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This study employs graph theory to analyze the semantic network of Persian verbs among bilingual speakers. Situated within the frameworks of cognitive linguistics, lexical semantics (cognitive semantics), and computational linguistics, the research involves administering a questionnaire comprising 50 basic Persian verbs to participants, asking them to map the conceptual and intra-linguistic relationships between these verbs.The primary objective is to identify the most robust and frequent conceptual and intra-linguistic links among these verbs and to provide a detailed description of the graph structure constructed by bilingual speakers. The study seeks to address the question: What typology of conceptual and intra-linguistic relations is reflected in the graph patterns of non-Persian-speaking Iranians? The working hypothesis posits that semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and collocation will manifest in this network.The methodology is field-based, and the instrument used is a localized questionnaire. Participants were instructed to diagrammatically represent any semantic relationships among the verbs provided.The findings demonstrate that the semantic graph constructed by Iranian bilinguals exhibits semantic relations such as synonymy (6.45%), reverse antonymy (34.94%), polysemy (7.79%), entailment (11.01%) (comprising "type-of" relations at 8.60% and "part-of" relations at 2.41%), as well as intra-linguistic collocation (28.22%). Among these, collocation, entailment, and antonymy were the most frequent relations, respectively. 

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One of the language functions is making communication among thoughts and beliefs. This language function is regarded as a part of social and communicative events as writing of editorials. Texts of editorials, not only through a chain of sentences but also through a hierarchical structure are organized.This structure is divided into units, called "episode", which has an integrated nature either structurally or semantically, and its borders are verbally clear. As episodes are assumed as discourse semantic units, we must define them in according to semantic terms such as propositions. The problem and goal of this study is to recognize propositional levels in the west´s editorials texts on Iran´s nuclear activity. On this basis, by using Van Dijk's episodic model (1981) and analytical method, we tried to analyze one sample of Independent editorial about the nuclear activity of Iran, published in Britain, to answer this question; "how we can describe the organizing process of editorials in an integrated model of propositions". This study shows that general macropropositions are manifested in the first thematic sentences and provide a summary of the text, which is America's policy toward the nuclear activity of Iran. Subtheme of the text, which is about the opinions and reactions of powerful governments and also that of Iran toward this policy, is presented in the paragraphs and the general structure of the text, respectively. 

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Cognitive poetics answers to the fundamental questions on the cognitive tools of art, language and literature. This is the strong point of this approach over the other approaches, especially literary theory, which has limitations such as inability to understand how different meanings are created and various interpretations of literary texts are possible. This paper explores how to connect the text world to the reader’s world to interpret the text and extend the reader's mental spaces in the understanding of literary texts as the research field. The main aim is the application of a model for the free reading of such interpretation, which is left to the person who relies on the opinion of cognitive poetics. Analysis of the story of Shazde Ehtejab (Golshiri, 1384/2005) is to check the elements in building the story. The questions are: 1) Which of the building elements of the story of Shazde Ehtejab can be identified by the Text World Theory? and 2) How does the identification of these elements help to interpret different text worlds? The answers to these questions (three layers of the text -“text world”, “discourse world” and “sub world”) are identified based on the Text World Theory, which is involved in building of the story. Then the link between the micro-text worlds in the form of included text world that has emerged in the mind of the Shazde and formed the original text world of the story, would be shown. The contrast between the characters and the mental spaces that are occurred through their thoughts, and form the smaller text worlds within the Shazde’s original text world, would be effective in systematic interpretation of the text.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of semantic and syntactic rā morpheme in Sorani Kudish based on Van Valin’s (1996, 1997, 2007) Role and Reference Grammar.  In this paper, it is shown that attaching –rā to the verb causes to absent all specific roles related to actor, e.g. agent, force, instrument and other specific roles such as experiencer, performer, consumer, etc. in the syntax level. These specific roles directly affect the undergoer. Since in all of the mentioned cases, the manifestation of -rā causes to the absence of actor in the syntax level, the crucial role of this morpheme is an anti-actor. In terms of semantic properties of NP, the more agency of NP, the more attaching –rā to the verb. Although the manifestation of -rā often occurs in the sentences containing two-argument verbs. It also occurs in intransitive sentences containing actor, and causes to the absence of the actor. Moreover, based on the presence of –rā morpheme in a structure, it further plays the role of a non-active morpheme, and it is shown that all non-active structures have semantically actor.

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Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness, and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10.4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination, and in the patients, it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination, respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0.05), while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients, rustics, low educated ones, and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different, the presumptuousness increased; however, the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking, because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination, the patients were in a special situation, sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference, and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients, politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome

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  This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.

