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Problem statement: Sense of place means people's mental perception of the environment and their more or less conscious feelings of their environment, which puts a person in an internal relationship with the environment, so that the understanding and feeling of the person is linked to the semantic context of the environment. Will be integrated. This sense is the factor that turns a space into a place with special sensory and behavioral characteristics for special people. The environment is made up of both physical and social aspects. Humans create places around them, and a place independent of humans has no meaning.
Aim: To analyze human interaction with the environment in terms of the effects of perception and behavior on the sense of belonging to a place in Mehr housing complexes.
Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and the statistical population of the study is the residents of Mehr Mokrian Housing Complex in Mahabad. For data analysis, structural equations were used by second-order factor analysis with Amos software.
Results: The results showed that human needs have the greatest effect on creating a sense of place with 0.946 with the effect of perception and behavior in human interaction with the environment and the least effect is related to the interpretive dimension with a collective effect of 0.531 Be.
Conclusion: All the dimensions studied in the present study have an effect on creating a sense of place in human interaction with their environment.
 

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Samples of leaf, twig and fruit from ‘Mexican’ lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) with symptoms of bacterial canker were collected from different provinces throughout Iran during spring and summers of 2010 and 2011. Yellow, gram-negative colonies were isolated from infected tissue samples. Results of pathogenicity assays indicated that some isolates incited tissue hyperplasia, hypertrophy and raised callus-like lesions typical of canker in hosts while other isolates stimulated flat necrotic and water-soaked lesions on leaves. Candidate samples of each group were identified according to morphological and physiological characteristics. Detections were also made using specific primers and partial sequencing of 16SrDNA for Pantoea group and gyrB for Xanthomonas group. Results showed that one group was characterized as the typical Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain while the other group containing most of the isolates was identified as Pantoea agglomerans. Samplings done frequently in different seasons revealed the presence of high populations of P. agglomerans with bacterial canker, especially in warmer and drier regions. These bacteria were able to incite canker-like symptoms on grapefruit seedlings and could be reisolated after two months.

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Some plant extracts have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Plant based pesticides appear to be an alternative for the synthetic pesticides because of their less dangerous impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory activity of Brassica napus water extract on mycelial growth of six phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Phythophtora drechseleri, Pythium aphanidermatum, Verticellium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, and Gaeumannomyces graminis. Antifungal activity test was performed by disc diffusion method. Concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm had the highest and the lowest inhibitory effects on all studied species respectively. The shoot extract (SE) was significantly exerted higher antifungal activity than root extract (RE). At 100 ppm, V. dahliae (17.02% inhibition by RE) and F. oxysporum (50% inhibition by SE) were the most sensitive species however, R. solani (1.8 and 15%) was the most resistant fungus to both extracts. Active compounds of B. napus extract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenolic compounds had the highest concentrations in extracts and are probably the main cause of the mycelial growth inhibition. Application of canola aqueous extract or incorporation of canola in crop rotation program can be considered as a method for management of some soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi.

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Urban art, as a fluid event in the city, seeks to reduce vitality due to not paying attention to creating a vibrant urban space and creating changes in social and cultural behaviors. In the urban place, different types of arts can be seen, among which music has received less attention so that the physical-spatial scene of the city does not have a suitable place for performing music. Nowadays, in the urban space, a different kind of street musicology has been formed, playing and singing mostly as a solo or two-person performance.
This study aims to investigate creating a sense of belonging and vitality to the urban space and music audiences and the effect of music on the audience in the urban space.
The research method in this article is based on the preparing a questionnaire and selecting three different statistical populations, considering the effect of music on different sections of society. The current study is a case study of Khayyam Street in Urmia.
The results of the research indicate that, from the point of view of businessmen, passers-by, and music teachers, street music as a street art has a significant impact on urban space, music cultural as well as urban vitality and audience attraction, giving the audience a sense of belonging to the urban space.
 

