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Non-epistemic values in scientific reasoning bring many discussions. One way to justify the role of these values is the argument from inductive risk. The aim of this article is to examine a version of this argument that is presented by Douglas. By raising the question about "evidential sufficiency", Douglas advances her argument to justify the influence of non-epistemic values. Assuming the correctness of Douglas' argument, we try to determine the answer of "evidential sufficiency" based on the conclusion of her argument. Even considering both epistemic and non-epistemic values, we will show that the question of sufficiency will not have a proper answer. Because to determine evidential sufficiency, we will either confront circularity or force to add other ambiguous things. Also, we will explain that Douglas should have sought the "evidential sufficiency" by emphasizing more on the practice of scientists in actuality, in which there is no requirement to incorporate scientific claims with policy-making claims. This criticism is sympathetic to some other criticisms of Douglas, according to which she incorporated pragmatic and epistemic domains of science.
 

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Iranian architecture was subjected to chaos and confusion from the late Qajar and early Pahlavi era. In this period we see the simultaneous construction of buildings, each representing one of the schools of a distinct period of history. The diverse and often conflicting tendencies in architecture of this period were mostly due to the differences between the political and ideological trends of this era of history, grounded in the political current of late Qajar and early Pahlavi. These different orientation have led to the institutionalization of a new style of architecture in the Qajar period that caused Iranian architecture to blend some specific factors of its form to those of far East, and put tradition and modernity face to face that is artistically pleasant. Combining tradition and modernity in architecture begins in Qajar. Numerous trips of kings and princes to Europe are the main cause of modernization arrival to Iran. This trend became faster in the period of Nasereddin Shah and Persian art took great strides during the Qajar king. Qajar is the period of conflicting architectural values and ideas, and diversity in urban architectural trends and styles. This diversity and contrast which is influenced by various factors of different approaches to modernity and tradition, can be mostly seen in the field of residential architecture, so that, the architecture of this period has been called, housing architecture or residential architecture. From the engravings of pillars and entrances to elements such as pediments and even windows forms and volumetric adaptation form the buildings only show a part of Qajar era architecture. This mixture occurred not only in architecture but also with changes in other organs and Iranian social phenomena, which, in its own time, was considered as modernism. In this paper, In addition to defining tradition and modernity, the following questions will be answered: (1) how is the confrontation of Iranian contemporary architecture (Qajar period) with East architecture? , (2) is it possible to see any relationship between architect’s designing of architectural elements and their time of formation? To find answers to these questions, arguing settlement method / technique of cross - sectional - interpretation is used. To collect opinions (informed people in the field of Architecture) questionnaire technique is used. The results show that, in recent one hundred and fifty years, modernity, has thrown light on many aspects of Iranian society, many theoretical and political conflicts of this period, from "Islamic solidarity" to "westernization", “Constitutionalism Movement "to" Islamic Revolution ", from "Marxism" to "Ziaeeian and Pahlavian modernity" and from "Alavi Shia" to "ideas of progress", were all part of efforts towards transforming, modifying, or enforcement and closing modernity. Changes in Iranian architecture during the Qajar and architectural trends towards West architecture, has not occurred uniformly and homogeneously and this is not encompasses all segments of the society; It was first emerged in the palaces of kings and then nobility. Emerging a gap between rich and poor classes and a heterogeneous picture in architecture of city was natural at this stage; riches’ houses became increasingly luxurious and those of poor were in traditional and old form. This resulted in the duality and conflict in the appearance of city. It means that the impact of European architecture was firstly revealed in royal buildings, then in public buildings and finally in residential architecture. These influences are mostly in the architectural forms and not in the methods or construction. In the late Qajar period, European architecture can be seen in all sectors and buildings. Complex decoration and tore the can be notably seen in Qajar architecture, these characteristics dates back to the introversion of Qajar architecture. Much attention has been paid to interior side and this part was separated from outside by complex decoration, but it gradually changed, since on the one hand, the materials used in construction were changed and new materials were used in construction, on the other hand, at late Qajar and early Pahlavi introversion changed to extraversion. The walls became short and exterior facades were noted, the spaces became more creative and diverse, and In a word, we can say that Naserrian fence was broken. In the meantime, many buildings, constructed in the Qajar period, were affected by Western architecture. In this study, we will examine more than fifty buildings of this historical period, recommended by the professors, but due to the limitation of this paper, only two outstanding works which were accomplished in the form of questionnaires, will be mentioned. After examining some architectural samples, we will find out more about the logical relationship between passage of time and West architecture and the historical importance of building. In term of historical period, a logical relationship is seen between the passage of time and West architecture. Based on the tests conducted, the correlation value is 48%, that with regard to 0.002 error, this is a substantial and highly significant number. In other words, the more we approach the end of the period, the more the building are under the influence of West architecture. This diversity and contrast which is influenced by various factors of different approaches to modernity and tradition, can be mostly seen in the field of residential architecture, so that, the architecture of this period has been called, housing architecture or residential architecture. In terms of historical importance of the building, the more we approach the end of the period, the relationship become more significant. Correlation value of 0.058 and the error rate of 0.017, show a relatively accurate and proper relation, so that we can expect that the building of the late Qajar have more historical significance than those of the early period. Likewise, in term of the significance of the contemporary building, there is also a significant relation. And again, the more we approach the end of the period, the relationship become more significant. This is quite evident according to Table 3 and 5.

