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One of the very consequences of language contacts is the presence of loanwords in a language. A great number of linguistic researches have focused on loanword studies through sociolinguistic approaches. In case of literary texts, the frequent and conscious use of loanwords reflects the style and the implicated purposes of the author which must definitely be transferred in translation. The present study aims to investigate the role of loanwords in literary texts, and their representations in translations. To this end, 148 loanwords were extracted from the American novel, Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, then their representations in the Persian translation were studied considering three variables: the donor language, the semantic fields of loanwords and the translation strategies. The results revealed that ‘equivalence’ and ‘definition’ were the priorities of the translator among the translation strategies, and this has led to lose some cultural aspects of the literary text in translation.

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Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is one of the most noteworthy sub-fields of Translation Studies. The current qualitative descriptive study applied House's (1997) model, which is based on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory, to investigate the quality of Farsi translations of Salinger’s Franny and Zooey translated by Milad Zakaria and Omid Nikfarjam. As House has suggested, translations are categorized into covert and overt ones. An overt translation, in contrast to covert translation which is domesticated toward target language, is one that must overtly be a translation with probable unfamiliar cultural elements. House claims that overt translation is preferred for culture-oriented texts, particularly literary ones. By applying Houses’s model, the present study aims to investigate the way in which the function of literary text is represented in target language system. To this end, selected segments of the corpus were compared and contrasted to their Persian equivalences in two mentioned translations. The findings of this research revealed that although both translations tended to familiarize the text to the translation audiences, Milad Zakaria’s translation was more overt compared with the translation by Omid Nikfarjam. Therefore, it can be claimed that the first translation is functionally more adequate compared to the second one in preserving the “function” of source text in target language.

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Applying pictorial illustrations aids the lexicographer in defining lemmas and clarifying the meaning of entries. The present study, based on Stein's (1991) categories, looks at the inclusion of pictorial illustrations in three Persian monolingual dictionaries, including Amid Persian Dictionary, Moein Persian dictionary, and Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary, intending to define a syntactic-semantic typology of pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries. This corpus based analytic survey is done to answer which items are mostly illustrated, considering the semantic field and the part of speech of illustrated lemmas, as well as study visual characteristics of pictures and their place of insertion. The other purpose of this paper is to investigate which methods can improve the efficiency of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries. The results of this survey indicate that domestic and contextualized pictures along with a proper reference to their headwords can enhance the communicative function of Persian monolingual dictionaries. It is also revealed that the co-reference of illustrations and headwords are fulfilled via the juxtaposition of pictures to the dictionary entries or through some verbal support that relates illustrations to the respective lemma. In all three mentioned Persian dictionaries, concrete nouns are the most illustrated headwords. This research shows that the typological analysis of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries can provide a better understanding of illustrative structures in monolingual lexicography so that planning for the visual aspects of the new generation of Persian monolingual dictionaries would be more feasible..

1. Introduction
New approaches to lexicography, which highlight the communicative function of dictionaries, believe that the dictionaries should contain encyclopedic and cultural information as well as linguistic one. The aforementioned information is presented not only through the text but also by images. Providing pictorial illustrations in monolingual dictionaries is one of the common techniques to clarify meaning in modern lexicography. The present study aims at defining a syntactic-semantic typology of pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries, including Amid Persian Dictionary, Moein Persian dictionary, and Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary, by observing and studying illustrated entries in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the structure of illustrations in these dictionaries.
To this end, a corpus analytical survey is conducted to answer what entries are mostly illustrated, based on their semantic field and the part of speech, and how can lexicographers improve the efficiency of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries. The visual features of the entries do not appear to be the same, and illustration techniques may change due to these differences.
 
2. Literature Review
Hupka’s  (1984) study on pictorial illustrations in dictionaries and the lexicographical traditions of five major European languages (French, Italian, Spanish, English and German) is assumed to be the first systematic survey in this field.  Following Hupka’s typology of pictorial illustrations which includes nine categories, Stein (1991) suggests his own categorization based on the relation between lemma/definition and picture. Stein’s (1991: 105) systematic exploration of illustrations focuses on “how the meanings can be represented and which illustrations can stand on their own and which have to be verbally supported by a legend”.
Nesi (1989) addresses the function of pictures in learner's dictionaries. She believes that illustrations can help the learner to produce language as far as they are accompanied with notes on grammar and usage.
Gangla-Birir (2005) investigates the pictorial illustrations in African language dictionaries and argues the need to include more illustrations of culture-bound elements of a particular community or language group in dictionaries.
Klossa (2016), by taking an encyclopedic approach to lexicography, discusses the importance of transmitting cultural and encyclopedic information in dictionaries. According to her, illustration is an effective technique for applying an encyclopedic approach to lexicography, which provides the possibility to provide a culture-oriented context for the entries.
Illustrations in Persian Monolingual Dictionaries is one of the topics that has received less attention from Iranian researchers. In a contrastive study, Mansouri (2014) compares pictures in Moein Persian dictionary with illustrations in two Oxford advanced and learner’s Dictionary. Examining the use of illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries with a typological approach has no background and this is the first study that intends to offer a systematic categorization for pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries, based on the semantic field and the part of speech of illustrated headwords.
 
