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The effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings Corylus avellana were determined in a forest nursery. For this purpose, in a completely randomized design (CRD) and four replicates, three putative bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, as alone and mixed, were examined. The greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.11 mm), leaf area (23.87 cm²)net photosynthesis (17.23μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), transpiration rate (3.22 mmol H₂O m⁻²s⁻¹­(, stomatal conductance (0.189 mol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), water use efficiency (5.33 μmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹  H₂O) and chlorophyll content (26.16 SPAD) allocated to seedlings inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. The greatest root dry weight (3.98 g), root volume (10.87 cm³), total plant dry weight (9.91g) was detected in seedlings inoculated with P. putida. In total, for the beneficial effects of PGPR on growth and physiological traits of C. avellana seedlings, all three bacteria either as individual or as mixed were found suitable for seedling inoculation. In fact, it is affirmed that inoculation of root with PGPR can be a proper approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery.

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Background: Seed energy and seed vigour are the most important qualitative attributes influencing plant’s growth and establishment that can be improved by techniques generally known as seed priming, which enhances the percentage, speed and uniformity of germination. Effect of various priming techniques was conducted on seed germination and seedling’s early growth of elder pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) in Seed Technology Lab of Natural Resources Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Seeds were treated through hydropriming with distilled water, halopriming with NaCl at -4 and -8 bar concentrations, osmopriming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) at -4 and -8 bar concentrations and hormonopriming with salicylic acid (SA) at 1 and 2 mM solutions for 48 h. Un-primed dry seeds were taken as control. The seeds were kept in germinator at 20 ± 0.5 ^°C, 65% relative humidity and 16.8 h light/dark photoperiod for 42 days.
Results: The highest germination percentage (92%) and germination speed (5.13 seeds/day) were obtained with hydropriming. The best results to improve germination energy, time to 50% germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index were achieved with hydropriming and hormonalpriming 1 and 2 mM. Osmopriming and halopriming -8 bar compared to control in most mentioned traits showed poor performance.
Conclusions: Hydropriming and hormonalpriming can be suitable techniques to support nursery practices of elder pine seed in order to improve germination percentage, emergence and early seedling growth.

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Due to individual regression in ancient world, body and its components were not important identity-making elements in the semiotic system of Persian classic texts. On the other hand with the emergence of socio-cultural factors in the contemporary world, literary subjects reflection based on body and its requirements became common, and body -orientation and body knowledge were the bases of social and textual subjects-objects introduction and calling. In this study the body-oriented reflection of subjects-objects identity of Jamalzadeh’s Yeki Bud,YekiNabud is analyzed in the light of “body as a symbolic-sociological theme” based on Weblen and Bourdieu’s theories. Because Jamalzade is one of the first Iranian story-tellers who has relied on body portrayal and its component to reflect the identity of textual and inside-story subject-objects identity and to reproduce the identity of subject-objects, both directly and indirectly reflected as actions and conditions which emanate from body and contain consumption and taste signs. The conclusion showed  that in realistic narration, out of the mentioned subjects, three categories have been reflected:A)The high class who by means of cultural capitals such as: literacy, language, clothing and physical distance as well as different types of apparent and real consumption flaunts its power, and simultaneously they are degraded by satire and grotesque. B)the middle class with deprived and non-ostentatious cultural capital,  which can be observed in clothing, language and lack of confidence which is seen in their physical distance from others. C)another class as the removed or silent one, in these reproductions, body-orientation and body-knowledge have been mainly organized in the form of actions and behaviors such as speaking, wearing, arranging body distance and some forms of body language; and this body orientation in the form of taste and consumption or signs of flaunting consumption and some types of cultural capital, not only has portrayed class distinction due to body, but also has reflected the anxiety, anger and struggle latent in them and has impeached them. Unlike the two previous classes, they have been affected by this classification of taste and consumption. Such narration along with cultural-social texture and reflecting the individuality of the subjects based on physical function, decreases the prestige of dominant discourses on the one hand, and reminds the forgotten prestige of the silent voices on the other hand.
 

