Showing 11 results for Safaeian
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. (Umbelliferae family) is a dominant species in the some partial of habitats in Zagros Mountains. According to ethno-botanical studies, this plant is one of the best range plants of Iran. Local ranchers collect green Prangos while it is toxic. They then dry the plant and use it to feed their livestock, especially in winter season. This research done to analyse the changes in the chemical composition of Pr. ferulacea with the effects of time, location and type of secondary metabolisms. Therefore, the ingredients and amounts of the essential oils of Prangos were studied during the growing and flowering stages (in both green/fresh and dried forms) to track such changes. The results showed that the amounts of terpinolene, β-phellandrene and bornyl acetate were decreased in the dried form, and some of the harmful components, such as α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcen and delta-3-carene, were absent, rendering the plant non-toxic. These results confirm the opinion of the ranchers. In the growing stage, the amount of coumarin was significantly less than in the flowering stage, which also supports the conduct of the local ranchers who gather the plants at the most appropriate time.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Aims: In the present work, carbon sequestration in different organs of 3 dominant of (A. , H. , and S. ) soil carbon sequestration of the corresponding habitats were examined.
Materials and Methods: The aboveground and belowground organs of 3 species were randomly sampled and oven dried. Three soil samples were taken from 0-0.15 and 0.15-0.3 m soil depths (SD). From these, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density (BD), moisture content (MC), electrical conductivity (EC), and soil acidity (pH) were measured.
Findings: All of the tested had more carbon sequestration in the aboveground rather than organs. The highest value of carbon sequestration was observed in S. , which was about 18% and 90% more than the reported values of H. A. , respectively. Soil with S. greater content of organic carbon (1.5%) compared with H. 0.64%) and A. 0.63%), respectively. The results confirmed that soil top layer (0-0.15m) of patch area had more capability to sequester carbon (1.81%) in S. with the other species.
Conclusion: All the tested plants had higher carbon sequestration in the aboveground organs compared with the parts. The leaves had presented the lowest value compared with shoots and roots. The soil organic carbon of the species habitat varied from 0.63 (A. ) 1.5% (H. ). Moreover, with increasing the soil depth, carbon sequestration of the underlying soil layers decreased.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Aim: Ethno-botanical knowledge is widespread and important among tribesmen. However, this knowledge is based on experimental findings rather than on a scientific basis. Apart from this, there is a risk that this ethnobotanical knowledge may disappear and be neglected. One of the endemic plants in Iran is Morina persica L., known in ethnoveterinary and ethnobotany. In this study, the chemical compounds of Morina persica L., an endemic ethnoveterinary plant, were investigated for the first time in Iran using GC/MS.
Materials & Methods: The collection of all M.persica aerial parts was conducted during the flowering stage. The extraction of essential oils was performed by a hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger device. Then, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer device was employed to determine and analyze the essential oils composition. Kovats retention indices (KI=RI) were used to confirm the identification by the mass spectra
Volume 18, Issue 120 (February 2021)
Abstract
Encapsulation is one of the most important methods to protect essential oils from evaporation, degradation, and preservation of antimicrobial properties for reducing the number of microorganisms in food. Based on GC/MS analysis, Pulegone (33.10 %), Carvacrol (10.60 %), Piperitenone (9.33 %), Eucalyptol (8.01 %), γ-Terpineol (5.46 %), L- Menthone (4.79 %) were as the major components of phytochemicals of Ziziphoria clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO). Encapsulation of ZEO using maltodextrin and gum arabic in a ratio of 1:1 with different concentrations of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % (w/w) wall, and concentration of 2.5 % (w/w) ZEO by spray drying method was done. Emulsion characteristics were pH = 3.8, particle size = 429 nm, polydispersity index PDI=0.681 and zeta potential = -25.8 mV. The results showed that the best operating conditions for encapsulation of ZEO using maltodextrin and gum arabic by spray drying method, is selection of concentration of 30 % (w/w) wall with ratio of 1:1 and concentration of 2.5 % (w/w) ZEO. The final microcapsul with pH = 4.7, moisture of = 0.9 %, particle size <20 µm, total oil content 4.655 %, surface oil 0.018 %, oil retention 60 %, encapsulation efficiency 96.65 %, zeta potential = -22.7 mV, polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.375 and water-soluble property with light yellow color and without sediment was produced. Spray drying method is a suitable method for encapsulation of ZEO. ZEO is insoluble in water, but a water-soluble microcapsule can be produced with using this method. Due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of zeo, it can be used as a natural and effective preservative in reducing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the shelf life of food.