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In order to assess drought tolerance of mycorrhizal petunia plants (Petunia hybrida cv. Mix), a greenhouse experiment was carried out with two different mycorrhizae species (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) applied singly or in combination at two phosphorous (P) levels (0 and 100 mg kg-1 dry soil) and three irrigation regimes (100% field capacity (FC) as control, 75% FC producing moderate water stress and 50% FC producing severe water stress). Both mycorrhizal endophytes established well on roots of the petunia plants with higher colonization values at lower P concentration and lower colonization rate at increasing water stress. Mycorrhizal colonization generally enhanced plant vegetative and reproductive growth, both under full and reduced field capacities and with and without P fertilization. The content of soluble sugar in AMF-inoculated leaves was higher than that in non-AMF-inoculated plant leaves in response to drought treatments but proline level did not show any significant increase in mycorrhizal treatments at the same conditions. This study confirms that mycorrhizal colonization can mitigate the adverse effects of water stress on treated plants restoring most of the key growth parameters to levels similar or close to those in unstressed plants.

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This study was carried out to determine the effect of fermentation, hydrothermal treatment, soda (Na2CO3), and table salt (NaCl) addition on the extent of phytase activity and phytate degradation in three Iranian wheat cultivars, namely, Mahdavi, Ghods, and Roshan. The samples were milled to three different extraction rates, i.e. whole, 85%, and 75% flours and three kinds of leavening procedure (fermented, soda, and control), and four NaCl percentages (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%) were used for preparing dough in three replications. To evaluate the effect of heat treatment on phytic acid breakdown, baking was also done. The results indicated that among the wheat varieties, Mahdavi had the highest level of phytase activity and phytic acid content followed by Ghods and Roshan; in which‚ most of the phytate was concentrated in bran fractions. Fermentation (1% yeast at 37ºC for 3 hours), hydrothermal treatment (pH 4.8 at 55ºC for 12 hours) and salt addition (0 to 1.5%) to the dough samples resulted in an increased phytase activity, whereas soda addition (1%) decreased the enzyme activity. Heat treatment reduced phytic acid content significantly.

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Based on ASTM E1823 standard, fatigue phenomenon is the process of permanent, progressive and localized structural change which occurs to a material point subjected to strains and stresses of variable amplitudes which produce cracks which lead to total failure after a certain number of cycles.
During an earthquake fatigue failure can occur at loads much lower than tensile or yield strengths of material. Therefore material behavior under cyclic loading is an important design criterion.
Fatigue data are obtained from the experiments and are shown in S-N curves which represent stress or strain amplitude versus number of cycles. All fatigue ranges can be included generally in three categories. Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue (ULCF), Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF), and High Cycle Fatigue (HCF). HCF is recognized with low strain amplitude and high frequency, and LCF is a material deterioration which is described as high plastic strain amplitude and low frequency. ULCF involves a few cycles (less than 20) of large plastic strains. ULCF is of great importance for structural and earthquake engineers, because fatigue failure in structural members occurs generally in less than 10 cycles during a seismic event. Fatigue fracture in moment connections, or gusset plates and brace members are examples for ULCF or ductile fracture.
Fatigue life is expressed as the total number of stress cycles required for a fatigue crack to initiate and grow large enough to produce fatigue failure. Currently, two major methods are available for fatigue life prediction of structures. One type is based on material fatigue life curves (e.g., S–N curves or ε–N curves) and a damage accumulation rule. The other is based on fracture mechanics and crack growth analysis.
The Manson–Coffin law is the most widely used procedure to predict material failure under LCF and ULCF. But last researches showed that Manson–Coffin relation overestimates fatigue life in ULCF domain.
Miner’s rule is one of the most widely used cumulative damage models for failures caused by fatigue.
The rainflow method is a method for counting fatigue cycles from a time history. The counting of each load cycle and the relative damage produced must be done with extreme accuracy and care. Rainflow counting has been shown to be most effective. The rainflow method allows the application of Miner's rule in order to assess the fatigue life of a structure.
In this paper low cycle fatigue performance of restrained buckling braced frames with diagonal, V-shaped and chevron configurations are investigated. Last researches and experimental tests results of BRBs usually show very stable hysteresis behavior with an excellent low cycle fatigue life.
In this study For modeling the low cycle fatigue phenomenon, the “fatigue material” model in OpenSees is used. The fatigue material uses a modified rainflow cycle counting algorithm to accumulate damage in a material using Miner’s Rule. Once the Fatigue material model reaches a damage level of 1.0, the force (or stress) of the material becomes zero and the material is destructed completely.
By obtaining the hysteretic loops and also the cumulative damage charts of diagonal, V-shaped and chevron buckling restrained braced frames, the hysteretic behavior and fatigue life of them are evaluated. Buckling restrained braces in three configurations of concentrically braced frames, exhibited stable hysteretic behavior up to failure. Considering area of the hysteretic loops and low cycle fatigue life, V-shaped buckling restrained braced frame showed better low cycle fatigue performance.