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Aim This investigation aims to study the effect of biochar on gas exchange, water relations and photosynthetic pigments of European yew (Taxus baccata) seedling in different light intensities (LI).
Materials and Methods Two-year potted seedlings of European yew are placed in forest stands with canopies of closed (15% LI), semi-closed (45% LI) and open (75% LI). In late June 2018, biochar was added to potted soils at the levels of zero, 10, 20 and 30 g.kg^-1 and until the end of November, every 3 (or 4) days 100 mL water was given to each pot.
Findings Seedling survival at different levels of treatments was 100%. Regardless of biochar, the highest photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, relative water content, chlorophyll (chl) contents in closed canopy, and the highest leaf temperature in open canopy was observed. With increasing biochar concentration, chl b and total chl increased (28-86%, respectively) in open canopy and decreased (28 and 28%, respectively) in closed canopy. Neither biochar nor LI affected significantly electrolyte leakage and carotenoid content.
Conclusion Although yew seedlings were able to maintain their vegetative quality and health in different LI, and the measured variables responded differently to light-biochar combination, it may be best to grow yew in shade together with biochar. Since, the effect of biochar becomes more tangible over time, further research in next years can lead to more accurate findings affected by the combined light-biochar treatment.

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Abstract:
Aim: With global warming and limited water resources in the world, especially in arid lands of Iran, managing the production of forest seedlings in the country's nurseries is facing a special challenge. In this regard, the study of drought tolerant plants to select them in the mass seedling production programs can be useful.
Material and methods: Potted seedlings of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.), pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.), Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum L.) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.) exposed to a normal irrigation scheme (100% field capacity) and drought-stressed (30% field capacity) conditions were examined over a period of 120 days in a greenhouse of Bam Khorramabad Nursery to judge their tolerance for drought stress.
Findings: Drought-tressed seedlings from all species had a lower content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids compared to the control plots, but the content of proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) did, however, increase. Under stress conditions, MDA content in black poplar, Judas-tree, Persian oak and pistachio was 174, 121, 105 and 102% higher than the control seedlings, respectively, and this increase in black poplar over other species ranged from 93.5 to 176.5%.
Conclusion: This study confirms that among four tree species, black poplar has lowest tolerance to drought stress. Thus, Persian oak, pistachio and Judas-tree, should be prioritized in the mass seedling production programs of nurseries in arid areas suffering from limited water resources, due to their higher tolerance to water scarcity.

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In every era there is a dominant stream of thought that epistemologically all areas of knowledge of a society are more or less in tune with. This dominant stream of thought, represented by terms such as paradigm, epistemic, and so on, as an epistemic pattern, explicitly or implicitly, influences the knowledge organization of a society and the discursive articulation of the texts produced in that space. The placement of subjects in literary texts is the result of a variety of discourse articulation that is shaped by the epistemic patterns that govern each period. To better understand this, we can refer to stories that have been narrated or allegorized over several periods with distinct epistemic worlds; one of these is the story of "fish and ponds", which are independently represented in Kalila and Demna, and Rumi's Masnawi as independent narratives and in the story of the Little Black Fish. In this article, how the paradigms influence the placement of the fictional subjects from the perspective of the hero's who and why are they described in a descriptive- analytic manner. The result is that this anecdote has been represented in the classical world in the form of two inner narratives and as parables in the Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi Rumi. According to the epistemic paradigm of Holism and individualism/escapism in the classical world, the hero/ heroes are both the parables of those who have used their action to serve themselves and to become the victim of or absorbed in being or society. Of course, the holism and individualism/evasion that governs the articulation of the Kalila and Demna allegory in its own Geographical -cultural context, namely the caste of Indian foundations and Iranian political thought, seeks to legitimize and stabilize its class order. Despite the participation in the epistemic paradigm that governs the texts of Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi Rumi, the process is described in another way in the allegory of Mathnawi. In its mystical context, the universalism of the classical world, instead of consolidating social order, seeks to create ontological unity between all manifestations of being, especially between human beings and existence. In contrast to the generalism and anti-individualism/evasion that dominates the classical world and its texts, the macro-epistemic model of the contemporary world and the modern world focuses on the centrality of human subjectivity and individualism. The discourse articulation of the parable of the little black fish is arranged on the basis of this epistemic paradigm, so the placement of the subjects in it is substantially different from the preceding two parables. From the discursive point of view of the protagonist of this allegory, it is a little black fish that expresses its agency to express and establish individuality in the form of a variety of philosophical-epistemological questions to some form of symbolic body confrontation. However, the paradigm of generalism and individualism/aversion to the classical world has led to the heroic allegories of Kalila and Demna and the Masnawi of those who have used their agency to transcend themselves and maintain class order or unity with being. In contrast to contemporary humanism and individualism, it has assumed a hero who goes beyond self-expression and proving individuality, In order to awaken others and defending them in various ways interfering with social and political order; it has sought to create balance or symmetry a social interactive space.
 

