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Background: Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most important species of Salmonella that is intracellular parasite and attacks host mucus membrane. These bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, and their main transmission route is water, poultry, meat, egg, and raw food. The aim of this study was to detect three virulence genes associated with S. typhimurium named invA, STM4497, and fliC183 genes by Multiplex PCR method.
Materials and Methods: 183 samples of poultry were collected from food products in Zanjan (Iran) and cultured in BPW (Buffered Peptone Water) for 18 hr and at 37°C, and in RVS broth (Rappaport Vassiliadis Soya) for 6 hr at 41.5°C. After amplification of genomic DNA by Multiplex PCR method, occurrence of pathogen contamination was checked and compared with standard strain.
Results: From the total of 183 collected samples, 52(28.4%) samples were positive for S. typhimurium. The frequency of STM4497, fliC183, and invA genes were 49 (27%), 3 (2%), and 53 (29%), respectively.
Conclusion: Simultaneous detection of invA, STM4497, and fliC183 genes were recognized as a key for detection of S. typhimurium by Multiplex PCR method. 

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Germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of plants and often controls population dynamics, with major practical implications. Salsola arbusculiformis is one of the most important plants used to prevent soil erosion and a good fodder resource for sheep and goat in the rangelands of Iran. However, the species seems to have low seed germination, so the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatments to improve its seed germination. Three concentrations of gibberellic acid (100, 500 and 1000 ppm), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, concentrated sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄ (98%)), potassium nitrate (KNO₃ (0.2%)), thiourea one Molar, four prechilling periods (10, 20, 30 and 150 days at 2 °C) were used as study treatments and distilled water as control. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among and within the treatments in their effects on seed germination. The effective treatments to stimulate seed germination were prechilling for 150 and 30 days; sulphuric acid and sandpaper scarification. Prechilling for 150 and 30 days increased germination by 88.4% and 85.65%, respectively, while sulphuric acid and sandpaper scarification both increased germination by 76.1% compared to the control. The results also showed that gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and thiourea did not promote seed germination. It was inferred that the most effective treatments among the methods used for breaking seed dormancy of Salsola arbusculiformis were prechilling for 150 days and mechanical scarification by hand with sandpaper.

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Sorghum Sorghum bicolor L. releasing allelochemicals in the soil through their root exudation that functional their associated soil microorganisms and can help in building disease control strategy for increasing sustainability. The obtained results of sorghum rhizospheric exudates exhibited markedly effect on bacterial count in rhizosphere soil. The extract of root exudates profile was tested by two prepared concentrations; 500 ppm and 1000 ppm against the Bipolaris sorokiniana compared to untreated control. The reduction percentages were calculated after four and seven days of fungus growth, the results represented that the reduction over control were 17.53, 45.63% after four days, however after seven days the reductions over control were 17.28, 36.40%. For sorghum root parts, the reduction increase with increasing concentration ranged from 49.71 to 71.67%, the highest reduction was afforded by conc. 1600 ppm while the lowest reduction by 200 ppm. The analysis to identify sorghum allelochemicals was conducted by LC-MS/MS and FTIR afforded; proline, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxycoumarin, benzoxazolone, ferulic acid and sorgoleone. While, sorghum root parts extract compounds were; coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, luteolin3-Hydroxycoumarin, gallic acid, ferulic acid and sorgoleone. It could be used sorghum root exudates and root parts extract in disease bio-control due the effect of secreted biochemical molecules as step toward sustainable agriculture.

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Aims Floristic surveys are important methods to find the new herb species and protect natural ecosystems. Since there is no report about floristic survey in Akhardaghe region, the aims of this research were to determine floristic list, life forms, chorological analysis, protected status and endemic of plants species in the Akhardaghe watershed in Bojnourd.
Materials & Methods The plant specimens of the study region were collected during active growth periods in 2016 to 2020. Determining the life form was done by Raunchier category, Endemic, rare and endangered species of Iran was determined based on Red data book of Iran and chorology of species is according to vegetative regions classified by Zohary and Takhtajan.
Findings In the floristic survey, a total number of 346 plant species were belong to 234 genera and 63 families. The most important families were Asteraceae with 54 species and Lamiaceae with 36 species. In terms of life forms, the highest percentage for both hemicritophytes and therophytes (61%) were found.
Based on chorology, there were a high ratio of Irano-Turanian elements (55%). In addition, 37 endemic species were determined. According to the IUCN, 53 threatened plant species in this area.
Conclusion                                                    
The finding of the current floristic research revealed that the vascular plant flora in the area is rich in species and contains numerous endemic, rare and medicinal plants species. However, most of the plants species are severely threatened by human overutilization. Therefore, conservation and protection management policies have to be applied to the Akhardaghe watershed vegetation.

