff, 1980). The corpus used in the study contains 24 poems (189 couplets) in Persian, Azerbaijani Turkish and English. The results of the paper show that the most frequent target domain in ghazal is “love”. Moreover, central conceptual metaphors in “love” are: A) in Persian: LOVE IS JOURNEY, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS TIE, LOVE IS FIRE, LOVE IS AWAKENING, LOVE IS DEAL. B) in Azerbaijani Turkish: LOVE IS OPPRESSION, LOVE IS WAITING, LOVE IS TURNING/TAWAF, LOVE IS SPRING, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS SERMON. C) in English: LOVE IS LIVE, LOVE IS UNSTABLE, LOVE IS PARADOX. This study also confirms that linguistic form has a direct influence on conceptual metaphor occurrence in ghazal. According to the findings of the current paper, the central conceptual metaphor plays a key role in versification. That is, central conceptual metaphor in ghazal seems to be the stimulus to the poet.

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The present research was performed to evaluate the bioactivity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) and Melia azedarach L. extracts against three major stored grain insect pests including Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Trogoderma granarium Everts, and Sitophilus granaries (L.). Toxicity and enzyme inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-carboxylesterase (α-CE), β-carboxylesterase (β-CE), acid phosphatases (ACP) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) in three insect species induced by both plant extracts were evaluated at four different dose rates viz., 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Results showed maximum mortality (34.29%) in S. granarius with M. azedarach at maximum interaction of time and dilution level. In T. castaneum and T. granarium maximum recorded values for mortality were 30.87% and 18.95%, respectively, with extract of M. azedarach. Plant extract of C. colocynthis reported a maximum mortality of 21.92%, 19.18% and 16.89% in T. castaneum, S. granarius and T. granarium, respectively. Findings proved that both plant extracts had decent lethal impacts on tested insect species. Exposure of studied insects to plants extracts also resulted in significant inhibition of AChE, α-CE, β-CE, ACP and ALP. All tested enzymes in three insects were maximally inhibited by plant extract of M. azedarach except α-CE which was slightly more inhibited in S. granarius and ACP which was highly inhibited in T. granarium and S. granarius, by plant extract of C. colocynthis. Outcomes exhibit that plant based extract of M. azedarach is more pronounced in stored grain insect pests and propose the capability of using these plant extracts for safety of stored commodities as a safe substitute for insecticides.

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In Pahlavi II period, Iranian cinema flourished and domestic cinematographic films rose. Until then, there were many Indian, Arabic and Western films. With regard to the manner of the community and the sale of the film, the process of producing Iranian films went to "film Farsi". It was made at a low level for the general public. an audience that was the result of incomplete economic reforms, cultural and social changes, and the transformation of society into modernity unfinished. In the 1970s, critical films were also made about the situation of the community. Movies like Secrets of the Jenny valley treasure (1973) Ebrahim Golestan, Tangsir (1974) Amir Nadri, Rock trip (1976) Masud Kimiai. in this research, with a content analysis approach, Three sample films, from critical films in the 1970s were reviewed. selected critical films since the 1970s, the critique of modernization, the conflict between tradition and modernity, crisis and identity conflicts reflecting these conflicts in the form of Islamism and inviting and provoking popular upheaval against oppression. The content and elements of storytelling and illustration in these films, as if the incidents of social uprising and rebellion were anticipated before the Islamic Revolution, was predicted.

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  Abstract:   Scouring is one of the main causes of failures of bridges and piles in rivers and marine environment. So the estimation of scour depth around bridge piers and piles is of great importance. On the other hand, since the scour depth properties should be considered in designs by the designers, the importance of acceptable accuracy to estimate the scour depth properties will be quite highlighted. Regarding the importance of scouring investigation, there are several empirical formulas that have been presented by researchers but acceptable results have not been provided yet. Considering the fact that the prediction of scour depth around a pile is complicated and is affected by sediment characteristics and sediment transport mechanism, current properties and pile geometries, new approaches other than empirical ones are being sought by researches. Recently alternative methods like data mining approaches have been widely applied to simulate complicated problems. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as a famous data mining approach has been successfully used to estimate the scour properties around a pile. However, performances of Support Vector Machines (SVM) as another type of data mining approach are not explored yet. SVM has been recently applied in fields of particle identification, face identification, text categorization and bioinformatics. In this study SVM is applied to estimate the scour depth around a pile and the results are compared with those of the ANN by MLP network with one hidden layer and back propagation training algorithm. Performances of all methods are tested by experimental data sets and the results are compared using statistical measures. Results of statistical measures of verification stage indicate that SVM provides a better estimation of scour depth than ANN and empirical formulae. They also indicate that data mining approaches provide better prediction than empirical approaches.