 

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Biographical reports are a form of mystical narrativization that interpellates subjects with the aim of legitimization or delegitimization and organizes a fact or some facts in their favor or against them. A better understanding of these constructed facts requires explanation of the methods through which the plot of these reports are made from a discursive point of view. This study classifies and analyzes the discursive construction of plot in Hallaj narratives as a prototype of the two levels of legitimization and delegitimization in the biographical reports/accounts of fifthteen mystical books. To describe the process of signification and interpretation, some references are made to the concepts of Max Weber and Theo-Won Lyon for the legitimization process; some concepts by Foucault and Mary Douglas are also cited for delegitimization process. The result suggests that a group with a romantic-qalandari attitude have tried to legitimize Hallaj with the attribution of a form of authority, along with a positive moral assessment and mythologization to his narratives. Another group with an ascetic-religious attitude citing examples of religious-sharia and cultural-conventional disorder attributed to Hallaj, or his representation with an aim of removal or secrecy, have served the discourse of his exclusion and delegitimization. A third group have taken a middle standpoint. Although they have often defended Hallaj, in some cases they have raised some negative aspects of his life without any defense. Looking at these standpoints, it can be assumed that the type of stances are based on the epistemic-ideological world of the biographers...

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Socio-religious discourses, based on polarist epistemology, form the epistemic world into a system of Center and the Periphery and then subject the periphery to suppression and silence. This practice has extended to most signifying systems, including literary genres. Among the literary genres, the super-genre of Iranian-Islamic mysticism, titled love mysticism displays a different account of the construction of the periphery and the binary system governing that construction. In this paper, along with introducing the construction of the margin and its examples in the dominant Socio-religious discourses, the different accounts of the mystics are classified and interpreted with the reasons for each of them. The result shows that the mystics apply a deconstructive reading, building their argument on the unitarian discourse of love mysticism, the ontological requirement of the existence and presence of margins, the necessity of a romantic relationship, the denial of mediation, and similar reasons, to take the three fixed categories of the peripheral, including humans in the general sense, the un-prostrating, and the unreasoning, from the margins of the system to its center. Then, on another level, via a dialectical reading and the suspension of the objectifying process, they go beyond the binary of the center and the periphery. The suspension of the objectifying process in mystics’ representations is the equalization of the center and the periphery, such as the equality of disbelief and belief, the world and the hereafter, and so on. Although the function of these readings in the social context is a change ... 

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Objective: Silicon is an effective element in bone biomineralization; hence Si-substituted hydroxyapatite can be a relevant bioceramic as bone materials substitution. Materials and Methods: Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) and Si-substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) with different contents of Si substitution were synthesized successfully by a hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)3PO4 or (NH4)2HPO4 and Si(OCH2CH3)4 (TEOS) as starting materials. Results: Crystalline Phases, chemical composition, microstructure and morphology of synthesized powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma AES (ICP-AES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results proved silicon substitution in hydroxyapatite structure and revealed that the substitution of phosphate groups by silicate groups caused some OH- loss to maintain charge balance and the lattice parameters slightly changed with respect to stoichiometric HA. Conclusion: Si-incorporation reduces the crystallites size of Si-HA and crystallinity, thus the solubility of Si-HA powders increases, and as a result Si- substitution has improved bioactivity behavior of HA. Based on in-vitro tests; soaking and incubating the specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF) and MTT assays (Dimethylthiazol assay), Si-substituted hydroxyapatite is more bioactive than pure hydroxyapatite.