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Aims: Individuals are consistently influenced by maladaptive core beliefs known as incompatible schemas, which are formed in childhood and can contribute to the development of psychological disorders. Therefore, there is a need for effective interventions to address these schemas. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of contextual schema therapy on body image and psychosomatic symptoms in individuals with perfectionism disorder.
Materials & Methods: This research used a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, mid-test, and post-test phases. In this regard, 12 participants diagnosed with perfectionism disorder were purposefully selected from individuals seeking psychological services in Tehran in 2022. Participants engaged in 40 sessions of 60 minutes each of contextual schema therapy, during which they responded to the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and Psychosomatic Complaints Scale in all three phases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.
Findings: The effectiveness of contextual schema therapy on body image and psychosomatic symptoms in individuals diagnosed with perfectionism disorder was found to be significant, and this difference was observed across all test phases (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Contextual schema therapy led to improvements in body image and psychosomatic symptoms. The application of this therapeutic approach is recommended for the enhancement of the mentioned disorders in individuals with perfectionism disorder.
 

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Storytelling is a marketing strategy that any brand, company, product, or service Can take advantage of it. People remember stories. If a story can evoke emotions in consumers, they will never forget that experience. Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to the effectiveness of the content in storytelling to attract potential customers and build a strong relationship with them. The purpose of the following study is to investigate the effect of story content on increasing customers' purchase intention. Therefore, two types of content were used in the content of a hypothetical brand's story in the form of narrative scripting. One of the contents had a personal plot, and the five other commercial contents had different plots.
The statistical population was the female students of public universities in Tehran. A questionnaire with six scenarios was used as a statically tool that was filled out by 270 students. There was a significant difference between the impact of the mentioned stories on the intention to buy. Also, the story with the social responsibility content had a greater impact on the consumer's purchasing intention in comparison to the other story themes.

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This paper studies the consensus problem of nonlinear leader-following multi-agent systems (MAS). To do this, the error dynamics between the leader agent and follower ones are described via a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model. If the obtained TS fuzzy model is stable, then all of the nonlinear agents reach consensus. The consensus problem is investigated based on the parameterized or fuzzy Lyapunov function combined with a technique of introducing slack matrices. The slack matrices cause to decouple the Lyapunov matrices from systems ones and therefore, sufficient consensus conditions are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The proposed slack matrices add an extra degree-of-freedom to the LMI conditions and also decrease the conservativeness of the LMI-based conditions. Finally, in order to illustrate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed method, a numerical example for the consensus problem of nonlinear leader-follower MAS with thirteen followers is solved.

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The Ecological Footprint (EF) is used to understand the relationship between human activities and pressure on land and its resources. The present study combined multi-functional ecological footprint with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate environmental impacts of inefficient use of resources of silage corn production in the Sarayan County, Iran. In this applied survey research, data were collected using a questionnaire accompanied by face-to-face interviews with 42 farmers (N= 48). Validity of the instrument was approved by a panel of experts; while its reliability was secured via pretest-posttest method. Results showed that mean technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were 0.86, 0.93, and 0.80; respectively. The CO₂ footprints were 0.95 and 0.83 gha under current and optimum conditions; respectively, with electricity and manure comprising the highest and lowest shares. The Ecological footprint land- (gha gha^-1 farm), yield- (gha ton^-1) and revenue-based (gha $^-1 1,000) EFs were estimated to be 1.6, 0.84, and 1.4 under current conditions but 1.57, 0.081, and 1.33 under optimum conditions, respectively. When the resources were used efficiently, the EF_CO2 and EF improved by 13.42 and 3.35% respectively, in which the highest shares in terms of quantity and percentage belonged to electricity, manure and fertilizer. Findings implied that optimum usage of electricity and fertilizer could play a significant role in mitigating environmental impacts of silage corn production in Sarayan. Local agricultural extension should focus on introduction of innovative irrigation systems to reduce water, electricity and fertilizer consumption. Meanwhile, to improve silage corn efficiency, farm size expansion is recommended based on the DEA findings.