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The literature of each region reflects the customs and beliefs of that particular region and is the distinguishing feature of races from each other. Folklore of each nation is a reflection of its cultural and racial beliefs and through investigating them, one can find out about traditions and cultures of various races that have entered and remained in that area through immigration, war and business. Through separating these cultural and racial beliefs, one can also reevaluate that race from a cultural perspective. Music of every nation, like other arts, springs out of feelings, experiences and the surroundings of that nation and it has contained and built a big and important part of every society throughout the history of mankind. Human beings mix their internal feelings with the knowledge they have acquired through trial and error and creates a fruit called art and civilization. One of the objective manifestation of Kurdish culture is folk songs. Songs have not been and are not simply tools to pass life, but are useful tools for transferring feelings, happiness and sorrow. One of the ever-lasting songs among Kurds, and in particular Kurds speaking the southern dialect, is Houreh which is prevalent in areas such as Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Kurdistan. Houreh is a long continuous song and its singer has a lot of poems and verses in mind and sings them one after the other. Sometimes the songs are composed by the singer and sometimes taken from other poets.
Houreh is mostly prevalent in southern Kurdish areas especially with Laks, and in areas of Guran, Sanjabi, and Kalhor. Seyyed Gholi Keshavarz, Ali Rostami known as Ali Khan, Farman Rostami, Ali Karami Nezhad known as Haji Touti, Bahram Beig Valad Beigi, Nejat, Ebrahim Hosseini, Ilkhan Arkavazi, Awl Aziz, Yasemi, Karim Sadehi, and Abd Al-Samad Abdi Pour are famous Houreh singers of Ilam, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces. But, the deceased Ali Nazar is most well-known of all.
Houreh expresses contents such as death, describing nature, sorrow, hardship, happiness, and unhappiness in the form of songs. However, the most frequent theme of Houreh has been happiness and love. Seyyed Gholi Keshavarz is one the most famous contemporary Houreh composers who lives in Lalehvand Mahidasht (in Kermanshah) and many of his Houreh are song by lovers of traditional Kurdish songs. He pays special attention to describing the beloved in his Hourehs and using this form of songs, he expresses the hardships of love and betrayal on behalf of the beloved, or the pains one endures for love. Another part of his songs are composed in the form of Ekhvaniat and also Payeh Moori describing the beauty of nature or death.

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Ecolodge need policy to guide and determine short-term and long-term decisions among different options.Policymaking in Ecolodge is a collection of rules, regulations, instructions and strategies that provides a framework in which the governmental and local decisions directly affect the sustainable development of Ecolodge. In this research, we aim to identify spatial policy indicators in Ecolodge and figure out their importance in the Hawraman region. Therefore, the question is which of the spatial policy elements of Ecolodge have the most importance in this case study? The research method is practical by purpose and descriptive-analytical by type. At first, it described and interpreted the existing relationships between the research variables (statistical system and information, ruling bureaucracy, ruling values, structure of power, implementation and monitoring of policies). Research statistical society includes the ecotourism managers of the target villages of Hawraman region, General Department of Cultural Heritage experts, Tourism and Handicrafts Department, as well as tourism specialists including faculty members and related experts. This research results shows that according to Tukey's test, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator with an average of 3.673 (combination of opinions) has the highest importance in the spatial policy of Ecolodge in the Hawraman region.Thus, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it can be accepted that there is a significant difference between the spatial policy elements of the Ecolodge in the Hawraman region, and in this regard, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator is the most important among the five.
 

