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Showing 4 results for SADATI NOOSHABADI
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
This paper deals with the object agreement phenomenon in the transcriptions written in Middle Persian language. This study is a descriptive study and is classified as a library research. The collected data from transcriptions in Middle Persian language namely as Ardā-Virāf-nāmeh, Bundahishn, Dānāk u Mainyo-ī Khard, Dēnkard Book 5, Rivāyat ī Ādurfarrōbay i Farrōkhzādān, and Vizidagiha-ye Zadesparam have been analyzed based on the theoretical background of Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011). The analysis of the collected data showed that in the Middle Persian Language in some cases the verb instead of the subject, agrees with the object of the sentence in number and person features. This phenomenon happens only when the sentence has the transitive verb in the past tense and there is no object agreement for transitive verbs inflected for other tenses. Moreover, the object agreement in the Middle Persian has no relation with the animacy and definiteness characteristics of the object. A comparison between the results of this research and the findings of the Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011) shows that object agreement is the Middle Persian is a syntactic phenomenon based on the tenses of the sentence that just occurred when the transitive verb was in the past tense. This phenomenon can show the diachronic changes of the Persian Language for the emergence of the ergative system in the Persian Language.
Volume 9, Issue 6 (No. 6 (Tome 48), (Articles in Persian) 2018)
Abstract
In this study the syntactic movement of wh-words and the existence of question particle in the wh-questions and yes-no questions of the middle Persian are studied based on the Cheng's (1991,1997) "Clausal Typing Hypothesis" and Baker's (1970) works. Based on the Clausal Typing Hypothesis of the Cheng (1991, 1997), only languages that have question particle in the clause-initial position of the yes-no questions allow the wh-word to have syntactic movement and the languages that lacks initial yes-no question particles have no syntactic wh-movement. In this study, the wh-words in the middle Persian are introduced and their distributions in different sentences are studied. This paper is done based on two questions: How is the quality of wh-movement in the middle Persian sentences based on the Cheng's (1991,1997) "Clausal Typing Hypothesis” and the second one is about the existence and distribution of wh-words and question particles in the middle Persian sentences. Considering these questions and the works of Cheng's (1991,1997), the results of this study are in line with the "Clausal Typing Hypothesis" and show that the middle Persian have no initial yes-no particle and there is no wh-word syntactic movement in the interrogative sentences.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Vol. 10, No. 2 (Tome 50), (Articles in Persian) 2019)
Abstract
In this paper, the movement of constituents of sentences in the old and middle Persian is studied based on the theoretical foundations of the Minimalist Programme (Chomsky 1995). According to the Copy Theory of Movement, the moved element leaves a copy and moves to the new location in the sentence and the moved element and its copy form a chain. The formed chain has only one element to be pronounced in the PF. The deletion of all elements in the formed chain except the head of chain based on the Chain Reduction Principle proposed by Nunes (1995) prepares the appropriate condition for realization of Linearization Principle. The selection of elements for deletion is done by the Economy Principle. By considering the fact that in the formed chain, the head of the chain has less formal features compared to the other elements (copies), so the deletion of the copies is more economical. The main purpose of doing this diachronic research is to study the feasibility of applying the principles of the Copy Theory of Movement and the Chain Reduction Principle for explaining the movement of the constituents in the Old and Middle Persian sentences. Studying of the word order and the moved constituents and also their pronunciations in the sentences of the Old and Middle Persian by considering the foundation of the Minimalist programme (Chomsky 1995 and Nunes 1995) shows that these notions are capable to explain the movement of constituents. The Persian language has free word order and the constituents can move to other locations in the sentences based on topicalization or focus movement. Having uninterpretable features of [uTpoic] or [uFocus], the moved elements can have their features checked and deleted under sisterhood by moving to the topic or focus phrase in the sentence but the remained copies have their [uTpoic] or [uFocus] features unchecked. According to the Economy Principle in Language derivation and the Chain Reduction Principlesuggested by Nunes (1995), the remained copy of the moved constituent in the sentencethe Old and Middle Persian should be deleted in the PF since it has more features than the moved element. The results of this study show that the explanations provided by the Linear Axiom Principle, Copy Theory of Movement, and the notion of Chain Reduction Principle help us to explain the syntactic phenomenon of movement and linearization and phonetic realization of constituents in the sentences of Old and Middle Persian appropriately.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (March & April 2022 2022)