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Aspect is a grammatical category which along tense and mood, appears in grammatical structure of the clause and affects its whole meaning. The available works conducted on Persian aspect have mainly no theoretical frame work and proper classification for this category.  In this paper, attempts are made to conceptualize grammatical and lexical aspect on the basis of appropriate frame works. At first, by utilizing the metaphorical extension approach as a branch of grammaticalization theory and by introducing diachronic studies conducted on old and middle Persian, grammatical aspect is conceptualized within a cognitive framework. Then, in terms of aspectual features derived from Vendler (1967) and by a bottom-up approach, five lexical aspects are introduced and three others are predicted to be found in Persian. Finally, the effect of context on the type of aspect is brought under consideration. Finding a new lexical aspect, predicting to have three other lexical aspects, and conceptualizing the grammatical and lexical aspect in Persian are among findings of this investigation.

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Abstract: Current study is a pioneer quantitative analysis of Mazandarani (Tabari) language varieties, and aims to contribute to Mazandarani Dialectometry, as well as to substantiate its dialect continuum. We applied a computational measure of pronunciation differences to a database of 4521 word pronunciations of 62 entries –originating in “The National Project of The Linguistic Atlas of Iran”- from 73 sites throughout northern Iran -bounded to the Myankaleh Peninsula in North, to the Alborz Mountains in South, to Gorgan Golf in East, and to the Babolsar and Savadkuh cities in West. 38% of subjects were females their average age and education were respectively 36 years and 6 years of primary school. The result is a comprehensive view of the increasing aggregate pronunciation differences from Southeast to Northwest. The calculated language distance index outlined Galeshi as a Mazandarani dialect and four Mazandarani regional accents mapped in Northeastern (Myankaleh Peninsula), Southeastern (Galugah County), Central (Naka and Sari districts), and western (Juybar City) regions.

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The present research initially presents a brief description of two perspectives on the nature of intelligence. Then, it explains the theoretical framework of the research by overviewing the literature on bilingualism and cognitive development.  This research  primarily aims to explore the impact of bilingualism and gender on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences in a sample of monolingual and bilingual high school students (fourth graders) of Fars and Khuzestan provinces in Iran. To fulfill this objective, 448 monolingual and bilingual students were selected from among 67031 students in the 2012-2013 academic year. They were administered Multiple Intelligences Survey questionnaire developed by Armstrong (1993) and the results were analyzed through SPSS software. The findings revealed that the bilingual students rated themselves higher on linguistic and logical-mathematical than monolingual peers. Moreover, the male students gave higher self-estimates for logical-mathematical intelligence than their female peers while female students gave higher self-estimates for linguistic intelligence than their male peers. The results of such studies, which indicate students’ differences on intelligence, may lead to the awareness of curriculum developers and teachers to diversify teaching activities based on learners’ learning styles and intellectual abilities.    
 

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According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Moreover, its semantic structure has another two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the track followed or the location occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location.
The present research focuses on the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian language.  In order to seek the notion, research data have been analyzed based on Talmy's theoretical framework (2000), and the components of motion in these verbs have been investigated.  The research method is descriptive-analytic.  Consequently, seeking the notion of transitivity in motion verbs, the research includes 219 Modern Persian verbs from two sites (Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB) and Hamshahri Online news website). Among those mentioned motion verbs, 126 cases were intransitive and 63 were transitive.  Based on the main goal of the research, the question was raised; “what is the difference between the figure and the ground in transitive and intransitive verbs?” it is necessary to mention, the criterion for determining the transition is following the pattern of "NP1, transitive verb, NP2". 
Persian language express a Motion event using the transitive construction in which the subject denotes the Figure (the moving entity) and the object denotes the Ground (the reference object). In Persian language, in most cases, verbs can express a motion event in the Intransitive Construction. . In Persian, the object usually depicts the referral point or path based on the semantic features of the verb.  In cases of causative verbs, the object is the same as the figure that makes the displacement.  In addition, in the intransitive structures, the subject is the figure and intransitive verbs demonstrate a change or a new position.  In these examples, the path is often shown through a prepositional phrase.

