---

Climate change is one of the challenges of today to affect the agriculture sector. Climate change in Iran in recent years has caused a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature and continuous droughts. Agricultural production in Iran has been affected by climate change and has faced a decrease in the production of various products. The purpose of this research was to identify social, economic and environmental consequences of climate change in Iran's agricultural sector and designing a model of Planned Management Behavior (PMB). A mixed qualitative and quantitative method was used in this research. The study sample of this research in the qualitative phase included 15 key experts who have knowledge of the consequences of climate change and in the quantitative section, there were 100 experts of the agricultural Jihad of Khuzestan province. Based on the qualitative results, the consequences of climate change were identified. In the quantitative phase, it was determined that 69.3% of attitude towards the consequences of climate changes are explained by the independent variables of concerns about social, economic and environmental consequences, feeling the need for risk management, and perceived value. Also, 71.2% of changes in planned management intention to control the consequences of climate changes are affected by the attitude towards the consequences, tendency to control behavior, personal and mental norms. Finally, 69.8% of changes in PMB for control the consequences of climate changes are caused by the use of planned management intention to control the consequences, action planning and coping planning.

 

---

Background: Campylobacter spp. are the common pathogens that infect human beings via food. These bacteria are vibrio and have been implicated in abortion. Serotyping is the best way for typing with Penner scheme. C. jejuni and C. coli have 65 serotypes. C. coli is common in birds and dogs. Due to high rate of prevalence of Campylobacter in red-meat, chicken-meat and egg-shell, a suitable method to detect their prevalence, the most common species and serotyping group was necessary. This article describes the prevalence of Campylobacter infection, common serotyping group in 330 samples of red- meat, hen-meat and egg-shell. Materials and Methods: With three methods: enrichment, selective Preston and Skirrow and filtration with membrane filters Campylobacter swere incubated. Bacterial species were identified with physiological and biochemical tests. Penner serotyping was defined with reference antiserum Ag-O and direct agglutination. Results: Prevalence of Campylobacter infection was 21(23%) in red meat, 33(27.5%) in hen meat and 38(31.6%) in eggshell. In egg-shell samples: C. jejuni 20, C. coli 14, C. lari 3 and C. concisus 1 case. In meat common Penner serotyping for C. jejuni O₂ had the highest rate. In hen, common Penner serotyping: for C. jejuni O₃ and in egg-shell for O₁, O₂ and O₃ had the highest rate. Conclusion: Most infection of campylobacter was found in egg-shell; most common species in these three samples were C. jejuni, then C. coli and C. lari. No C. consicus was found in meat but it was found in hen and egg-shells. In common Penner serotyping for C. jejuni O₂ and O₃ were the most common and for C. coli in meat O₄₉ and in hen and eggshell O₅ were the highest.

---

Arbitrage is a known economic term, implying simultaneous transaction on commodities. For instance, a Generation Company (GenCo) may involve itself in selling fuel, emission allowance and etc., instead of generating either active or reactive power. Moreover, arbitrage between active and reactive powers can, in turn, be considered. In this paper, arbitrage between active and reactive power is considered from Independent System Operator (ISO) viewpoint. A pool model is employed. ISO runs an optimization problem, by which, it could determine and predict GenCos behaviours; in terms of participating in active and reactive power markets for the next twelve months. A normal distribution function is used for price forecasting. Two 3-bus and 14-bus test systems are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed algorithm.

---

The aim of this study is to examine the main determinants of visitors' willingness to Pay (WTP) for the Pasargad Historical Palaces using contingent valuation method (CVM). To this end, the data are collected using questionnaire throughout a random sample of the citizens of Isfahan, Shiraz and Marvdasht. The data include socio-economic information and visitors' willingness to pay. The variables considered in the WTP model comprise gender, age, education, occupation, income, household size, environmental attitude and distance. Considering the characteristics of the data, the Probit and Tobit techniques are employed to estimate the model. The empirical results indicate that the average visitors’ willingness to pay is 114530 Rials. Moreover, the results confirm that the gender, household size, distance and income have statistically significant effects on visitors’ willingness to pay. However, the results show that the women are more likely to pay more than men. Based on the individuals willingness to pay and the number of visitors, the value of Pasargad Palaces from the point of view of the domestic visitors and consumption surplus exceed to 6640 and 6060 million Rials, respectively.