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One of the areas of industrial property, which is most affected by developments of the borderless cyberspace, is trademarks area in which many challenges related to various fields such as territoriality principle, domain names, keywords and linking have been raised.As a result, the infringement of trademark owner's exclusive rights has been made easier. Many of these challenges, especially in the U.S. law, are considered as trademark infringement or at least trademark dilution to which the legislators have payed special attention. Even in the U.S. , case law has gone beyond and, in order to deal with the challenges, has put forward two innovative doctrines, namely "Nominative Fair Use" and "Initial Interest Confusion". The results of this study show that, in the Iranian Act on the Registration of Inventions, Industrial Designs and Trademarks, only the owner's rights infringement is sanctioned, which does not cover cases such as trademark dilution.Also and the important topic of fair use, which is necessary in cyberspace, has not been dealt with. Therefore, a reform of law is felt well.

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3D printing is the process of accurate manufacture of 3D things from a digital file in the shortest time and with the least cost, which is applied in different industries. This process is performed via 3D printers and makes product the manufacturing rapid and diverse. Given its unique characteristics, the 3D printing technology is protectable in the intellectual property law system. In the mean time, it may bring about different issues as far as this system is concerned, and leads, directly and indirectly, to the infringement of the owners' exclusive rights. Hence, there is resistance from big companies to the spread of 3D printing. (because the offer of fake and infringing product, due to their incompatibility of the raw materials of printers that are not of the original products quality). Confronts the big companies with economic downturn. On the other hand, it results in the loss of consumers' confidence and even injuries. In order to provide a definitive solution to these unique issues, adopting proper legal measures and correct management to contribute to the development of this technology  is an undeniable necessity.

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Introduction
The policy of transforming large and prestigious villages, especially district centers, into city is one of the rural development strategies that has been emerged in Iran, in which since the 1970s, a large number of rural areas have been transformed into the city. In this regard, in the studied area, which is located in Kurdistan province, two villages of Oraman village in the Oraman district of Sarvabad and Bardarashah village in Khawmyrabad district of Marivan County, have become city centers in 2011 and 2012, and since then have been operating as villages-cities within the scope of their sphere. The main goal is to transform these prone areas and big villages into the city, increase the quality of local residents life and in fact, eliminate such problems as: unemployment, poverty, withdrawal from economic and social isolation, more favorable services to local residents and surrounding villages, increased dynamism Economic and social development in the region and, in general, the development of these areas, which by reducing the harmful factors mentioned above, could increase the resilience level and thus achieve sustainable development in the studied villages that have become to city. In current study, this issue has been considered as the main issue of the study. in other word research aimed to invistagate the effect of rurarl-city transformation in terms of administrative and political impact on changing the level of economic, social, environmental-physical and institutional and administrative resilience of the villages. In fact it amed to show the statuse of these parts before and aftre of transformations.
 
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of purpose. In terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytic and in terms of collecting information is a combination of documentary-survey method. In the documentary method, reports, articles, dissertations, satellite images, sites and statistics of relevant organizations and in the field method from questionnaires, interviews and observation were used. The statistical population of this research was the households' in the two newly established towns of Bardahrashah in Marivan with 1200 people, and Oraman City with 2,700 people respectively with 240 and 711 households,that using the Cochran formula for determining the sample size and 250 households as volume, the sample was determined and then the proportion of households in each city was determined by the number of questionnaires and was randomly selected among family supervisors and the data were analyzed using quantitative analysis method including inferential statistics and descriptive statistics.
 