Volume 19, Issue 122 (April 2022)
Abstract
Promising secondary metabolites of brown algae have been given particular importance, due to their various biological activities. In the present study, two extraction methods including maceration and ultrasound were performed to prepare extracts from brown algae including Padina distromatic, then, aimed to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-Alzheimer’s activities of extracts. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had higher total phenol (43.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (24.59 mg QE/gDA). However, the maximum antioxidant activity was observed in algae extract prepared by maceration method. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had the highest inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase and the strongest inhibition of nitric oxide production was observed in this extract. Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua bacteria were more resistant to Padina algae extract than other microorganisms and the results of microbial test showed that Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method was more antimicrobial than maceration method. Collectively, the obtained results provide valuable evidence for antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and antimicrobial activity driven by Padina distromatic extracts which can highlight their possible approach in the therapeutic utilization.
Volume 19, Issue 123 (May 2022)
Abstract
In recent decades, the demand for the use of functional compounds in food and pharmaceutical products has increased. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial properties of Padina distromatic and Sargassum angustifulium algae extracted by ultrasound. The results showed that butanoic acid was the most important substance in Padina and Sargasum extracts. Total content of polyphenols, flavonoids and IC50 index of Padina extract and sargasum 43.45 and 46.63 mg GAE/g, flavonoid content 24.59 and 55.40 mg QE/g and IC50 index 10.38 and 30.77 g/ml respectively. The inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Padina and Sargassum algae extracts was 42.5% and 25.16%, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory results showed that nitric oxide inhibitory activity increased with increasing the concentration of both Padina and Sargassum algae extracts (from 50 to 400 mg / ml). However, Padina algae extract had the strongest NO inhibitory activity at all concentrations. Padina extract had more antimicrobial properties compared to the algae extract of sargassum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Padina extract at 12.5 mg/ml was obtained on Staphylococcus aureus. Padina extract at 50 mg/ml had a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, Sargassum extract should be used as natural antioxidant and Padina extract as natural anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial components.
Volume 19, Issue 127 (September 2022)
Abstract
Today, with the rise of awareness and changing attitudes, the demand for healthy foods has increased. The effective compounds of black seed with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties are of interest to many researchers. The aim of this study was to benefit from the functional properties of black seed oil in a food model. In the first phase, the peroxide index, color and antimicrobial properties of free and alginate encapsulated black seed oil were investigated. In the second phase, microbial and sensory properties of 4 chocolate ganache samples (preservative free (G or Control), preservative free + inoculated microorganisms (GM), containing 3% free black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM) And containing 3% of encapsulated black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM)) were compared. The results of the first phase showed that MIC and MBC of free black seed oil on Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were higher than the encapsulated black seed oil. Also, the highest and lowest antimicrobial effects of black seed oil were observed on Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, respectively. The peroxide index and color of free black seed oil was more than encapsulated black seed oil . Also, the results of the second phase showed that the presence of black seed oil in the chocolate ganache formulation reduced the microbial load of the produced samples. However, the antimicrobial action of free black seed oil on the microbial load of the food model was more than encapsulated black seed oil. Finally, the results of sensory evaluation showed that chocolate ganache containing encapsulated black seed oil had better sensory properties compared to the sample containing free black seed oil.