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Abstract

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The effect of the addition of various gelatin with different gel strength and changes in total solid non-fat on physicochemical and textural properties of non-fat yogurt evaluated, and addition of  high bloom (HBG) and low bloom (LBG) gelatin in different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%)  impacts on textural properties of yogurt compared. According the results during gel formation and after that, gelatin interacted with milk casein network, as basis of the yogurt gel structure and revival water bands, thereupon plummet syneresis dramatically specially in samples with higher gelatin amount. On the other hand textural properties such as gel firmness of yogurt hardly affected by gelatin and SNF content; and samples contain 12.5% SNF and 1% HLB had firmest gel. Also, viscosity increased with addition of gelatin and solid nonfat. This feature can reduce the deficiencies of fat removed  

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Iran is the fourth main producer of kiwi fruit in the world but the post-harvest wastage of this valuable fruit is considerable. On the other hand, the microalgae are natural and extraordinary nutritional sources that can be used in the production of functional food. The purpose of this study was the formulation of an innovative product of kiwifruit with high durability and its enrichment with Spirulina platensis algae and investigation of some of physicochemical and sensory properties of this product. In this study, the effects of different levels of Spirulina Platensis micro-algae in four levels (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%), agar hydrocolloids in three levels (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) and guar in three levels (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) on water activity, textural feature and color parameters of kiwi puree- based fruit pastille were studied and the best formulation been selected considering total acceptance and nutritional characteristics including vitamin C, total ash, protein, fat, fiber and iron and calcium content. The results showed that three variable (Spirulina Platensis, agar and guar) significant  effect on water activity. Additionaly, the results of coliremetre using Image processing techniques showed that the effects of agar and guar on "a*", "l*" and "b*" were not significant but Spirulina has a significant effect on color parameters on fruit pastilles. Texture analysis showed that agar and spirulina changed gumminess of the samples significantly. According to the sensory analysis, the 0.25% Spirulina, 0.25% agar and 1% guar obtained the highest score of total acceptance.  

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In this research, the modeling with Artificial neural network and Multilayer – Perceptron were used in order to evaluate the zeolite and citric acid's usage in reducing of Aflatoxin's production in stale dry breads across the Mashhad. Since, the stale breads are the main sources of the livestocks's feeding, and because of the availability of proper environmental conditions for growing molds, these breads are severely contaminated by mycotoxin and especially Aflatoxin, and this make some anxieties about the human being and animal's life. So, the foodstuff's contamination by mycotoxin, should be controlled accurately through the food chain. The results have shown that modelling with ANN is a suitable method especially in food industries, and also the addition of zeolite as compared with Citric Acid, cause the َAflatoxin to reduce more. In this manner, the interaction of zeolite and citric acid caused the Aflatoxin to decrease more, than when zeolite or citric acid are being used alone. Based on these results, Artificial neural network model for zeolite with one hidden layer, hyperbolic tangent function as the transfer function, Levenberg-Marquardt method as the learning rule, 3 hidden neurons, %60 for training subset and %20 for each of validation and test subsets with the correlation coefficient 0/973 had the best overfiting. The modeling results indicate that there is an excellent compatibility between the experimental and predicted values of Aflatoxins.  

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In this research stirred yoghurt prepared by addition of three sources of omega-3s; encapsulated fish oil, flaxseed oil and mixtures of the two oils at four levels (0, 650, 1625 & 3250 mg/1000 ml) and two addition step (after heating and after incubation step). Experiments were carried out in three replicates and a completely randomized factorial design was used for statistical analysis. Oxidative stability and fatty acid profiles were determined during the first, tenth and twentieth of storage time. The peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid values of enriched yoghurt with fish oil and enriched yoghurts after heat treatment are significantly highest. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega3 of enriched yoghurt with flaxseed oil is significantly higher than other samples. Therefore, it could be achieve the stirred yoghurt with higher oxidative stability by enrichment with flaxseed oil after heat treatment.