---

Bread is traditional food generally prepared from wheat flour. Flat breads are the oldest and well-known kinds of bread worldwide. The main wheat component responsible for bread quality is gluten, which is an essential structure-binding protein. Although important, this protein can cause health problems in predisposed individuals with celiac disease. Consequently hydrocolloids are used to substitute for gluten and mimic the viscoelastic properties of  it. In order to consider the influence of  xanthann and CMC on dough rheological properties, they used in 0.5,1,1.5% to evaluate the influence of each level separately and  in 0.5, 1% (flour basis) for  incorporative effects of them. In farinogragh measuring, treatment4 (1.5%Xanthan) and treatment11 (1%CMC,1%Xanthan) resulted in highest water absorption. Increasing the level of xanthan led to increasing water absorption significantly in comparison to CMC. Xanthan and CMC decrease and increased dough time development respectively. Addition of xanthan resulted in a farinogram  which resembled that of a standard farinogram obtained by wheat flour. In dough dynamic measuring, hydrocolloids caused higher viscoelastic modulus and increasing the level of them made them  greater. The highest G' was in treatment4, between used separate gum treatments. tanδ in treatments contain CMC was more than treatments contain xanthan and it was the most in treatment7(1.5%CMC). G' and G" in treatments contain incorporative gums was more than treatments contain separate gums. In these treatments, Xanthan decrease  the tanδ resulted in treatments including CMC seperately. Treatment11 has higher dynamic modulus and tanδ than treatment4. In all cases xanyhan  had affect on increasing water adsorption, decreasing  dough time development, elastic modulus acceleration and decreasing tanδ.

---

Human intellect has a criterion presence in all three types of laws, that is, worthy to know the divine law, discover the natural law, and enact the human law. Religious communities practice on the basis of the divine law, whereas; secular communities operate on the basis of custom and human interests. The question is whether a common ground can be reached in the legislation of religious and non-religious communities? This article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to examine the theoretical foundations of Khajeh Nasir and Thomas Aquinas and attempts to find a solution to the problem in relation to reason and law. The findings of this study show that to Khawjeh and Thomas, law is attached to reason which is common among all human beings. Therefore, it can be a common basis for legislating religious and non-religious people. Contrary to the views of some Christian and Muslim theologians who do not consider reason worthy of legislation, Thomas considers natural law to be the participation of rational creatures in eternal law, and according to Khajeh, divine law is acceptable if it is not contrary to reason. Also, human law is binding only if it is compatible with the law of nature and justice. Thomas clarifies that if law is not in accordance with natural law; it is unjust and could not be considered law at all. Hence, people have right to disregard the law of oppressive rulers. In this regard, the theory of "social contract" and the pros and cons, including the views of Grossius, Rousseau, Hobbes, Fuller, and Finnis are also mentioned.