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Today, the news media has a momentous role in shaping public opinion and social developments. Journalistic translation thus follows guidelines and standards in order to convey the message and objectives of its source material. The translation of the political press discourse surrounding the US and international sanctions on Iran is particularly sensitive, due to its high potential in impacting international relations and political affairs.
The objective of our research is to highlight the importance of methodologies used for the translation of political press discourse. For this purpose, we have analyzed two important news articles related to the aforementioned sanctions. First, we conduct a critical analysis of the political discourse, based on Van Dijk's model, and then we perform a translational analysis, based on Antoine Berman's views. Finally, we explore the different types of modifications made by translators, as well as the efforts made to adapt the news to the media’s political ideology. In line with Van Dijk's opinions, we have shown that there is a close relationship between the ruling policy (power) and the press discourse (media), in shaping the public perception of policies and events at mass scale. We demonstrate how subtle deletion, change, and intensification is strategically used in jo urnalistic translation, in line with their desired discourse functions to achieve political goals.
 

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Introduction:
Fricatives not only differ in their acoustic structures from one language to another, but also they vary considerably from individual to individual. Acoustic correlates of fricatives are sensitive to the shape and size of the resonance cavity in front of the oral constriction. It is therefore conceivable that any physical change in the length and place of constriction during production of fricatives may alter the resultant acoustic signals. This research attempts to explore potential speaker-specific acoustic parameters of voiceless fricatives in Persian based on experimental phonetics. Therefore, acoustic parameters of center of gravity and fricative duration are investigated for each voiceless fricative in Persian. This research aims to discover whether voiceless fricatives and selected acoustic parameters are able to discriminate between speakers in Persian and whether these fricatives and acoustic parameters are of assistance in segregating speakers in Persian. According to the aforementioned considerations, the following questions are presented in this paper:

1. Do the selected acoustic parameters (center of gravity and duration) of voiceless fricatives have capacity to differentiate speakers in Persian?
2. Which acoustic parameters and which voiceless fricatives discriminate Persian speakers the best?

 Furthermore, we will compare the results of the present study to the findings of previous studies to see in what way Persian has been similar or different from other investigated languages.
Methodology:
In order to analyze between- and within speaker variability of voiceless fricatives, 24 Persian speakers (12 male, 12 female) on two separate occasions were recorded in the sound proof booth at phonetics laboratory of Alzahra University. Non-contemporaneous recording of speech material allows us to measure the degree of within-speaker variability across each speaker. The speech material consists of a read passage which contains 54 Persian sentences including relevant voiceless fricatives Speech tokens were acoustically measured with PRAAT version 5.2.34 and statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 21 and R version 3.3.3.
Results and conclusions:
Results of this study indicated that for female speakers, center of gravity of /S/ and s/  have the best performance in showing between-speaker variability. For male speakers, center of gravity of /s/ is the most highly discriminant acoustic parameters across speakers. Moreover, fricative duration was not reported as a promising acoustic parameter. Center of gravity is directly linked to the size and length of the vocal tract. The longer is the length of the vocal tract, the higher is the center of gravity and vice versa. This indicates that anatomical differences between speaker’s vocal tract influence the acoustic properties of fricatives and ultimately make them distinctive. In the future studies, additional parametric potential speaker-specific features will be examined in order to determine a set of well-established discriminant parameters for voiceless fricatives in Persian.
 