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Introduction
After the three eras of agriculture, industry and information, the sky of the virtual age over the heads of humans has covered the vast umbrella of human geography in every corner of the boundless earth. The fourth technological revolution is a reality that has and will affect all city and urban structures in the world. In this regard, "crypto cities" and "metaverse cities" are two technological phenomena affected by this revolution and based on technologies such as blockchain, cryptocurrency, etc., which have attracted attention in the advanced world, and even in this direction, measures have been initiated. According to the twenty-year vision of Iran's development, which aims to gain the first place in the region for the country, and in line with the country's development laws, which includes the urban economy and the development of technologies required for urban management along with the knowledge economy this axis is emphasized in Iran. Also, based on the horizon of the document of the Iranian Islamic model of progress as an upstream document, in 1450 AH, Iran should be among the five leading countries in the world in the production of thought and technology, and from a knowledge-based and self-based economy based on rationality, justice and Islamic spirituality and one of the ten largest economic powers in the world; Therefore, logically- by designing such a vision- one cannot ignore the phenomenon of the fourth technological wave and its manifestations, i.e. crypto cities and metaverse cities that are rising. But the problem of this research is that until now, due to the importance of metaverse cities in the future of the country, this phenomenon has not been addressed from different points of views. Therefore, it is clear that there is a significant gap in the research done inside the country. This research, due to the importance of the topic, aimed to answer the following questions:
 what are the consequences of moving towards the metaverse cities for Iran?
 what issues should be taken into consideration in the planning of the future metaverse cities of Iran?
 what are the causal conditions that justify the establishment of Metaverse cities in Iran?
 what strategies and solutions (measures) are necessary for the purpose of guiding and measures for the future metaverse cities of the country?
Also, the document of the Iranian Islamic model of progress is considered as an upstream document; Therefore, as a rule and logically, it has a very high influence in the future metaverse cities of the country. Therefore, other question is that:
 what points can be obtained from the document of the Iranian Islamic model of progress in relation to the measures for the proper management of the future metaverse cities of the country?
Methology
This article is fundamental. It is question-oriented and it is done in document and library method. Also, it is qualitative research, which is exploratory through the qualitative content analysis method, and it is done in the framework of the grounded theory method. The statistical sample of the research includes a range of documents and scientific studies related to the central topic of the research which used the available sampling method.
Research findings
Based on research findings, metaverse cities will have consequences for the country. In this connection, in the case of proper management and appropriate measures, this wave will have more positive consequences than negative consequences. Also, in terms of intervening conditions, culture and cultural policies, especially in the field of virtual space, the culture of Technology acceptance, the dominant philosophy of Technology policy (technorealism, neoladism, and techno-utopianism), the state of establishment of the fourth technological wave paradigm, and the state of establishment of the participation-oriented paradigm, sustainable development, knowledge-based development and strengthening the city's integrity are considered non-technical intervention conditions. In relation to technical categories, the state of information and communication Technology components including infrastructure (computers, transmission networks, internet, etc.), application software, manpower and Technology management in the framework of indicators such as processing, bandwidth, user experience, connectivity, e-commerce, programming languages, network and computer architecture and storage resources, based on research findings, as intervening conditions in the establishment of metaverse cities in Iran are discussed. Background conditions are special conditions that affect strategies and solutions. These are a combination of technical conditions, jurisprudential bases, legal bases and monetary policies. In connection with the technical conditions, we can refer to the 8 enablers of metaverse Technology including: network, edge/cloud, artificial intelligence, computer vision, blockchain, internet of things and robotics, user interaction and augmented reality and 6 pillars of the metaverse ecosystem including: avatar, content production , virtual economy, social acceptance, security and privacy, and trust and responsibility centered on the 4 basic components of blockchain metaverse cities, virtual currency, exchangeable token and social interactions (social networks). Besides these conditions, jurisprudential bases, legal bases and monetary and currency policies of the country - based on research findings - are the background conditions that should be considered in strategies and solutions. Causal conditions also specify the categories that are related to the conditions for creating the central category. Based on research findings, integration in policy making, legislation, planning, implementation and monitoring, in other words integrated management and measures are the most important causal conditions in this field. According to the contextual, intervening categories, as well as the consequences and disadvantages of metaverse cities (in case of inappropriate management and measures) were raised. Strategies and solutions in line with appropriate management and measures of metaverse cities can be divided into two categories: technical and non-technical.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the research, considering the conditions mentioned in the research, including integration in policy making, legislation, planning, implementation and monitoring, it is possible to achieve metaverse cities in the country with social, economic, cultural and environmental low consequences. Also, in the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress document, three paragraphs in the measures section are dedicated to virtual space; In total, the following points, based on the results of the research, were used in order to take advantage of the measures in order to achieve the worthy leadership of the country's future in addition to the above-mentioned points:
 1) accepted metaverse city; It is a healthy, useful, safe and ethical space based on Iranian Islamic values, culture and identity, and is a fair space in which justice has been observed in exploiting the virtual opportunity;
2) The future metaverse cities of the country should be in line with promoting local knowledge, developing the country, providing security and increasing the resilience of infrastructure; this matter will be done with public participation and international cooperation;
3) Metaverse city can be a platform for promoting creative and cultural industries in accordance with the national and local capabilities of Iran in which norming, promotion and expansion of Islamic culture and values ​​of Iran has been done considering the demand of the regional and global audience.