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It is a long time that linguistic researches have examined various corpuses, including religious texts, especially the analysis of Quranic texts. Because of its inexperienced and abstract nature, the field of religion is one of the areas where the need for metaphorical comprehension is felt more.
Nahj al-Balaghah is a significant Islamic / Shiite text with unique linguistic and rhetorical features which make the text worthwhile for studying conceptual metaphors, but no doubt, understanding metaphors cannot reveal all aspects of such texts. In some cases, recognizing and analyzing conceptual metaphors, despite being helpful, cannot go beyond a certain limit. In fact, limiting the research to mere identification of conceptual metaphors will keep a major part of the message unrevealed.  The process of meaning construction is not a simple mapping between form and meaning and the systematic use of forms does not have the ability to accurately account for cognitive functions. Cognitive semanticists who have been searching for a way to explain and define the reasons and manners of meaning making processes in mind and language, gradually, proposed a theory called Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002); According to Fauconnier & Turner, these blends are not made in the form of distinct patterns, but act as a network of conceptual blends. Four spaces are involved in the formation of meaning: 1. Input space1 which is the conceptual space of the source domain, 2. Input space2 which is the conceptual space of the goal domain. Mapping of input spaces1 and 2, 3.Generic space and, 4. Blend space which is based on the projection of two input spaces on the third space.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the metaphor and explain its features and functions in the context of Nahj al-Balaghah based on conceptual blending theory, too.
It is worth noting that review of the researches carried out in the field of conceptual integration theory has shown that no research in the field of religious texts and especially Nahj al-Balaghah has been done in the framework of this theory.
The research method applied here is descriptive and its method is content analysis of the case. Sermon 87 (The introduction of the perfect human model), which is one of the most significant sermons in Nahj al-Balaghah, has been analyzed as a special case. In this study, by examining sermon 87, the stages of meaning construction is depicted through the analysis of the structure of the meaning and the cognitive mechanism of understanding the meaning. The purpose of the research is to determine which of the different types of the blending of meaning construction exists in this Sermon, and the network of conceptual blends in it is the result of going through which stages of the formation of meaning. The paper presents examples illustrating that there are different types of blending at different cases in this sermon. Some cases of mirror network, single-scope and double scope are presented in this paper which shows that Imam Ali (AS), by appealing to the most familiar and routine concepts used by the speakers of the Arabic language, such as"وَ اسْتَمْسَکَ مِنَ الْعُرَی بِأَوْثَقِهَا"  , "قَدْ أَمْکَنَ الْکِتَابَ مِنْ زِمَامِهِ" , "مَعْقُولَهٌ عَلَی بَنِی أُمَیَّه" and many other cases like these, tried to express his metaphorical and elegant concepts. Of course, this diction is more complicated by the content and purpose, although complex sophisticated networks are less used in this sermon. In response to the second question, we can say that there are four spatial models, mapping between spaces, imperfect selection and emerging structure in all conceptual blending networks, although they have different characteristics in different networks. It seems that it is easier to imagine the imam's intended meaning through the imagination of the mental frameworks and the correspondence between the frameworks.
 
 

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Goal: This study aims to develop a language-based skill test revolving around four main language skills, with principals and basics of language test development in mind intended to evaluate Persian language proficiency of non-Iranian students (In terms of language level). One of the main goals of this study is to develop a Persian language skill (proficiency) test. The purpose of language proficiency test is to measure one's overall ability to utilize the desired language without having to undergo specific training courses. So the content of a language proficiency test is not based on the content or purpose of the language courses. Also in this study, measures are foreseen to evaluate the validity and reliability of the designed test in order to obtain the Credibility of the standardized test.
Research Question:
The questions raised in this study are as follows:
•What are characteristics of designed tests in terms of analysis of test making procedures?
•To what extent does the test designed conform to the standard criteria?
Research hypothesis:
This test possesses the following characteristics in terms of analysis of test making procedures:
This test incorporates the necessary efficiency
This test is reliable.
This test is valid.
This test is applicable and practical.
This test is designed according to standardized criteria.
Research method:
In this research a descriptive-analytical method is firstly used to study previous researches, and to select a theoretical framework in order to present the theoretical concepts and basics; to construct the criterion test and standardize it the “agreement-oriented scaling method” was used, and to determine the validity of the proposed test, the “field method” was used. The statistical population of this study is the learners of Persian Language Learning Centre of Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin. The total population of this statistical population is 200 people. The sample size of this study will be 130 members of this statistical population who have been learning Persian language for at least 2 months and a maximum of 1 year. Their mean age is 38-38 years. The sampling method utilized is cluster random sampling.
Conclusion:
The current study has presented the Persian language proficiency test based on the multidimensional concept of language derived from Stern theory. Since it was found that the average difficulty coefficient of reading questions was appropriate and optimal compared to the criteria of test designing, It can be claimed that the designed test were in accordance with the test designing criteria. Difficulty coefficient of listening comprehension questions were assessed easy, which after flaw scrutinizing was found that it was influenced by the nationality of some of the testees and the duration of Persian language learning. Since 15 of the subjects were Tajik and 24 of them have been leaning Persian in Faculty of Foreign Languages of Beijing for 1 year, they possessed a high listening comprehension skill and this had an impact on the difficulty coefficient factor. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the test was 0.7, indicating the reliability of the test. The content validity of the test was also evaluated well, based on the judgment of the Persian language teachers. After calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient, structural validity between reading and listening skills was also evaluated well. The designed test can be used for placement since it also possesses the needed efficiency, it can be used to for placement of subjects and determine the base level of language learner, thus informing the Persian language learners of their own skill and making Professors cognizant of Students' Linguistic Status. Another attribute of a good test is its applicability and practicality, which the designed the test is also easy to conduct, easy to score and easy to interpret and apply. Finally, in response to the research question, it can be concluded that the designed test possesses the test designing criteria and features, and has been designed in accordance with standard criteria.