---

Yellow rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases that threaten its production. Host resistance is the most economical and healthiest method of yellow rust management. In this study, slow rusting resistance parameters including infection coefficient, disease severity as well as reaction type were recorded for 48 rain-fed wheat genotypes along with sensitive control in 6 rain-fed environments. The field experiment was done for two consecutive years in three distinct geographical regions including Ardebil, Zarghan, and Mashhad. The additional screening test was established in greenhouse conditions. Results showed genetic variability among studied germplasms in resistance against yellow rust. In this research, G1, G04, G05, G06, G20, G21, G32, G33, G39, and G45 out of the studied genotypes had resistant and stable reactions across years and locations. Ward clustering algorithm produced three heterotic groups which can be utilized in yellow rust breeding programs through parental selection for the construction of a yellow rust mapping population. Differential genotypes testing resulted in “6E142A +, Yr27”, “38E158A +, YR27” and “134E150A +, YR27” isolates which belonged to Ardebil, Mashhad as well as Zarghan regions respectively. The resistance reaction in the seedling stage varied from that found in the field state which indicated the existence of adult plant resistance genes in their genome.

 

---

           Studies on the sociology of punishment suggest that social and economic structures of the society influence not only the number and the nature of committed crimes but also the qualitative and quantitative changes of punishment. The primary theories on the relationship between penal system and the labor market puts an emphasis on the function of the prison as a mechanism for controlling the surplus labor market and taking economic advantages of its working forces in the prison factories. From this point of view, penal strategies are produced and developed in the context of especial model of production system. During the last few decades, hypotheses regarding the relationship between the labor market and the penal system have been tested and developed in the different contexts. Taking advantage of quantitative and qualitative research methodology, this article tries to compare the impacts of changes in the economic system and the labor market on the development and reform of the penal systems, in particular the penal sanctions, in Germany, USA and Iran.                  
 

---

Nowadays pasta products are consumed as one of the most popular foods in the world and
the position of this product in the food basket of Iranian families is gradually increasing. In this research, the effect of replacement of durum wheat semolina with hard wheat flour with two Teflon and bronze die at temperatures of 65 and 80°C on physicochemical, qualitative, texture properties, morphological characteristics, gelatinization and organoleptic features were studied. In terms of physicochemical tests, durum wheat semolina had higher protein content and gluten index with significant difference in comparison with hard wheat flour. There was a significant difference in moisture content between treatment and with an increase in temperature amount, moisture content decreased. With an increase in temperature amount, cooking value and cooking loss decreased, so the type of Teflon die also reduced the cooking loss. In the cooking value and cooking loss tests, the best score belonged to treatment M₆ (Durum wheat semolina, Teflon die and drying temperature of 80^o C) and the lowest score belonged to treatment M₃ (Hard wheat flour, bronze die and drying temperature of 65^o C). The result of texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy test showed that teflon die improved the texture of the treatments. There was no significant difference in X-ray diffraction test between treatments. Generally, treatment M₆ was the best treatment in terms of technological and qualitative characteristics.
 

---

---

Fried food products are very popular due to their unique characteristics such as color, smell, taste and desirable texture. Controlling frying conditions and using edible hydrocolloid coatings (gums) is one of the best ways in reduction of oil uptake, moisture retention and improving the appearance properties of fried foods. In this study, different concentrations of wild sage seed gum (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were used to coating of zucchini slices during deep frying at 155, 170 and 185°C and the relationship between process parameters and the quality of final product were modeled by genetic algorithm-artificial neural network method. The results of this study showed that coating with wild sage seed gum reduced the oil uptake of the final product and in terms of appearance characteristics, the coated samples were lighter. Coating pretreatment maintained the final product moisture and the size of the samples coated with 1.5% gum was larger than the other samples (lower surface changes percent). This process was modeled by genetic algorithm-artificial neural network method with 2 inputs include wild sage seed gum concentration and frying temperature and 7 outputs  include oil percentage, moisture content, yellowness index (b^*), redness index (a^*), lightness index (L^*), color changes intensity (ΔE) and surface changes. The results of modeling showed that a network with 5 neurons in a hidden layer and using the sigmoid activation function can predict the physicochemical properties of fried zucchini slices. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the changes in the concentration of wild sage seed gum had the highest effect on the yellowness index and then on the surface color changes intensity index of fried zucchini slices. Also, the change of frying temperature has the highest effects on the color changes intensity and lightness indexes of fried samples.