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Counting the minimum number of differential active S-boxes is a common way to evaluate the security of block ciphers against differential and linear cryptanalysis. In this paper, we use mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)
to calculate minimum number of active S-boxes of the some Feistel structures. We focus on Type-II of Feistel structures
with four and six partitions and explain how to analyze them by MILP when they have more than one MDS2 matrices (like
Clefia) in their structure. Moreover, we propose a new four partitions Feistel structure with three multiple MDS matrices
which have more active S-boxes rather than Clefia structure. We also generalize Clefia structure in to six partitions Feistel
structure by three multiple MDS matrices for 192 bits block size. 

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The present study was undertaken to design and analyze three different configurations of SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) and MGT (micro-gas turbine) hybrid system. The first presented configuration is a hybrid system with one fuel cell which considered as a basic mode. Two other configurations are considered with two fuel cells that mounted upstream of the turbine in series and parallel forms. The aim of the current study was thermodynamic analyze of designed hybrid systems and achieving the optimum fuel consumption factor for fuel cells that used in hybrid systems. Therefore, other performance parameters such as turbine inlet temperature, compressor pressure ratio and the number of cells, which play an important role in implementation of SOFC and gas-turbine, were parametrically analyzed and the obtained optimum values were used in analyzes. In this regard, the parameters associated with electrochemical processes within cells considered as a function of their chemical and thermodynamic conditions, and their modeling code combined with the modeling code of micro gas turbine cycle. The results of this study revealed that fuel utilization factor has direct impact on the SOFC/MGT hybrid system performance. Also we demonstrate that the optimal fuel utilization factor for basic mode hybrid system was 0.85, hybrid system with 2 series fuel cells were obtained 0.7 and 0.8 respectively and hybrid system with two parallel fuel cells were calculated to be 0.85. Moreover, the SOFC/MGT hybrid system with two series fuel cells account for the highest electrical efficiency and was selected as the most efficient configuration.

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This research was carried out to study the antifungal effect of aqueous extract and powder of Pistacia atlantica at 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the baneh extract and powder was certified against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus in concentrations of 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 g /ml were determined by Serial Dilution technique. After preparing lactic cheese samples, a 10 mm piece was placed inside the plate and 3 μl Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was added to its center. Plates were incubated at 26 ° C for 3 weeks and the zone diameter of mold growth was measured. The results showed that by increasing the storage period, the growth zone diameter of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in all of treatments increased. The treatments had a greater effect on the control of Aspergillus flavus mold growth than that of Aspergillus niger in lactic cheese. In mold and yeast counting, the highest count was observed for control treatment and the lowest increase was related to treatment containing 5% extract of Pistacia atlantica. The experimental treatments also significantly affected the sensory properties of the cheese samples. The highest taste scores were for samples containing 0.5 and 1% Pistacia atlantica extract. The samples containing more levels of extract (2.5 and 5 %) were less scored in terms of flavor and taste than those containing powder of Pistacia atlantica. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that extracts and powder of Pistacia atlantica have an appropriate antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, Therefore, they can be used in medical pharmacology, food industries and health affairs as drugs and anti-fungal elements.