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Compound verbs in Persian are verb constructions formed by more than one simple lexeme. For example, negah kardan (literally “watch do”) is a compound verb made of a nonverbal element negah (watch) and a light verb kard-an (to do). Syntactically, they are heads which can split during sentence derivation. The light verb kard-an, merged with a nonverbal element, comprises a compound verb and it cannot determine argument and transitivity of a verb alone. If such compound verbs are lexical words, then they should not split in the sentence structure by syntactic operations. On the other hand, if they are syntactic constructions then forming a new lexeme after syntax floats some theoretical conditions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the derivational steps of one type of compound verbs and explain how it is separable in syntax. Some of the data are selected from Sokhan Dictionary and some other (used in the sentence structure) from the online version of the Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB). The results indicated that Persian compound verbs are morphological phases the edge of which is visible and accessible to syntactic operations. First, the roots negah and kard enter merging, and after merging of a phase head involving [Tense] feature (usually, a light verb category), the root kard adjoins it to obtain the [Tense] feature. Finally, if root negah remains at the phase domain (under the phase head) it should transfer to the interface levels and become inaccessible to the moved kard at the phase edge. Therefore, negah should move to the phase edge; otherwise; kard and negah should be interpreted in two different phases and could not join to form a compound verb. That is, negah is also absorbed to Spec-phase by the [EPP] feature of the phase head. Now, both of them are regarded as a compound verb and the nonverbal element at the phase edge is accessible to the syntactic operations. Hence, it can split in syntax (for more details, see Heidarizadi, et al, 2017). Finally, following Johnson (2003) a syntactic operation called "renumeration" is introduced which targets the nonverbal element at the morphological phase edge and splits it, hence leads to its separability in syntax as the derivation proceeds.
 
 

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One of the major issues that can be raised in the processing, understanding, producing, applying and training the idiomatic expressions is to describe the internal features and determine the relationship and correlation between these features in idiomatic expressions. The present study is aimed to investigate the characteristics of the internal features of 50 Persian idiomatic expressions and describes them and determines the correlation between them. The intuition of the speakers on variables of familiarity, ambiguity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, arousal, concreteness, emotional valence, and confidence of each phrase was evaluated. Their descriptions were also assessed for the figurative meaning of each phrase. The results showed that the studied Persian idiomatic expressions have the characteristics mentioned and can be categorized using a continuum whose pole is one of the internal features of the idiomatic expressions and the other is opposite of the same internal feature. Furthermore, descriptive statistics showed that the expressions of the Persian language are assessed more as ambiguous, arousal, transparent, figurative, and concrete with negative emotional valence. Moreover, the results showed that there is a negative correlation between the familiarity and semantic transparency. There is a positive correlation between meaningfulness and semantic transparency. There is also a negative correlation between knowledge with semantic transparency and confidence..
           
