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Land use severely affects the carbon and nitrogen stock and the soil's physical, mechanical, hydraulic and chemical characteristics of the soil. This study aims to investigate the effect of land use type on some soil characteristics, including carbon stock (C_S), nitrogen stock (N_S), S-index, structural stability index (SSI), soil pore size distribution, soil shear strength (τ), internal friction angle (φ˚), shear cohesion (C), soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), relative field capacity (RFC), available water (AW), aeration porosity (AP) and effective porosity (P_e) in Shandiz city, Khorasan Razavi province (northeast Iran) was studied. For this purpose, 60 soil samples were taken from the surface layer (0-20 cm) in pasture and agricultural land uses. The results showed that S-Index, SSI, RFC, AW, P_e, C_s, and N_s in pasture land use were significantly higher than agricultural land use. The values of τ, C, and φ˚ in the pasture land use were significantly (p<0.01) less than the pasture land use. The relationship between soil organic carbon stock index and bulk density (r=-0.69), coarse fragments (r=-0.73), cohesion (r=-0.70), and internal friction angle (r=-0.52) were significant and negative. The amounts of carbon and nitrogen stock indices in pasture land use were 61.6 and 33.1 % greater than agricultural land use, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that as a result of land use change, the carbon and nitrogen stock, S-index, relative field capacity, structural stability index, available water, aeration porosity, effective porosity, and consequently, the soil quality decrease, and soil degradation increase in agricultural land use.
 

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One of the important terms used in the Holy Quran is Sha'an Pronoun, one that gives special emphasis to the speech “Kalam” and it is not used except in very important cases. Some scholars and commentators of the Qur'an have claimed in numerous cases that Sha'an Pronoun is determined in some verses of the Qur'an and have brought arguments for this claim. In this paper, which has been carried out by a descriptive-analytical method, in order to examine the validity of this claim, it was first determined that the Sha'an Pronoun, due to ambiguity, being a name and being a pillar of speech has an extraordinary emphatic meaning and goes beyond other means of emphasis, and in many ways cannot be compared. Therefore, the arguments of believers of Sha'an Pronoun to be determined have been mentioned and reviewed in various cases. Then the disapproval of determination of the Sha'an Pronoun in Arabic convention, the incompatibility of the emphasis with the omission and the lack of the need for the pronoun in the claimed cases have been mentioned and proved as incorrect arguments of the claimed pronouns.  In none of the claimed cases, a pronoun is not determined. Through examining the translations of Mesbahzadeh (literally), Mostafavi (free) and Meshkini (interpretive), it became clear that Mostafavi's translation is more accurate than other translations, and Meshkini's translation on this issue is less accurate than other translations.