Abstract
In this paper the structure and the symmetric merge of a noun phrase in the matrix and dependent clauses of the object-object relative clause in Persian language was studied based on the notions of symmetric merge and multi dominance proposed by Citko (2011b) and the results of study by Riemsdijk (2006a). Different examples of relative clauses in Persian language were analyzed based on the notion of symmetric merge proposed by Citko (2011b). These analyses showed that the classification of relative clauses in Persian language into two groups of headed and free relative is not completely compatible with what has been proposed by Citko (2011b) since in Persian language if we use the wh-word as the head of free relative clause, it would contribute to making the sentence as a wh-question one which is against the findings of Citko (2011b) in English language. Moreover, the results of this research showed that the observed properties of the shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses of the object relative clause in Persian language namely as having the same case, syntactic function, and thematic roles proveed that this noun phrase is merged simultaneously between the two clauses and is a shared constituent between two lexical verb heads in the hierarchical structure of the sentence. This approach provides a clear and cost-free explanation for the characteristics of the shared element in the object relative clause in Persian language.
In this paper the structure and the merge of a noun phrase in the matrix and dependent clauses of the object-object relative clause in Persian language is studied based on the notions of symmetric merge and multi-dominance proposed by Citko (2011b) and the results of study by Riemsdijk (2006a). Chomsky (2001) proposed two kinds of merge namely as external merge and internal merge. Citko (2000, 2003, 2005 and 2011b) based on the practical evidence and properties of these types of merge proposed the third kind of merge operation namely as Parallel merge (symmetric merge) which is similar to External Merge in that it takes two distinct objects as its input and is also like Internal Merge in that it combines one with a subpart of the other.
The object-object relative clause (object relative clause) is a kind of free relative clause of which the nucleus has the syntactic role of objects in both the matrix and dependent clauses. In symmetric merge a constituent is merged simultaneously in two operations and is c-commanded by two different maximal projections.
The main question upon which this research was done was whether there is any evidence in support of symmetric merge of a constituent in structure of the object relative clause in Persian language. In this regard, different examples of relative clauses in Persian language were analyzed based on the notion of symmetric merge of a noun clause in the object relative clause proposed by Citko (2011b).
Citko (2011b, p.95) proposed that there are two kinds of relative clauses in English: headed and free relative clauses. This difference is illustrated in sentences one and two; the relative clause in sentence one is headed by the DP “the woman”, whereas the free relative in sentence two appears to either lack the head entirely or to be “headed” by the wh-phrase itself.
1. We hired the woman who (m) Mary recommended. headed relative
2. We hired whom Mary recommended. free relative
There are two views on the structure analysis of free relative clauses as the Comp Account and the Head Account. On the Comp Account, the head position is empty and the wh-phrase is in [Spec, CP], as argued by Caponigro (2003), Gračanin-Yüksek (2008), Groos and Van Riemsdijk (1981), Grosu (1994, 1996), and Grosu and Landman (1998), among many others (sentence 3). On the Head Account, the [Spec, CP] position is empty and the wh-phrase occupies the head position, as shown in (142b), as argued by Bresnan and Grimshaw (1978), Bury (2003), Citko
(2000, 2002, 2008b), Donati (2006) and Larson (1987, 1998), among others (sentence 4).
5. We hired [the woman that Mary Recommended].
6. We hired [whom Mary recommended].
Citko (ibid) proposed that we have two kinds of free object relative clause namely as standard free relative and transparent free relative. After studying their internal structure, Citko (2011b, p.99) concluded that there is a symmetric merge in the structure of the standard and transparent free relative. In the standard free relative clause, the wh-phrase is shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses but in the transparent free relative clause, the semantic nucleus is a shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses.