One of the most important issues in the processing, perception, production, use, and teaching of idiomatic expressions is describing their internal features and determining the correlation between these features. The present study aimed at describing the following internal features of Persian idiomatic expressions: familiarity, knowledge, ambiguity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, emotional arousal, concreteness, emotional valence, and confidence.  Furthermore, an attempt was made to investigate the correlation between these features and answer the following questions: A) Which of these features can be found in Persian idiomatic expressions? B) What is the relationship between the internal features of Persian idiomatic expressions? C) How Persian idiomatic expressions can be categorized based on these internal features? It is hypothesized that idiomatic expressions possess various and diverse internal features and both a negative and a positive correlation can be found between some of them. Furthermore, these idiomatic expressions can be categorized on a continuum with one of the internal features at one end and the opposite feature at the other end. To achieve the aims of the present research, at first, based on the intuitive and encyclopedic knowledge of the researchers, 50 Persian idiomatic expressions were chosen from “Dictionary of Metonymy” by “Mansour Servat (1379)” and “Sokhan's dictionary of metonymy” by “Hassan Anvari (1390). The intuitive knowledge of Persian native speakers for each idiomatic expression was evaluated in terms of familiarity, knowledge, ambiguity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, emotional arousal, concreteness, emotional valence, and confidence. Hence, for the experimental phase of the study, 270 high-school female students were selected using random sampling. Questionnaires were administered to collect the data of the study and for each variable, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaires were filled in without the researcher’s intervention. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS. The importance of this research lies in filling the gap in the field of the internal features of Persian idiomatic expressions and determining their correlation. The results of the study revealed that Persian idiomatic expressions have these internal features and they can be categorized based on these features on a continuum with one feature at one end and the opposite feature at the other end. Furthermore, descriptive statistics revealed that the idiomatic expressions investigated in this study were more ambiguous, emotionally arousing, figurative, concrete and emotionally negative. Furthermore, a negative correlation was identified between the internal features of familiarity and semantic transparency. However, a positive correlation was observed between concreteness and semantic transparency. Finally, a negative correlation was observed among knowledge, sematic transparency, and confidence

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Reading is one of the most important language skills that students begin to learn it in primary school by means of Farsi textbooks. Reading fluency and reading comprehension are necessary for acquiring reading skill. Orthography systems of every language effects on reading. Researchers believe that reading of deep orthography is harder than shallow one.  Farsi is one the languages with deep orthography system, because there isn’t one by one correspondence between orthography and speech. The aim of this research is replying to these questions: how much is the orthography depth in Farsi textbooks of primary schools and its relationship with reading fluently. For this purpose, the orthography depth was evaluated in Farsi textbooks from first grade to sixth in primary school. After that reading fluency tests were taken from students of grade one to six in primary school based on chosen texts. Fluency test scales were correctness, speed and intonation of reading. The Samples were students in primary school in Semnan in 1397-1398 school year. 402 students from different primary school, grade one to six took part in reading fluency tests.  Results show that the distance between writing and reading is 1,42 phonemes in Farsi  textbooks, and there is no significant relationship between orthography depth and ability to read fluently in primary schools.

 Reading is one of the most important language skills that students start learning in elementary school by using Farsi textbooks. Acquiring reading skills requires the ability to read and comprehend. Orthographic systems play an important role in the reading skills of any language. Researchers find it more difficult to read deep orthography systems than shallow ones. Persian is a language with a deep orthography, because there is little correspondence between its writing and speech system. One of the most important issues in education in primary school, which faces serious and fundamental challenges, is reading skills. The results of the performance of Iranian students in the PIRLS test are a documented example that has attracted the attention of many experts in related sciences. PIRLS is an international study of reading literacy development that examines beginner literacy in reading skills around the world. Iranian fourth grade students have participated in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 exams. The results of these tests show that the score of Iranian students is significantly lower than the global average score, so that in 2016, Iranian students with a score of 428 were ranked 45th among the 50 participating countries. Numerous factors such as educational, social, linguistic, cultural, etc. are involved in the emergence of this challenge. Spoken and written language, as one of the most important tools of communication and education, plays an important role in the growth and development of learning. Reading is a skill that is based on the written system and requires the adaptation of the written form to the spoken language. Regarding the issues related to reading in schools, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of orthography depth on reading skills in primary schools. 
  The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical. The population and the statistical sample of the research for calculating the orthography depth are Farsi textbooks grade one to six in primary schools. The statistical population to determine the level of fluent reading, are all elementary students in primary school in Semnan in the academic year 1397-1398 . 402 students in the first to sixth grades of elementary school are the statistical sample of the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient). The results of this research can be instructive and effective for compiling the course content and teaching it, especially for teaching reading skills.
  This study seeks to answer the following questions by examining the role of Persian orthography system on reading skills in elementary schools:
1. What is the orthography depth of language in primary Farsi textbooks?
 2.What effect does orthography depth have on the reading skills of primary school students?
  The following hypotheses are proposed for the research questions:
1. The distance between writing and speech (orthography) in Persian books is large.
2. High orthography depth in Persian books has a negative effect on students' reading skills.
  The results obtained according to the research questions are as follows:
The first research question
A review of  Farsi textbooks for the six elementary grades shows that the average distance between writing and speaking is 1.41 phonemes. Orthography depth from the first grade to the sixth grade shows an increase, which is educationally desirable, because according to the educational principle, the presentation of content is from simple to complex.
Research question 2
 According to the orthography depth in different grades: 1.28 in the first grade, 1.30 in the second grade, 1.30 in the third grade, 1.46 in the fourth grade, 1.49 in the fifth grade and 1.50 in the sixth grade and the average scores obtained in the fluent reading test indicates that the orthography depth does not have a significant effect on students' fluent reading performance.
Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between orthography depth and fluent reading. The processing of the fluent reading score and the average orthography depth in SPSS software showed that there is no significant relationship between them.
  Comparison of the average score of orthography depth and fluent reading in each educational level also confirms that although the orthography depth is lower in the first to third grades, but their fluent reading score is lower than the fourth to sixth grades which have more orthography depths. 
The result obtained in this study shows that in Persian there is no significant relationship between the orthography depth system and fluent reading skills. Although, according to this study, the depth of Persian orthography has no significant relationship with students' fluent reading skills in primary school, but it is necessary for authors and teachers in developing and teaching educational materials to enhance reading skills, especially in Farsi textbooks so that students learn to read as a key skill in acquiring knowledge.