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Received: 25 July 2021 Received in revised form: 9 November 2021     Accepted: 2 December 2021

The tradition of mystic biography writing, with the writing of two forms of collective and personal identification, is the continuation of Islamic historiography, which uses the tradition of documenting and objectifying the science of hadith to validate itself and creates facts about mystics or mystics. From an epistemological point of view, the construction of the mentioned reality is the result of the selection and selection of the author-narrator or narrators who represent it based on special epistemology or ideological attachments. This point is especially noticeable in personal ID cards due to the density of events and details. One of these tazkirahs is Manaqib al-Arifin Aflaki, which was written about Mowlavi and his entourage. In this article, the narrative-discursive validity of the reality created by Aflaki in representing the events of Mowlvi's life has been implied and interpreted in a descriptive-analytical way. The theoretical basis of the research is the opinions of some experts in social semiotics and critical discourse analysis, whose implications have been explained from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The result showed that the author-narrator documents and believable from a quantitative point of view some of his created facts by using the four modality categories of numbers, emphasis, narrative frequency and narrative continuity with high causality. From a qualitative point of view, first of all, based on relying on the narrator-focusing cognitive tools, such as the sense of sight, hearing and touch, which indicate the perceiver's "here" and "now", some other events are objective and tangible. Then, with legitimizing methods such as referring to the holy system, referring to the Sunnah, rationalizing and exaggerating another part of them, it is documented and real.

1. Introduction
Mystical biography writing and recording the lives and sayings of parents and mystics is one of
the most important genres in the history of mystical literature because of its special role in our cultural and social past. History was very important for the Muslims of the early Islamic period and historiography was born in the shadow of  Scholars of hadith science , which means collecting, editing and interpreting the reports related to the words and behavior of the Prophet and examining its narrators, had become the main activity and standard of Islamic scholars, and in a more general view, documents became a principle for organizing Education had become science of hadith was one of the methods of criticism that classified both hadith narrators into categories such as reliable, acceptable, and weak, as well as the text of hadith (Robinson, 2012, p. 166). Documents provide the possibility of controlling obvious forgeries and historical anomalies and verifying the authenticity and inauthenticity of hadiths. Accuracy in documents, quoting the news with credit from the compiler, allows the reader to know that what is being said is not just a story. In order to understand the emergence of the tradition of Muslim historiography, it is especially important to pay attention to the prominent story aspect of the written narrative, whether it is real or not. The two key words in this context are "hadith" and "news", the current construction of both of which means reporting. It is necessary to remember that Islamic historiography gradually freed itself from the sensitivities of the hadith scholars and the third century is the beginning of the flowering of Muslim classification.
The tradition of classification, which was popularized as a form of history writing, attracted the attention of Sufists and mystics, and under all religions, a narrative was usually formed in order to describe the early faces of the religion, the way of religion and conduct. Show the elders of the religion and set an example for the religion of Islam. The classification of mystics and mystics can be divided into two groups, collective and private, from the point of view of the degree of inclusion of the people under discussion. Collective tazkira books represent the life of a large number of mystics and mystics, and private tazkira is specifically about a Sufi or mystic. The book Manaqib al-Arifin by Shamsuddin Ahmad Aflaki (died 761 A.H.) is one of the exclusive tazkirehs in the biographies of Baha Wold, Maulana and his companions. The book is in ten chapters.
Aflaki started the book at the request of Molavi's grandson and his successor, Amir Arif in 718 AH and finished it in 754 AH.

2. Methodology
Biographies are written with different mechanisms and mystical notes play a significant role in creating the reality or realities of the life of mystics. Facts are created in tazkirehs and tazkireh reports are a form of mystical narration, the degree of objectivity and reality depends on the vision of the tazkireh writers. In this article, the narrative-discursive validity of the reality created by Molavi in Manaqib al-Arifin Aflaki has been identified and interpreted in a descriptive-analytical way and a narrative-discourse approach in the form of the following two questions: 1) Quantitative implications of validating the reality created by Aflaki Which was about Maulvi? How has the author-narrator represented them? 2) How are the levels of qualitative accreditation to the reality created by Aflaki regarding Molavi and its documentary supports arranged in the text?