Volume 19, Issue 130 (December 2022)
Abstract
In recent years, the attention of researchers to common diseases between humans and animals (zoonosis), control of diseases and food poisoning of animal origin has been very high. Due to the importance of meat in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, in this study, the control and reduction of microbial load of this dangerous bacterium was studied using Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) in vitro. First, the Ziziphora clinopodioides plant was prepared and its essential oil was extracted using an industrial clevenger apparatus. Essential oil compositions were obtained by chemical analysis using GC/MS. The results of the chemical analysis showed that Pulegone is the most abundant compound in ZEO. Antibacterial effects of ZEO on Salmonella typhimurium and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by tube dilution method. Experimental results show that ZEO has an antimicrobial effect on Salmonella typhimurium and can be added to food as a natural preservative. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ZEO for Salmonella typhimurium was 125 µL/L and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of ZEO for Salmonella typhimurium was 250 µL/L.
Volume 19, Issue 131 (January 2022)
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants or the components extracted from them in different sectors of the food industry has received special attention. Therefore, in the present research, linseed oil was used in two forms, free and microcoated with alginate, in the formulation of cocoa cream. The aim of this research was to produce an functional chocolate ganache containing natural preservatives. The extraction efficiency of linseed oil was 27.73 %. The main component of linseed oil was α-linolenic acid (47.1%) and the least fatty acid detected in it was myristoleic acid (0.06%). The results showed that both evaluated oils had considerable antibacterial effects against tested microorganisms (S. Typhi, E.coli, S. aureus, A. niger, and C. albicans) and gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to linseed oil than gram-positive ones. In this regard. Black seed oil showed higher antibacterial activity and both linseed and black seed oil microcapsules had lower antibacterial effects than their free form. The sample containing 3% encapsulated linseed oil had more favorable sensory peroperties than the sample containing this oil in free form. However, the free form showed higher antibacterial activity but in the regard to the protection of bioactivity of oils from the undesirable condition, controlled release and marketability of product, loading the oils in alginate bead is a suitable way for application of black seed and linseed oil in food products.
Volume 19, Issue 133 (February 2023)
Abstract
Corn and soybeans have the largest area of GM crops in the world. Milk powder and baby food are processed foods that contain corn and soybeans. Therefore, tracking transgenic corn and soy in processed food is one of the research problems. First, 40 samples of baby food and milk powder were collected from pharmacies and supermarkets in Tehran. All the samples were extracted using Azmaelixir DNA kit, and the nucleic acid concentration was checked with a nanodrop device, and internal control genes for soy (Lectin) and corn (Zein) were checked to ensure the extraction. Then, the presence of CaMV35S transgenic gene was checked by Real-time PCR technique. The results showed the presence of transgenic genes in 2.5% of baby food samples and 10% of samples in infant formula. Therefore, in this article, the amount of transgenic gene penetration in baby food and infant formula has been investigated.
Volume 20, Issue 138 (August 2023)
Abstract
Microencapsulation of bioactive compounds in lipid carriers, such as liposomes, in addition to improving stability during storage by increasing bioavailability and controlled release, increases the efficiency of these compounds in vivo. The studies conducted on Padina algae show the existence of a high level of phenolic and antimicrobial compounds. Also, this alga has a significant amount of polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-AChE (acetylcholinesterase) properties, which can be used as a supplement to improve neurological disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to produce and investigate the structural properties of nanoliposomes containing Padina algae extract using the heating method. The particle size of nanoliposomes produced at varying levels of lecithin and loaded extract was obtained in the range between 318 and 60 nm. The resulting values for the polydispersity index and zeta potential indicate the uniformity of the produced particles along with the high electrostatic repulsion between the particles. The ability to load liposome particles at the lowest level of wall substance and the highest concentration level of the extract reached 52.8±0.3% in this research. Evaluation of the morphological characteristics of the structure using a transmission electron microscope shows the formation of uniform particles with a spherical geometry. The results of this research show the ability to produce a liposome structure containing Padina algae extract with suitable structural properties. These results can improve the prospect of possible use of this extract with a therapeutic approach.