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Mamasani Lori dialect is one of the southern dialects of Lori language and a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects which, like many other Iranian dialects, has significant phonetic and phonological variations. One of the notable morphonological domains in this dialect is the representation of various forms of the past morpheme. The main issue of this research is how to optimize the processes, constraints and rankings of these morphonological variations based on the optimality theory, and investigating whether there are universal rules for them? The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary, based on the list of simple verbs of Persian language (Tabatabai 1997), a list of equivalent verbs in Mamasani Lori dialect was extracted and transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet and all contexts of past allomorphs are analyzed in the data. Data analysis showed that /ɪd/ is the underlying past morpheme is the in this dialect, based on the criteria of context distribution, frequency of occurrence and application of the least rules. So, this study resulted in specifying nine allomorphs of past morpheme, (/ Ið /, / ð /, / ɑð /, / d /, / t /, / es /, / s /, / ɑs / and / Ø), and analyzing their phonetic realization based on OT in this dialect.....
 

1. Introduction

 Mamasani Lori dialect is one of the southern dialects of Lori language and a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects which, like many other Iranian dialects, has significant phonetic and phonological variations. One of the notable morphonological domains in this dialect is the representation of various forms of the past morpheme. The main issue of this research is how to optimize the processes, constraints and rankings of these morphonological variations based on the optimality theory, and investigating whether there are universal rules for them? The importance and necessity of the current study is to preserve the heritage of the ancient Iranian languages and to provide a comprehensive description of one of the morpho-phonological sub-fields of the studied dialect. In this regard, it has been attempted to answer the following research questions while analyzing the subject: 1) What are the allomorphs of the past morpheme in Lori Mamasani's dialect?  2) In the framework of optimality theory, what processes, constraints, and rankings govern the optimal output of the allomorphs of the past morpheme, and are they governed by universal rules? 

2. Methodology

 The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary, based on the list of simple verbs of Persian language (Tabatabai, 1376), a list of equivalent verbs in Mamasani Lori dialect was extracted and transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet and all contexts of past allomorphs are analyzed in the data. 

3. Findings

 The findings showed that the tendency to weakening in the dialect of Lori Mamasani is a very common and widespread process. Data analysis showed that /ɪd/ is the underlying past morpheme in this dialect, based on the criteria of context distribution, frequency of occurrence and application of the least rules. The past morpheme includes the nine allomorphs (/ Ið /, / ð /, / ɑð /, / d /, / t /, / es /, / s /, / ɑs / and / Ø) which are realized as a result of weakening process in this dialect. In this study, some degrees of weakening in the consonant and vowel of the past morpheme / ɪd / was observed, which indicates that in general the weakening process is a function of the global constraints of LAZY in this dialect. Also, a weakening continuum has been observed in the vowel of these allomorphs, in which the tense high vowel / ɪ / in the allomorph / ɪð / is weakened to the central vowel / e / in the allomorph / es / and the lax low vowel / ɑ / in the allomorphs / ɑs / and / ɑ /. The * V (tense) constraint governs this process. In more than half of the examined data (246 verbs out of the total 446 verbs), the past morpheme realized in two forms, / Ið /, / es /. The allomorph / es / is  realized as a result of the devoicing process of the voiced dental fricative phoneme / ð / in the allomorph /Ið/,  which immediately realized as /s/,that is  its  closest phoneme based on the place of articulation feature, because there is no voiceless dental fricative  phoneme / ɵ / in the phonological system of this dialect. 

