The aims of this study were the optimization and fabrication of a biodegradable film with suitable mechanical and physical properties and also the production of a biodegradable indicator based on curcumin to detect the fish spoilage. In order to fabrication of the biodegradable packaging, the effect of different concentrations of glycerol (30, 50 and 70%) on the physicomechanical properties of films was examined. The results showed, increasing glycerol concentration led to increase of the thickness, water absorption, solubility and elongation at beak of the films, while density and tensile strength of the films showed a decreasing trend. The result of microbial test revealed that curcumin-loaded film had a good antimicrobial effect against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The variation of color of the films was monitored in contacting with fish during storage time. Overall, it was observed that the developed intelligent films could effectively detect the spoilage of films.

The Kurdish horse is one of the most valuable and original pure genetic reserves in Iran. According to historical evidence, this breed dates back to more than 2,500 years ago. In this population, genetic variations were analyzed using 17 microsatellite markers recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). Genomic DNAs were extracted from the hair roots of 761 Kurdish horses. DNA fragments were amplified by multiplex PCR reaction using fluorescently labeled primers, and determined by capillary electrophoresis. Average number of alleles per locus was 4.29 (from 6 alleles in HTG7 to 17 alleles in ASB17). The mean value of the observed heterozygosity was 0.721, ranging from 0.491 (HTG7) to 0.838 (VHL20), while expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.523 (HTG7) to 0.839 (VHL20) with a mean of 0.752. The PIC value was from 0.708 (HMS6) to 0.856 (ASB17) with a mean of 0.782. The inbreeding coefficient ranged from -0.012 (ASB2) to 0.183 (HTG6) with a mean of 0.040. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P< 0.05) was found in 11 loci. The total exclusion probability of the 17 microsatellite loci was 0.9999. Kurdish horse revealed bottleneck event under two models of microsatellite evolution for sign and standardized differences for Infinite Alleles Model (IAM) and Stepwise Mutation Model (SMM). Based on this study, the effectiveness of 17 microsatellite markers for parentage verification and assignment test of Kurdish horse is confirmed. These results may facilitate conservation programs for the studied breeds and raise preserve their genetic variation.