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Formulaic sequences (FSs) have a significant role in second language learners’ fluency. Thus, this study compared the distributions of FS types and FS codes in undergraduate and postgraduate students’ writings. A hundred expository compositions written by 50 undergraduate and 50 postgraduate students majoring in teaching English as a foreign language were coded for the FS types and FS codes and the coded data were analyzed. Regarding the FS types used by undergraduate students, the results indicated that the highest frequency belonged to collocations and the lowest to idioms. With regard to FS codes, the results showed that undergraduates’ use of grammatical collocations was significantly higher than that of lexical collocations while there was no significant difference in their use of the three lexical bundle codes nor in their use of compound codes. Concerning the distribution of FS types in postgraduate students’ writings, the most commonly used FSs were collocations while idioms were not used at all. As with FS codes, no significant difference was found in the postgraduates’ use of collocation codes and lexical bundle codes. However, they used open forms significantly less than closed and hyphenated forms. Regarding the comparison of undergraduate and postgraduate students, it was revealed that within the FS types, both groups used collocations with similar frequencies, but they differed in their use of other FS types. Idioms were more used by undergraduates whereas lexical bundles and compounds were more employed by postgraduate than undergraduate students.  The study presents implications for language teachers and learners.

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Background and Aim:
Oxidative stress factors are known to causes some metabolic disorders diseases. Therefore, preventing, or at least decreasing the amount of these factors may have a positive impact on prevention or improvement of the metabolic diseases. Recently, the herbal medicines are more considered due to more effectiveness. The present study was designed to evaluate anti-oxidant effect of sumac powder (Rhus coriaria L.).
Materials and Methods:
 In the present study, special parts of the sumac plant, dried at room temperature and powdered using laboratory mill. All samples were solubilized in methanol, and four concentrations (12.5, 25, 40 ،50 µ/ml) were prepared and the antioxidant activity of sumac powder measured by DPPH at a wavelength of 517 nm. Finally, the IC50 of all samples and the standard were calculated and compared with standard.
Results:
The methanol extracts of all sumac doses showed dose-dependent potent antioxidant activity. The results indicated that brown sumac powder (IC50 = 14/912) has the higher antioxidant activity compared to red sumac powder (IC50 = 27/385), which was lower than vitamin C (IC50 = 6/708).
Conclusion:
Brown sumac powder has a stronger antioxidant effect than red sumac powder, which can be effective in improving the antioxidant defense of the body, so we advise to consume brown sumac.