4. Discussion and Conclusion

 The process of consonantal devoicing under the influence of sociological factors is a common process in Iranian languages ​​and dialects. In this study, the importance of consonant and vowel weakening processes in selecting optimal outputs and allomorphs of the past morpheme is shown. It seems that this study can be generalized to the allomorphs of the past morpheme in Persian as well, because in terms of the criteria occurrence frequency, context/texture and application of the least rules in Persian, the allomorph / ɪd / can be considered as the underlying past morpheme in Persian, Contrary to the opinion of Karampour et al.(1390) who believed that other allomorphs are realized as a result of phonological processes and derivational stages/steps in Serialism optimality which has generated the other allomorphs in surface realization. Perhaps in this way it may be possible to put aside the classical distinctions and definitions of the past-stem and the present–stem and believe only in the present-stem or verb-stem, which can be redefined by adding the past morpheme / ɪd / and applying processes such as elision, insertion, assimilation, etc. based on different phonological contexts and intermediate derivational stages in optimality approach. The present study also confirms the superiority of the performance and mechanism of the Serialism to the Parallelism (standard) optimality, because, as noted, the allomorphic variations of the past morpheme are the result of successive processes of the Serialism sequential steps, in which, at each stage, a process or change is applied to the input, and a series of feeding or bleeding processes are involved in the selection of the final output, which explains the course of evolution in the intermediate stages. In parallelism, the processes and constraints of the intermediate stages of derivation are not dealt with, and the surface forms show different and varied phonetic realizations, which are classified as irregular categories in traditional grammars..

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Since the technology of optical recognition of characters is essentially based on Latin script, almost all the algorithms and processes involved in Persian OCR systems are constructed upon the structure and scriptological features of Latin alphabet. This utilization of the means and features of Latin script to design Persian-based OCR systems however, not only has not resulted in the appropriate optical recognition of Persian characters but it also has simultaneously ended in confusion on the part of both the Persian-speaking users and the systems. This paper, therefore, begins with a short review of the significance of language and linguistics in the field of information technology in connection with OCR systems. Then, it will continue with a short history of Persian/Arabic script, while focusing on the scribal features of Persian writing system and its differences with other scripts. In the next part, for effective utilization of the formal elements of the Persian script, these elements have been categorized according to their application and significance in the process of the user’s interaction with Persian OCR systems. Furthermore, through a step by step discussion and analysis of the processes involved in optical recognition of characters based on the scriptological features of the Persian script, not only the deficiencies and faults of the current Latin-based OCR systems will be pinpointed but also a different aspect of the Persian writing system, in connection with its use in computer software, especially OCR systems, will be used so that the reader will practically notice the potentials and capabilities of this complex script in contrast to the simpler Latin writing system. In the end, in order to upgrade and improve the current algorithms employed in Persian OCR systems, the geometrical process of transferring bi-dimensional specifications into mono-dimensional ones has been utilized. The proposed algorithm, which is based on the scriptological features of Persian script, will simultaneously result in the convenient manipulation of patterns, reduction of the bulk of the database, and acceleration of the data processing rate.

1. Introduction
Since the technology of optical recognition of characters is essentially based on Latin script, almost all the algorithms and processes involved in Persian OCR systems are constructed upon the structure and scriptological features of Latin alphabet. This utilization of the means and features of Latin script to design Persian-based OCR systems however, not only has not resulted in the appropriate optical recognition of Persian characters but it also has simultaneously ended in confusion on the part of both the Persian-speaking users and the systems. Therefore, in order to present a different portrait of Persian writing system when working with computers, especially in OCR systems, this research, attempts to describe and analyze the processes involved in optical character recognition based on the scriptological features of the Persian alphabet and elaborate on its differences with the existing Latin-based systems. In line with this objective, after reviewing the history and evolution of the Persian script through different periods, this research gives a classified illustration of the scriptological features of the Persian writing system and its formal elements with a special focus on the OCR processes. Consequently, in this study, the formal elements of the Persian script are categorized according to their application and significance in the interaction of the user with the Persian OCR softwares. Furthermore, the effective utilization of these scriptological elements is expressed in the framework of the existing algorithms, as well as, in the form of a proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm, on the one hand, results in the practical elimination of the high affectation of the existing algorithms when facing the cursiveness and elongation, of the Persian letters, which previously increased the error rate of the OCR processes; and on the other hand, it highly prevents an increase in the bulk of the database and computations, related to the stored patterns, which previously caused a decrease in the software performance.  