3. Results
In this article, the result of narrative narrative-discourse explanation of Aflaki's constructed reality in Manaqib al-Arifin is described and analyzed from two qualitative and quantitative perspectives as follows:
The quantitative view of denotation indicates that the author-narrator tries to present the facts with high causality or majoritarianism by tending to four categories of modality or aspect such as numbers, emphasis, narrative frequency and narrative continuity. to mark vocabulary and narration to attract the audience-listener's opinion and make the reality believable for him. At the lexical level, these modalities sometimes serve to confirm and stabilize the represented reality, sometimes by mentioning precise numbers, sometimes in an approximate form representing the majority, sometimes with maximum emphatic adverbs. In addition to this, at the narrative level, the author relies on the frequency of the narrative and the repetition of the event that happened twice or more, or based on the continuity modality of the narrative, which provides a large space of time and space for the representation of the event and shows the constructed reality in a prominent way.
From a qualitative point of view, the author-narrator on the same level by mentioning the perceptive-sensual tools of the narrator-focalizer such as the sense of sight, hearing and touch which indicates his "now" and "here", shows the distance of the perceiver with the event, and some of It makes the facts tangible and objective. Then, on another level, it documents some other fabricated facts by relying on the sources of turning power into authority or legitimizing supports such as citing the holy system, referring to the Sunnah, rationalization, and splendour. With this description, the author-narrator of Manaqib al-Arifin organizes and stabilizes the validity of his created reality about Maulavi and the life around him from a narrative-discourse point of view - not necessarily moral.

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Rice bran is an inexpensive, underutilized major by product of milling, consisting approximately 10% weight of rough rice. Protein concentrates were prepared from defatted rice bran and analyzed for their functional properties. Rice bran proteins were prepared by alkaline extracted. The yield of rice bran proteins Hashemi were 76%. The water solubility of Hashemi was less at pH 6.0 and increased gradually below pH 6.0 and above pH 6.0. Above pH 8.0, the solubility continued to increase but at a slower rate. The pH was found to influence the emulsifying activities and emulsion stabilities of Hashemi. The emulsifying activity of Hashemi significantly increased at pH 8.0. Maximum emulsion activity increased in Hashemi (0.135). As emulsifying stability data showed, maximum emulsion stabilities increased at pH=8, (110.6 min). At pH=10 protein exhibited the best foaming capacity, the foaming stability was not desirable. At pH=8 the most emulsifying activity and the most emulsion stability was observed. The results indicated that RBP isolate of Hashemi can be effectively used for various food formulations like weaning foods, dry mixes, baked foods, whipped toppings, salad dressings etc. due to its high foaming and emulsifying properties. Furthermore, the functionality of RBP was also affected by pH and approaching to alkaline conditions can be improved the various functional properties and extension field of application in food systems.

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Premature rupture of steel structures in seismic Northridge connections led to investigate the connection performance against the forces of earthquake, many researchers are studied. The performance of these joints and connections against forces caused by various kinds of earthquakes, accurate determination of the used parameters and bearing capacity parameters of connections. The fact that no two earthquakes are similar adds emphasis to adopting a coordinated approach for testing different structural elements. These requirements results in developing standard loading histories called loading protocols. Today, the ever-increasing development of using steel in the construction industry in Iran has become clearly evident. Considering the fact that Iran is an earthquake-prone country, identifying the behavior of these structures against earthquake forces assumed importance. Seven, twelve and twenty-story steel moment frames were selected as research models, and after preparing a proper list of accelerograms recorded in the course of earthquakes occurred in Iran during 1978-2007 , the seismic demands applied to structural components were estimated. Regarding the catastrophic aftermath of earthquakes, having a reliable approach to assess the seismic demands proper to the region of interest seems inevitable. The scope of this study is to provide a list of far-field seismic records applicable to 2-D nonlinear time history analyses in Iran. To do that a set of 2000 seismic records from Iran's seismic records database has been investigated based-on their characteristics, amongst are focal distance, magnitude, rupture mechanism, frequency content, and soil profile, resulting in compilation of a list of 20 accelerograms for the purposes of the two dimensional and non-linear analyses in Iran. The proposed accelerograms portray as a true area’s seismic movement as possible. In continuation of study, the final coefficient of scale for the accelerograms for the steel moment frames is calculated with a point to point differentiation method in periodic intervals corresponding to each frame. For the coefficient of scale, an operation conducted in a way that for each accelerogram in the average spectrum, an appropriate response is determined. Time-history dynamic analysis has been carried out by using the list of proposed accelerogram records aiming at preparing the loading protocol of steel moment connections, and the rainflow cycle counting technique has been employed to determine damage parameters for research models. Considering the fact that strength and deformation capacities depends on cumulative damage in earthquake engineering, every component has a permanent memory of past damaging events and at any instance in time it will remember all the past excursions (or cycles) that have contributed to the deterioration in its state of health. A loading protocol is developed specifically for this purpose.For developing the loading protocol of moment-resisting connections, the time history is analyzed using the proposed set of accelerograms recorded, and by applying the method of rainflow cycle counting, damage parameters are determined for the research models. The number of damaging cycles, total deformation range, deformation range and peak of deformation range are the employed parameters, which will be evaluated and compared for all the layers of the research models. Afterwards, statistical estimations are performed on damage parameters and target values are established. Finally, a loading protocol is recommended for moment-resisting joints commonly used in Iran which has the capacity of being applied to the considered structural elements under one general state.