Based on the findings of Citko (2011b) the relative clauses in Persian language analyzed and their properties were studied. These analyses showed that the classification of relative clauses in Persian language into two groups of headed and free relative is not completely compatible with what has been proposed by Citko (2011b) since in Persian language if we use the wh-word as the head of free relative clause, it would contribute to making the sentence as a wh-question one which is against the findings of Citko (2011b) in English language. The result of this research showed that the observed properties of the shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses of the object relative clause in Persian language namely as having the same case, syntactic function, and thematic roles proved that this noun phrase is merged simultaneously between the two clauses and is a shared constituent between two lexical verb heads in the hierarchical structure of the sentence. This approach provides a clear and cost-free explanation for the characteristics of the shared element in the object relative clause in Persian language.
In this paper the structure and the merge of a noun phrase in the matrix and dependent clauses of the object-object relative clause in Persian language is studied based on the notions of symmetric merge and multi-dominance proposed by Citko (2011b) and the results of study by Riemsdijk (2006a). Chomsky (2001) proposed two kinds of merge namely as external merge and internal merge. Citko (2000, 2003, 2005 and 2011b) based on the practical evidence and properties of these types of merge proposed the third kind of merge operation namely as Parallel merge (symmetric merge) which is similar to External Merge in that it takes two distinct objects as its input and is also like Internal Merge in that it combines one with a subpart of the other.
The object-object relative clause (object relative clause) is a kind of free relative clause of which the nucleus has the syntactic role of objects in both the matrix and dependent clauses. In symmetric merge a constituent is merged simultaneously in two operations and is c-commanded by two different maximal projections.
The main question upon which this research was done was whether there is any evidence in support of symmetric merge of a constituent in structure of the object relative clause in Persian language. In this regard, different examples of relative clauses in Persian language were analyzed based on the notion of symmetric merge of a noun clause in the object relative clause proposed by Citko (2011b).
Citko (2011b, p.95) proposed that there are two kinds of relative clauses in English: headed and free relative clauses. This difference is illustrated in sentences one and two; the relative clause in sentence one is headed by the DP “the woman”, whereas the free relative in sentence two appears to either lack the head entirely or to be “headed” by the wh-phrase itself.
1. We hired the woman who (m) Mary recommended. headed relative
2. We hired whom Mary recommended. free relative
There are two views on the structure analysis of free relative clauses as the Comp Account and the Head Account. On the Comp Account, the head position is empty and the wh-phrase is in [Spec, CP], as argued by Caponigro (2003), Gračanin-Yüksek (2008), Groos and Van Riemsdijk (1981), Grosu (1994, 1996), and Grosu and Landman (1998), among many others (sentence 3). On the Head Account, the [Spec, CP] position is empty and the wh-phrase occupies the head position, as shown in (142b), as argued by Bresnan and Grimshaw (1978), Bury (2003), Citko
(2000, 2002, 2008b), Donati (2006) and Larson (1987, 1998), among others (sentence 4).
- Mary eats [DP O [CP what(ever) i [TP Bill cooks t i]]] Comp Account
- Mary eats [DP what (ever) i [CP [TP Bill cooks t i]]] Head Account
5. We hired [the woman that Mary Recommended].
6. We hired [whom Mary recommended].
Citko (ibid) proposed that we have two kinds of free object relative clause namely as standard free relative and transparent free relative. After studying their internal structure, Citko (2011b, p.99) concluded that there is a symmetric merge in the structure of the standard and transparent free relative. In the standard free relative clause, the wh-phrase is shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses but in the transparent free relative clause, the semantic nucleus is a shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses.
Based on the findings of Citko (2011b) the relative clauses in Persian language analyzed and their properties were studied. These analyses showed that the classification of relative clauses in Persian language into two groups of headed and free relative is not completely compatible with what has been proposed by Citko (2011b) since in Persian language if we use the wh-word as the head of free relative clause, it would contribute to making the sentence as a wh-question one which is against the findings of Citko (2011b) in English language. The result of this research showed that the observed properties of the shared constituent between the matrix and dependent clauses of the object relative clause in Persian language namely as having the same case, syntactic function, and thematic roles proved that this noun phrase is merged simultaneously between the two clauses and is a shared constituent between two lexical verb heads in the hierarchical structure of the sentence. This approach provides a clear and cost-free explanation for the characteristics of the shared element in the object relative clause in Persian language.
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