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The presence of antibacterial activity in bovine β-lactoglobulin and in α-lactalbumin hydrolysates was investigated. The Plasmin-Digest of β-lactoglobulin (PDβ) and of α-lactalbumin (PDα) were fractionated, using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The antibacterial activity of β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, nisin, plasmin, PDβ and PDα were in vitro tested against pathogenic (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and probiotic (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus) bacteria. Although α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and plasmin exhibited no antibacterial activity, PDβ, PDα and nisin revealed antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of these compounds was determined for the bacteria cultures. Similar to nisin, the MIC of PDβ and of PDα against Gram-positive bacteria was recorded as considerably lower than the MICs against Gram-negative bacteria. The study also evaluated the effect of PDβ, PDα and nisin on the growth curves and on the plate count confirmations of the target bacteria. The results revealed that nisin, PDβ and PDα have inhibitory effects on the lag phase, maximum OD620 and on plate count confirmation of the bacteria tested. The maximum inhibitory effect of these compounds was created during the log phase. Their inhibitory effects depended upon their concentrations, higher concentration causing stronger antibacterial activity. The PDβ and PDα proved more active against Gram-negative bacteria than did nisin, but nisin revealed substantial inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

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Lamb waves are certain type of ultrasonic waves that can propagate in thin plates. Lamb waves are particularly useful in testing large plate-shaped structures. Moreover, due to extensive flexibility in modeling sophisticated structures, finite element modeling (FEM) has been used in numerous Lamb wave studies. Due to the complexity of the scattering problem, interpretation of results is not easy. FEM helps us to better understand the complex issues that are associated with the scattering phenomenon. In this paper, we first consider a number of different finite-element modeling approaches that can be used for modeling Lamb waves and among them, we choose the best model that can provide both good accuracy and high computational speed. We then use this approach for modelling the scattering of Lamb waves from a through-thickness cylindrical hole in a large plate. This study has applications in structural health monitoring and defect sizing in plates. It is found that a 2D planar finite element model has the lowest computational cost and an accuracy of better that 95%. To verify the FEM results, experimental measurements are also conducted on an aluminum plate in which a through-thickness cylindrical hole is machined. The FEM results agree very well with those obtained from the experiments. It is concluded that by using this model, the position and properties of defects could be easily determined in plate structures.

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In this research, some of the echo-physiological characteristics of pistachio trees were studied to understand crop response to drought stress and determine the best irrigation interval. This experiment was carried out in an orchard with a sandy loam textured soil and a commercial cultivar of pistachio named Ouhadi grafted on Pistacia vera L. rootstock for three years. The irrigation system selected was surface flooding with intervals of 30, 50, 80, and 110 days. These intervals were chosen so as to resemble common irrigation intervals of pistachio orchards in the region. This enabled a comparison between the best and worst conditions of trees in respect to drought stress. Total irrigation water received was a constant depth of water to all treatments. Quantitative and qualitative yield such as weight of fresh and dry nuts, percent of blank and split nuts, and number of nuts per ounce, vegetative and echo-physiological characteristics were considered and measured. In terms of yield quantity and quality, the results showed vegetative and echo-physiological attributes to be significantly different between the treatments of 30, 80 and 110 days irrigation intervals. This means that with an increase in irrigation intervals and considering soil water holding capacity, soils were not able to provide enough moisture for the plant to carry out its normal metabolic activities. However, in the prolonged irrigation intervals, there were not much differences between treatments i.e. the pistachio tree could adapt itself to the naturally occurring environmental stress conditions. 