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Legal translation study is a contemporary and innovative topic in the field of  translation studies. Analysis of the procedure of selecting and applying a legal equivalent in the target language is one of the issues in this area. Legal translation study answers this question with the Geneva jurilinguistics approach. The question posed in the present study are what are the rules of Geneva theory of jurilinguistics and to what extent are these rules implemented in the translation of Iranian legal concepts into French legal language? What is the solution of Geneva jurilinguistic theory for a legal translator and how should he choose equivalents? We first begin with a descriptive study of the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics from the point of view of Jean-Claude Gémar (principal theorist); Then, we will conduct a case study on  the applicability of the solutions presented in this theory in translating Iranian legal concepts into French legal language.The corpus which was analyzed in this paper is the seventh book of the second volume of Iranian Civil Code on marriage and divorce. The main rule of this theory is the necessity of using a functional equivalent.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate ,through a case study, how the functional equivalent of Iranian legal concepts is selected in the French legal language (target language), according to the rules set out in the Geneva theory of jurilinguistics. We want to examine the degree to which the chosen equivalents in French reflect the function and legal effect of the concept in question in Iranian law, and in other words, to what extent the function changes when the concept is transferred; What is the reason for this functional change; What factors influence this change; To what extent is the study of comparative law effective in educating the translator of the factors causing these changes, and whether the transfer and translation of the Iranian legal concept into french language (and french legal system) can be achieved without functional change.

1. Introduction
Legal translation study is a contemporary and innovative topic in the translation studies. Analysis of the procedure of choosing and applying a legal equivalent in the target language is one of the issues in this area. Legal translation study answers this question with the Geneva jurilinguistics approach. The aim of this article is to assess the utility of the theory of jurilinguistics of Geneva through a case study of the translation of some of Iranian legal concepts in to French. The question posed in the present study are what are the rules of Geneva theory of jurilinguistics and to what extent are these rules implemented in the translation of Iranian legal concepts into French legal language? What is the solution of Geneva jurilinguistic theory for a legal translator and how he should choose the equivalents? One of the important issues in legal translation is the lack of correspondence between the linguistic equivalent and the legal equivalent. The translator is looking for a linguistic equivalent (appealing to the linguistic form) and the lawyer is looking for a legal equivalent (appealing to the legal concept). To answer these questions, first, we will study the Geneva jurilinguistics which was introduced by contemporary legal linguists Jean-Claude Gémar. Then we will examine the applicability of the solutions presented in this theory in the translation of Iranian legal concepts in to French.
The main rule of this theory is the necessity of using a functional equivalent. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate, through a case study, how the functional equivalent of Iranian legal concepts is chosen in the French legal language (target language), according to the rules set out in the Geneva theory of jurilinguistics. We want to examine the degree to which the chosen equivalents in French reflect the function and legal effect of the concept in question in Iranian law, and in other words, to what extent the function changes when the concept is transferred; What is the reason for this functional change; What factors influence this change; To what extent is the study of comparative law effective in educating the translator of the factors causing these changes; and whether the transfer and translation of the Iranian legal concept into French language (and French legal system) can be achieved without functional change. The theory that forms the basis of our research is the Geneva jurilinguistics Theory, which is derived from the "product-oriented" research of communication linguistic theory. Geneva's theory of jurilinguistics is an interdisciplinary approach to the field of law, language, and translation. It studies the role of "functional equivalents" in legal translation. The purpose of this theory is to persuade legal translators to choose functional equivalents that conform to the culture and legal system of the target language.
 
2. Literature Review
In the field of jurilinguistics (or legal linguistics), legal terminology, and legal translation  especially in French legal language, Jean-Claude Gémar, a Prof. emeritus at the Department of Linguistics and Translation of University of Montréal and Prof. "honoraire",  at University of  Geneva is the most prominent theorist. Jean-Claude is a "traductologue" and a jurilinguist doing research in Language and Law, legal translation, terminology and comparative law.  He is one of the members of Geneva Jurilinguistics Circle. Here some of his works can be named: Books such as "The Language of the Law and Translation : Essays on Jurilinguistics"(1982); "Jurilinguistique Comparée Langage Du Droit" (2012); "Traduire Ou L'art d'interpreter "(2000) and Articles such as "Traduire le droit ou le double langage de Thémis"(2009); "De la traduction (juridique) à la jurilinguistique. Fonctions proactives du traductologue"(2005);"La jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits "(2005). Claude Bocquet is another member of the Geneva juriLinguistics Circle, a French scholar who has written books and articles on legal translation, the most famous of which is "La traduction juridique. Fondement et method (2008). Also in the field of legal terminology in Iran, the greatest terminologist and scholar is Dr. Mohammad Jafar Jafari Langroudi, who is known for compiling legal encyclopedias and terminologies. In the present study, we have referred to his books entitled "Legal Terminology"(1999; 1378) and "Almabsut in legal terminology" (2007; 1386) in order to show how to choose the functional equivalent for the Iranian legal concepts.
 