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Plant essential oils and extracts are the compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth at low concentrations. Also, these materials are mostly strong antioxidants and the presence of these two properties together increases the shelf-life of fish. This study was done to investigate effect of various concentrations of caraway and thyme essences on chemical and microbial quality of common carp fillet. Different concentrations of essential oils (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/l) were added to fish samples and some chemical and oxidation factors, microbial quality and sensory properties of the samples were determined. The results showed the lowest levels of total volatile basic nitrogen was related to 2000 mg/l thyme essential oil (24.6 mg/100 g fillet) and the highest amount of total volatile basic nitrogen were observed in control treatment (75.11 mg/ 100g fillet) at refrigerator temperature. TBA levels in all treatments increased with increasing storage time and at the end of the storage period, except in 500 and 1000 mg/l thyme essences treatments, there was significant difference among all experimental samples (p<0.05). The results showed that various concentrations of essences reduced the total count and Psychrotrophic bacteria compared to the control. At the end of the storage time, treatment of 2000 mg/l caraway essence, 1000 mg/l caraway essence and 2000 mg/l thyme essence had the lower Psychrotrophic bacteria than the other samples. Treatments with 1000 and 2000 mg/l caraway essences in freezing conditions received the most colors score. The highest score of texture was related to 2000 mg/l thyme essential oil at refrigerator temperature. Samples containing 1000 mg/l caraway essence in freezing temperatures had the highest odor score. In general, 1000 and 2000 mg/l concentrations of thyme essence due to acceptance of the organoleptic characteristics from the consumer view as well as reduce microbial growth and chemical factors are recommended.

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If in control systems, for any reason, such as cost limitation and environmental conditions, the states of the system could not be measured by measurement sensors, suitable observer should be designed for state estimation. In this paper, a high-gain observer for a class of nonlinear systems in triangular form with divers and simultaneous delay at state, input and output equations is proposed. If time delays are known, sufficient conditions are provided by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii theorem that guarantees the state estimation error converges asymptotically to zero. Conditions are expressed in this way that the output time delay is smaller than the defined amount and also the high-gain parameter in the observer structure is larger than the specified values. Simulation results on inverted pendulum with dc motor control illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer.

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           Electronic fund transaction refers to any transfer of funds in which electronic media are used in at least one of its processes. Depending on the type of transaction, the legal relation of the bank and consumer may constitute agency, cession of claim or loan contract. According to the UNCITRAL Legal Guide and the regulations of Iran and the United States, the obligations of bank against consumer are “Consequential Obligations”. The bank is liable for the losses arising from its systems, employees and other institutes cooperating with it. This comparative study discusses that Iran’s law has deficiencies in some aspects such as the moment of irrevocability of payment order. Also some of the provisions of model contracts, which are used in the banking system, are in conflict with the mandatory regulations of consumer protection, and should be modified.        
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: abdolahi80@gmail.com    

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Social inequality refers to differences in resources that are in demand in a society. Usually, social and economic inequalities appear in patterns of spatial inequality and the critical point of inequality in urban areas is that most disadvantaged areas, take least advantage of that distribution or redistribution. Ahvaz city, has witnessed several transformations in recent decades that it has become to one of the country's major metropolises. The purpose of this study is to examine social inequality in the city. The purpose of this study is to examine social inequality in the city. The research method is descriptive - analytic. The research method is descriptive - analytic study. Information, using the library and field methods has been collected. In the field method, questionnaire tool is used. Statistical population in this study is householders of Shahrak-e-Naft, Golestan and Hasir Abad districts in Ahvaz city. Each district according to its population had several appropriate questionnaires which were distributed randomly. According to the results of the investigation, since Hasir Abad residents have lower levels of social and economic, as well as experience a different lifestyle and have lower social benefits. Also, service quality in these districts are low, consequently, citizens have little access to urban services.

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In today's competitive world, production and inventory control in small and medium enterprises (SME) is considered as an important issue by managers, because of the influence of factors such as fluctuations in demand and failure of machines. Network Failure Prone Manufacture Systems (NFPMs) are type of production systems that failure of machines is assumed for them. In this paper, a multi-product network failure manufacturing system with perishable items is studied. The production control policy is based on the hedging point policy that contains producing and maintaining of products in order to respond to demand and avoid shortages. In this system, demand is constant and shortages (backlog and lost sale) have been allowed. The main goal of this paper is to determine the optimal production rates that minimize expected value of total production, holding, shortage, and perishable costs. Because of uncertainly and complexity of these systems, simulation optimization has been done using ARENA software. Finally, numerical example will show the efficiency of the proposed approach.