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In this study, the antagonistic activity of 1,000 bacterial isolates from different areas of Iran and two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens: CHA0 and UTPf5 were individually assayed against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum that cause potato dry rot in Mashhad, Iran. Using in vitro dual culture plate technique, most of the tested isolates significantly reduced mycelia growth of Fusarium spp. on PDA after 7 days of incubation at 25^oC, compared to the untreated control. Thirty bacteria isolates with the most inhibition and P. fluorescens CHA0 were selected for experiments on potato tubers. All isolates were tested on tuber of potato cultivar Agria under in vivo conditions. There was no significant difference between rot diameter by P. fluorescens CHA0 and the infected control, but other isolates reduced dry rot development after 21 days of incubation at 25-27^oC, as compared to the untreated control. However, three isolates, namely, VUPf40, VUPf44, and VUPf506 that belong to the P. fluorescens species were the most effective. Talc-based formulation of these three effective bacteria and P. fluorescens CHA0 were assessed for their in situ efficacy against potato dry rot development, caused by F. solani FPO67, on treated tubers compared to the control. The formulation of these bacteria significantly decreased dry rot development, but only P. fluorescens VUPf506, with 79.8% reduction of fungi development, and 18.57% prevalence, was the most effective in reduction of potato dry rot in natural conditions. Based on these results, P. fluorescens VUPf506 can be considered as a promising alternative to chemical fungicides.
 

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Letter of credit, since its emergence, has undergone various transformations regarding doctrines and legal procedures, the majority of which revolves around the domains of autonomy from the underlying contract and exceptions to these rules. The principle of autonomy of letter of credit aims to facilitate and build trust for the international trades, it is, however, one aspect of this principle. On the other hand, this principle can be subject to abuse. It is possible that the beneficiary hands in forged documents to banks, or maybe the underlying contract itself is illegal and therefore null which can lead to an unjust enrichment. To limit the abuse of this principle, the first step is to recognize the exceptions of fraud and illegibility. However, its stipulations are not limited to this domain. Emergence of new exceptions l, like ‘nullify’, has raised controversies in legal procedures and doctrines.
 

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The effect of gum tragacanth (0, and 0.15%) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (0, 2.5, and 5%) on the chemical and rheological properties, phase separation, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) viability, and sensory characteristics of an Iranian dairy drink "Doogh" was investigated during 20 days of storage. Results cleared the stability of Dooghs prepared with Gum Tragacanth Dispersions (GTD) was significantly higher than samples without this hydrocolloid (P< 0.05). Doogh samples’ viscosity in the presence of Fennel Extract Powder (FEP) was increased significantly (P< 0.05). Power-law and Herschel-Bulkley rheological models were appropriate models for describing the flow behavior of control and treated Doogh samples, respectively. The results showed that by increasing the amounts of FEP, LAB viability increased while the fungi population decreased significantly (P< 0.05). Therefore, this herbal powder could stimulate LAB growth and control the fungi population in treated samples. Finally, adding GTD to the Doogh sample was proper for improving stability, and enrichment with Fennel was suitable for increasing LAB viability and microbial spoilage control.

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Objective: Genetic studies point to the effective role of protein levels or expression of gluconeogenic genes in hepatic glucose release in healthy or diseased individuals. This study aimed to assess the effect of resistance training on PEPCK expression in hepatocytes in obese rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods: For this purpose, 21 rats obesed by 6 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) were randomly divided to 1) non-diabetic, 2) control T2D, 3) exercise T2D groups. Type 2 diabetes induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ: 25 mg/kg) in diabetes groups. The rat of exercise group were completed resistance training for six weeks (5 times weekly) in the form of climbing the ladder by applying resistance. The non-diabetic and control T2D groups did not participate in the exercise program. 48 hours after the lasting exercise session, PEPCK expression in hepatocytes, serum insulin and glucose were compared between groups. Data compared by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (P< 0.05).
Results: T2D induction resulted in significant decrease in insulin and increase in fasting glucose and PEPCK expression in hepatocytes compare with non-diabetes rats. Resistance training resulted in significant increase in insulin and decrease in fasting glucose and PEPCK expression in hepatocytes of exercise T2D than control T2D group.
Conclusion: Based on these data, we conclude that resistance training can be improve glucose in diabetes rats and tis effect may be attributed decrease PEPCK expression in response to this training method.