2. Literature Review
The study of Persian/Arabic characters^, representation have been studied since 1970s (Bonyani & Jahangard, 2020) and the very beginning algorithms for representing Arabic scripts have been released in 1990s. (Margner & El-Abed, 2008). Many researchers including Shafii (2014) gave up holistic segmentation of Persian characters because of difficulties resulted from some special features of Persian alphabet and only worked on sub words^, representation instead. The proposed algorithm of Kiaei (2019), regardless of working on printed limited Omni-font texts did not lead to an accepted results and was inefficient facing to words sequence. Rhmati, et al. (2020) as the latest research in the field of character segmentation like many other studies considered baseline connector as a part of a character and their algorithm suggested a procedure to shorten over length baseline connectors in order to facilitate character recognition through the existing systems. The newly done studies on optical character recognition avoid the structural features in the process of recognition and primarily utilize holistic algorithm based on neural networks inorder to extract distinctive features of characters (Bonyani & Jahangard, 2020).

3. Discussion
Using the concept of baseline connector (BC) in the design of the proposed algorithm, the connected characters will all have an identical BC component. This means that each instance of the BC, regardless of its length, will be identified as one identical component. This way, the BC component of each character and its variable extra stretches are removed by means of algorithms and mathematical processes and replaced by an identical special code. This is different from the common known methods of character segmentation in which the whole character including the BC component goes through an image processing stage. Here, in the pattern comparison stage, the system at first recognizes the BC component and removes its extra stretches and then compares the remaining letter image with the stored patterns. By removing the BC component from the text image and replacing it with a simple code, contrary to what is customary: 1) the letter segmentation process occurs naturally and successfully; 2) instead of comparing a letter image with all existing patterns, due to the presence of a BC component code, the comparison and recognition process occurs only between the letter image (raw letter) and the patterns belonging to the same set since based on the position of the BC component, the letters can be divided into four sets: a) letter + BC (= initial letters); b) BC + letter (= final letters); c) BC+letter+BC (= medial letters); d) isolated form without a BC on either side (= isolated letters). As a result, instead of comparing the raw letter and trying to match it with all the existing patterns, this comparison is made only between the raw letter (letter image) and the patterns in one of the above four main groups; 3) by removing the BC component, which occurs in various lengths and in practice has no effect on the reading of the word, this component is removed from the letter image and thereby a great number of patterns whose difference lies in their length of the BC component will be eliminated and thus the process of pattern recognition is sped up; 4) on the other hand, the BC component and its extension, i.e. the baseline, divides the letter components into two groups: a) above the baseline; b) below the baseline. The classification of components into upper and lower sets based on the BC component results in further simplification of the pattern comparison process since: a) this way, upper elements are compared only with upper patterns and lower elements are compared only with lower patterns; b) instead of the overall comparison of the raw image frame with the patterns, first the baseline of the raw element is matched with the baseline of the pattern and then the comparison is made in the two upper and lower sections.

4. Conclusion
The functioning status of present Persian OCR soft wares indicates that there are two main challenges in doing research in this field, one related to solving Persian script problems and another concerned with algorithm design and programming. In this study it was determined that the origin of the current challenges is that the programmers ignored the original function and existing philosophy of baseline connector and consider it as a part of the Persian words. This study tried to improve Persian OCR sub word segmentation throughout utilizing an outstanding feature of baseline connector and at the same time its formal elimination. Base line connector forms a large part of Persian texts and its formal deletion from the raw patterns has caused an impressive reduction in the volume of errors in the processing level. Furthermore, considering baseline connector as a criterion can lead to the possibility of Persian scripts and patterns classification. Consequently, instead of comparing one raw element with all patterns, the comparing procedure has limited to homogenous groups and the processing speed has increased. Finally, in order to upgrade and improve the current algorithms employed in Persian OCR systems, the geometrical process of transferring   bi-dimensional specifications into mono-dimensional ones has been utilized. The proposed algorithm, which is based on the script logical features of Persian script, will simultaneously result in the convenient manipulation of patterns, reduction of the bulk of the database, and acceleration of the data processing rate.

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Rapid and wide-ranging environmental changes have challenged traditional systems of strategy making, and strategic foresight has been increasingly welcomed by organizations due to flexibility against alternative futures. This research seeks to develop the process of creating strategic options in strategic foresight for organizations and is a developmental research in terms of purpose. The overall research method is qualitative. First, based on the analysis and interpretation of literature and research background, 19 requirements and steps were presented, to develop strategic options in strategic foresight. Then, with the help of Delphi technique, the validity of the list of provided items was tested. The second round of Delphi, confirmed the scientific and practical appropriateness of all items and their general goodness of fit. In the end, based on presented requirements and steps, the research suggested that managers consider the 26 types of integrated strategy options, presented in this study, in the process of creating strategy for their organizations.