Results and discussion
Analysis of the collected data shows that in the social resilience dimension, the index of social capital of the local people at the significant level of 0.001 from the average of  2.936 in the previous period reached  to 3.17 in the following  period, In the economic aspect, the change in the level of resilience in rural areas shows that in the important index of employment, the average of unfavorable 2.82 to a relatively  satisfactory amount 3.18, and the income and savings situation has also risen from a dismal 2.87 to a relatively satisfactory 3.17.. Accordingly, in total, the average economic resiliency status of the village-cities surveyed has increased at the significant level of 0.001 from an average of 2.84 in the rural period to 3.17 in the urban period, and on this basis  it can be concluded that by changing the situation from village to city, the settlements  under study have become more economically resilient. Investigating the status of the physical and environmental resilience of the studied settlements indicates that the status of access to the service and communication infrastructure, which is known as the main arteries of communication between settlements with outside, and the areas of movement and economic activity have been increased. And with this description, And with that description, their utility could be like a catalyst to improve the resiliency of the settlements. In the two settlements, the change from village to city has improved, so that the average of undesirable value 2.96 in the Rural Period to 3.28 in the Urban Period. And the institutional dimension of resilience of the studied cities shows that the status of the settlements has increased from the mean value of 2.66 in the previous period to 2.97 in the next period at a significant level of 0.001, so that Institutional development in these villages has improved. [m1] 
Conclusion
In general, based on findings, in the two periods before and after the transformation of villages into the cities in the rural-urban areas, physical-environmental dimensions, economic dimension and social dimension, respectively, have the most improvement status in this transformation. The results showed that the economic aspect having the highest direct and indirect effects, and is most effective on improving the level of resilience of the villages of the studied cities after their conversion into city. In other words, the Prosperity and economic diversity  created in the village-city studied , especially the village of Bardarashah city, and the lesser extent in village-city Oraman acted as a stimulus, that in addition to having a direct impact on  improving the resilience of rural-urban areas, indirectly and by improving the performance of other dimensions, improves the overall level of resilience of  the bardarashah and Oraman settlements . Also, the results showed that the average resilience capability in Oraman village is less than the average resiliency in Khavimirabad city, so that the difference in the level of resilience of the two villages-city after the conversion from village to city is confirmed. Therefore, the level of resilience in the village-city of Bardarashah has been improved to a relatively satisfactory level, but the amount and extent of improvement in the rural-urban resiliency of Oraman is not satisfactory and reliable condition.
 
 

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The present study aimed to explore the intention of traditional ranchers to use biogas in rural areas of Iran conducted among the traditional ranchers in the provinces of Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Kermanshah, and Golestan (N= 91,325). The sample, composed of 383 traditional ranchers, was taken by stratified random sampling. The measurement tool was a questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated in a pilot study by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha. The results showed that the indicators used to measure the research variables were consistent enough with the factor structure and theoretical framework of the research. It was found that normative processes had a significant positive impact on the habitual processes and intention of the traditional ranchers. Also, the effect of situational influences was positive and significant on normative processes, habitual processes, and the intention of the traditional ranchers. In addition, habitual processes and attitudes influenced intention to use biogas positively and significantly. It is concluded that the results have significant implications for the use of rigorous theoretical frameworks such as the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM) when attempting to understand the intention to use biogas.

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According to the principle of Freedom of contract the parties to the contract can include their preferred condition in the contract. In this way the condition of the best effort to fulfill the obligations is one of the conditions that can be mentioned in the contract, according to which, the obligor will do his best to fulfill the obligation. Such a condition causes the obligor not to think only of relieving himself. Despite the frequent use of such a condition in US contracts, there is no consensus on its validity. In this legal system, Some lawyers do not accept the mentioned condition due to its generality and ambiguity and consider it invalid, and on the other hand, they consider it correct. Recently, in international documents such as Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Principle of European Law Service Contract  the condition of the best effort has been recognized and declared valid. In Iranian law, this condition is explicitly accepted in some laws, such as insurance laws and medical law. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, after explaining the concept of the best effort condition, examines the position of this condition in the legal systems of Iran and the United States, as well as some international legal documents.

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The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural subsectors, significantly contributing to protein supply and holding a unique position in terms of production and employment. To expand and boost profitability in this industry, it is important to analyze the economic factors of production, so that the factors influencing the rise in productivity of broiler production units may properly be recognized. As a result, the effective factors on the productivity of the Arian broiler sector in Iran's Kurdistan Province were investigated and prioritized in the current study. In order to evaluate the productivity of the industry, four main factors including human capital, economic, technical, and environmental variables were evaluated. The DEMATEL-ANP integrated approach was then used to determine the relative weights of the factors. The results revealed that the human capital component had the highest impact and the economic component was identified as the most influential factor among the other factors. Furthermore, the economic indicator had the highest priority, with a weight of 0.17. Of the 29 research components (sub-criteria), the "broiler farmer experience", with a weight of 0.042, exerted the greatest impact on the productivity of the province's broiler sector. The "feed cost", "day-old chicks cost", and "health care cost" ranked the second to fourth, respectively. According to the findings, more attention should be devoted to the production chain, such as input production and poultry vaccinations, in order to accomplish and also enhance productivity in the broiler industry.