3. Methodology
In this research we apply descriptive and case study methods. We first begin with a descriptive study of the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics from the point of view of Jean-Claude Gémar (principal theorist). We describe the characteristics of the theory studied. We conduct descriptive research using case study method. We will case study the applicability of the rules presented in this theory in translating Iranian legal concepts into French legal language. Case study here leads to a hypothesis and widen a further scope of studying the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics. Through the case study we analyze a defined problem consisting in a real situation and uses real information as methodological tool. The corpus which was analyzed in this paper is the seventh book of the second volume of Iranian Civil Code on marriage and divorce (Family Law). Here, for example, we have chosen some legal concepts related to family law from the book of Iranian civil law, then compared them with their equivalents in French law to assess whether these equivalents are functional equivalents at all, and if so, to what extent they are functional equivalents: perfect or relative.To determine the functional equivalence, we studied the historical, religious, and cultural background of the legal concept in question in Iranian and French law. We even came across equivalents that were previously functional but have lost their functionality due to the abrogation of the law and have become zero functional equivalents.
 
 
4. Results
The first result of this study is that due to the fundamental and substantial differences and the high degree of differentiation between the Islamic legal system of Iran and the French legal system, especially in the area of family law, choosing the perfect equivalent is rare. Most of the functional equivalents that have been chosen are relative equivalents. Sometimes equivalents that are chosen have no function in the French (target) legal system. The jurilinguistics of Geneva also acknowledges that the higher the degree of affinity and kinship between the language and the legal system of the source and the target text, the greater the possibility of perfect equivalence. Therefore, knowing the degree of such linguistic and legal affinities will be effective in evaluating the legal translation. Sometimes the laws of two countries may be based on a single legal system (such as European countries other than Britain or Latin American countries); But their legal institutions and language structure do not quite match. Therefore, in such countries where their legal systems are the same, choosing the equivalent is also a relative matter. Studies of comparative law today have been able to show the commonalities or differentiation of legal concepts in different legal systems. Thus, the legal translator is required to become familiar with the differentiated aspects and commonalities of legal concepts in legal systems by comparative study of law.
Another result to be drawn from the present study is that the legal translator must create harmony and balance between choosing the linguistic equivalent and the legal equivalent. In other words, in choosing the functional equivalent, form and content must have linguistic-legal harmony. In sum, functional equivalence means that the target word has the same semantic and lexical capacity as the source word, and the both words introduce a single legal concept to the audience in terms of legal basis. For this reason, the functional equivalent can also be called the conceptual equivalent. Finding a conceptual legal equivalent is actually finding an equivalent that has the same legal function and the same legal effect in the target legal system, and therefore the translator is forced to become familiar with the Geneva jurilinguistic approach, that teaches how to choose the functional equivalent of legal concepts based on classification of functional equivalents (by dividing functional equivalents into perfect equivalents, relative equivalents, and equivalents without function (or with zero function)).Geneva jurilinguists have a target oriented focus on legal translation and believe that the equivalent choice for the translation of legal institutions and legal concepts is relative. The use of functional equivalents in legal translation is in fact a way of moving translation away from absolute literal equivalence or word-for-word translation. According to this approach, success in legal translation is equal to achieving equivalence with equal legal effect, and since the whole issue of equivalence involves the personal and mental judgment of the translator, this legal effect will be inevitably relative and approximate. As a result, in order to create a balanced legal equivalence between the source legal text and the target, the translator's sufficient mastery of comparative law and having a strong linguistic intuition and skills in both the source and target languages ​​are necessary conditions. Legal concepts include legal effects. So legal translation is not translating the words and transferring the meaning. The important point is that the legal effect of the original legal concept must be the same or somewhat equal to the legal effect of the target legal concept