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Today, composite materials have extensive use in aerospace automotive and defense industries compared to metals, because of their high strength to weight ratio and good corrosive resistance. Machining of these materials regard to their composite structure is complicated. Achieve optimal machining conditions, depending on the needs, according to the type of fiber and resin used in composites, need proper analysis and careful investigation. In this study, composite pipes made of glass-epoxy to a thickness of 5 millimeters, which are often used in the body of Aerospace structures, produced by hand lay-up and their surface roughness after turning process is measured. In order to obtain the minimum roughness in the turning process, tool type in two modes, and cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut are studied at three different levels. So Taguchi experimental design method and experimental test samples on roughness the results analysis and performed by minitab software. Finally, concluded that the minimum value of the surface roughness is obtained by tools with chip-breaking levels, cutting speed 100 m/min, feed rate 0.05 mm/rev, and the depth of cut 1.5 mm.

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Mobile telecommunications tremendous growth in the 21st century made ITU define wireless communications as the driver of ICT in the world. Advent of this technology to Iran, like every other new technology, leads to superior changes in economic, socio-cultural, political, defensive and security aspects. None of the research done on national security has directly focused on mobile telecommunications industry. The aim of this paper is to propose a structural model for the enhancement of mobile telecommunications with regards to national security interests. To fulfill this aim, we first define the research question and problem solving method using systematic approach. The research guidelines are then studied one after another. After identifying influential elements and their interrelations, the development model, which is a directed graph, would be introduced using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Key elements of the model are: National Security, National Interests, Foresight, Understanding the Environment, Problem solving design approach, Breakthrough Thinking, Selected theory-driven development, Communications Regulatory Agency, Strategic Intentions and Upstream Documents and Macro trends. The final model presents how Strategic Intentions turn into action plans under the influence of Global Macro trends. Proposing segmentation based on different layers of the model for better implementation and the long-term effects of national decisions and accomplishments on global drivers constitute other achievements of the modeling.

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Ultrasonic Assisted Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (UAMAF) is the combination of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) and ultrasonic vibrations to finish the surfaces in nanometer scale. In this work, the experimental setup for UAMAF was prepared to finish inner surface of tube workpiec. By using experimental setup, the effect of experimental parameters such as ultrasonic vibrations, mesh number, the type of abrasives (SiC and diamond) and finishing time has been investigated on the changes in the surface roughness of AL6061 tube workpiece. The experimental results showed that the use of ultrasonic vibrations has a significant effect on reducing the surface roughness. The changes in surface roughness increases with the mesh number from 90 to 800 and finishing time from 30s to 5 min. Among two types of abrasives, diamond showed the best performance in finishing. Optical microscopy images showed that the dominant finishing mechanism in MAF for coarse grains (with mesh size of 90 and 120) is two body and for fine grains (with mesh size of 220, 400 and 800) is three body. In UAMAF for both of the coarse and fine grains the dominant finishing mechanism is three body.

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The main purpose of using scaffolds replacement tissues of the body. The most important part is to choose the type and steel scaffolding so that eventually will replace the damaged tissue. One of the mechanisms proposed to reshape the bone is based on its piezoelectric properties. It seems that the use of piezoelectric materials is an option for use in the body, is a unique privilege. Therefore, the ceramic barium titanate (BaTiO3) having good piezoelectric properties, Curie temperature of about 125˚C and laboratory observations that non-toxic in the body, as a candidate to replace and simulate the performance of bone tissue, has been proposed. In this study, the design and produce of barium titanate piezoelectric ceramic as a bone scaffold with foam casting method and become coated with gelatinous and nanostructured HA composite for bone tissue engineering. Then test its properties by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were studied. In the end, it was concluded that the barium titanate scaffold produse with foam casting method coated with gelatin nano hydroxyapatite composite structure suitable for use in bone tissue engineering.