3. Methodology
To answer the questions raised, the researchers first study the corpus, i.e. illustrated entries in three monolingual Persian dictionaries (Amid, Moin and Sokhan), based on Stein's (1991) categories. Then, with a typological approach, all types of illustrated entries are analyzed according to their semantic fields and parts of speech, as well as the visual features of the pictures and their place of insertion. Finally, the representation of encyclopedic and cultural information through pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries is addressed.
 
4. Results
In this section, the results of the examining pictorial illustrations in three Persian monolingual dictionaries (Amid, Moin and Sokhan), based on Stein's (1991) categories, are presented as follows:
Amid Persian Dictionary
In this dictionary, the use of pictures is quite obvious. Pictorial illustrations, either images or drawings, are often presented in black and white. In addition to the black-and-white pictures within the text, this dictionary includes a number of colorful or black-and-white full-page images as the middle matter which are mostly presenting cultural and encyclopedic information. In Amid Persian Dictionary, both groups of illustrations (with and without verbal support) are seen, although it can be said that in most cases the illustrations can stand on their own with no verbal support as far as they are juxtaposed to the dictionary entry.
Moein Persian dictionary
In this dictionary, there is a high focus on pictorial illustrations. The pictures and their positions have been carefully selected and situated, either on the margins of the dictionary or in the immediate vicinity of a headword. Along with black-and-white pictures within the text, this dictionary presents a number of colorful or black-and-white full-page images as the middle matter which are mostly presenting cultural and encyclopedic information. In Moein Persian dictionary, both groups of illustrations (with and without verbal support) are seen. The results show that this dictionary has greatly taken advantage of second group of illustrations, so that all four types of Stein's verbal support, including legend, identifying labels, differentiating labels, and captions, can be found in this dictionary.
Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary
Although the focus on illustrations in this dictionary is less than the previous two, but a significant feature in illustration method in Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary needs to be highlighted: all images are uniformly and clearly drawn so that they can play a complementary role for definitions very well. The drawings in this dictionary are all presented in black and white and there is no evidence of full page pictures as the middle matter. Moreover, The examination of pictures depicts that except for few cases, illustration in this dictionary is of the first group (without verbal support). In fact, since almost all illustrations are situated in the immediate vicinity of the headword, verbal explanations are rarely used. In other words, the position of pictures helps them to refer to their headword to the extent that there is no need to provide a verbal support for the pictures.
 
5. Discussion
Examination of pictorial illustrations in the corpus of study shows that in all three mentioned Persian dictionaries, concrete nouns are the most illustrated headwords, among which the most pictures fall in the semantic fields of plants and animals. In addition, the analysis of illustrated entries in the present study confirmed the hypothesis that the visual features of the headwords do not appear to be the same, and illustration techniques may change due to these differences.
Furthermore, to enable to fulfill their communicative function, it is important that contextualization of pictures, their position in the dictionary along with a proper reference to their headwords are carefully devised. That is, if the illustrations are not appropriately linked to their headwords, they won’t have any semantic function and might solely be considered as entertaining and aesthetic aspect of lexicography.
6. Conclusion
The present study, based on Stein's (1991) categories, looks at the inclusion of pictorial illustrations in three Persian monolingual dictionaries, including Amid Persian Dictionary, Moein Persian dictionary, and Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary, intending to define a syntactic-semantic typology of pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries. The results of this survey indicate that domestic and contextualized pictures along with a proper reference to their headwords can enhance the communicative function of Persian monolingual dictionaries. It is also revealed that the co-reference of illustrations and headwords are fulfilled via the juxtaposition of pictures to the dictionary entries or through some verbal support that relates illustrations to the respective lemma. This research shows that the typological analysis of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries can provide a better understanding of illustrative structures in monolingual lexicography so that planning for the visual aspects of the new generation of Persian monolingual dictionaries would be more feasible.