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Background: Curcumine is polyphenol compound which is extracted from the rhizome of the turmeric plant. Despite the anti-tumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammantaroty properties of this pigment, due to poor solubility and instability in the aqueos environments, its application in the treatment of disease has been limited. Today researchers are trying to design an efficient nanocarrier for employing this pigment in pharmaceutical application. Exosomes are lipis nanovesicles are released into extracellular environment by all types of cells and are responsible for the transfer of biological materials beween cells, so they are considered the best candidate for this goal. In this study, we aimed to load curcumin into the exosomes to increase its solubility and stability and facilitate its delivery ito ovarian cells.
Methods: After isolating the exosome by ultracentrifugation and verifying its structure with SEM, TEM and DLS, curcumine was loaded into the exosome by three methods of incubation, sonication and freez-thaw cycles. Then, using MTT assay, the toxicity effect of curcumine on SKOV3 cells was investigated.
Results: the results showed that the amount of curcumin loading into exosome was very low (less than 10%) and it was found that sonication and freez-thaw cycles have no effect on increasing the loading curcumin into the exosomes. Based on the results of toxicity test, IC50 value of free curcumin and exosome loaded curcumin was 150 and 200 respectively. Although the loading percentage of curcumin was very low, the MTT assay results showed that the loading of curcumine into the exosome plays a significant role in its efficient delivery to SKOV3 cells.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that despite the very high stability of exosomes and saffety of these cellular nanovesicles, for better efficiency in drug delivery, more studies should be done for optimizing the methods of drug loading into exosomes.

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Selective laser melting is a technology for additive manufacturing where parts are produced by melting a powder bed using a laser beam. Because the metal parts produced by this method can have complex and desired geometries, it is considered a modern method for producing electric motor parts, sensors, and other components. The iron powder used in this study is pure one. The input parameters for this method include laser power, scanning speed, and the hatches distance. The design of the experiments was performed using the Taguchi method. Although many studies have been conducted on the mechanical properties of parts produced by this method, less attention has been paid to magnetic properties. In this research, the effect of selective laser melting parameters on the force of pure iron coercivity was experimentally determined. The optimal levels of parameters for achieving the optimal value of this force were determined using signal-to-noise analysis. The main effects and interactions of the parameters were taken into account in this article. The results indicate that the optimal parameter levels for obtaining the lowest amount of coercive force include a laser power of 220 watts, scanning speed of 400 mm/s, and a hatch distance of 70 micrometers. The hatch distance and scanning speed have the most interactive effects on achieving the lowest amount of coercivity.

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One of the conditions included in many service contracts, is the condition of termination without cause or optional termination. Since Art. 401 of the Civil Code considers the condition of termination without a period of time to be null and void, at first it’s thought that the above condition is also challenged in Iran's legal system; However, the mentioned condition has different bases in different service contracts, depending on the case. In governmental or administrative contracts, the basis for termination is the act of sovereignty, which according to international custom, governments have the right to exercise their sovereignty in all contracts; However, in contracts between private individuals or government employment contracts, the basis for termination must be evaluated in the light of the above article. If the contracting contract is considered special, the termination of the contract will be the termination of the contract; Otherwise, it should be included in the Art. 10 of the Civil Code and naturally it should not be against jus cogens. In any case, since the basis of voiding the contract in the mentioned article is the jeopardy rule, if the jeopardy/peril is resolved by appropriate measures, all the costs of the contractor (express consideration) must be compensated.
 

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The sanctity of the medical profession in our society is rooted in both religious teachings and rich Iranian culture. For this reason, in Islamic jurisprudence, the subject of medicine and Iatrology has been the subject of extensive technical and legal discussions as a separate chapter. On the other hand, the principle of good faith and mutual trust in the doctor-patient relationship requires both parties by respecting their agreement, do not refuse to fulfill their obligations without a valid excuse. The main question is to what extent the good faith is based on the responsibility of the doctor. It is affect? In this article, with a comparative study of the French legal system and jurisprudential sources, while examining the theories related to the relationship between the doctor's responsibility and the intention of beneficence and good faith, it was concluded that the existence of good faith is both effective and also is regarded as a factor to reduce the amount of damage which is compensable.