---

The “Harm Principle” in Anglo-American Law is frequently faced a strong challenge by the principles such as legal paternalism and legal moralism. It can, however, resist as a justified principle in the scope of state interventions, and has justified why individual’s liberty should be limited in terms of a minimal state. It is recently claimed that the “No Harm Rule” (la Darara wa la Dirar) in Islamic Jurisprudence can play a role just like “Harm Principle”, and restrict the state’s penal power. After reducing this principle and the rule to constitutive elements, it is found that the “No Harm Rule” has a different basis in comparison with the “Harm Principle”. Accordingly, it is not able to legitimize criminal intervention.      

---

According to the vital role that bridges play in transportation system and also communications of a society, monitoring their structural safety and keeping theme in service is crucial. Numerous methods have been proposed for detecting probable damages in bridges. Unfortunately most of them are based on comparison between the response of bridge in an intact and damaged state. Therefore intact state response must be known. However, not always it’s true in practice. So proposing a method which can determine and localize damages without prior knowledge of intact state is necessary. Such a method which was proposed by Sun et al. is studied carefully. Through the aforementioned method, the dynamic displacement response of a simply supported beam was decomposed into a dynamic component and a quasi-static component. Using Maxwell-Betti law of reciprocal deflection, the quasi-static component was attributed to the static deflection of the beam. Later damage which is defined by loss of stiffness, could be localized based on the abrupt changes in the static deflection curvature as it is related to bending moment and flexural stiffness of a beam. It is found out that the decomposition approach proposed by Sun et al. is restricted to fact that only one mode of oscillation must be dominant and also the natural frequency of motion must be determined through experimental measuring. Another limitation is that the abrupt changes in the curvature diagram cannot be related to damage essentially as curvature is also affected by the bending moment. In this study two modifications were proposed to get more accurate results in localizing the imposed damages. The first modification is the use of EMD method in order to decompose the displacement response into its intrinsic mode functions. Hence the aforementioned method could be used in real bridge displacement responses as higher modes corporations can also be determined and extracted through EMD process and finally the quasi-static component is determined as the residue of EMD algorithm. Also the ambient noise may be decomposed from the original signal, improving the method to work in real situations. The second modification is creating an imaginary constant moment length in the beam by the use of super position principle. So sudden increase in the curvature diagram is essentially a damage. Different scenarios of damage were studied and both methods have been used to detect damage in each scenario. Results show a great improvement in detection and localization of damage using the improved algorithm rather than the original proposed method. Eventually a five span real bridge model was taken into study. The improved damaged detection method could clearly determine the longitudinal position of the damage.

---

Structural vibration control has become a controversial topic among researchers today.In recent years passive dampers have been proposed as an effective and reliable method against these vibrations. In this paper, an innovative configuration for steel braced frames using energy dissipaters is presented. The proposed bracing system includes two-level slotted bolted connection (SBC) dampers with slipping performance and a horizontal shear panel system (H-SPS) or eccentrically braced frames (EBF) which is called CS+EBF.The proposed model consists of four structural parts, including horizontal shear link beam, beam, bracing and columns, which other structural components were designed based on the shear capacity of horizontal shear link beam. The brace provides the rigidity of the frame and remains elastic until the end of the loading, like columns and beam. The SBC fuse with frictional movement of the end of the brace in the slot hole and the H-SPS fuse with shear yield can dissipate energy at low, medium and severe earthquake levels, respectively, and prevent or delaying the bracing member from buckling. Past experience has shown that dampers designed for an earthquake energy level also start working in low level earthquakes than that level, which has hampered the ability of these dampers to dissipate energy in more severe earthquakes. Therefore, the SBC fuse is considered as an auxiliary fuse in this innovative two-level system to prevent the main fuse from operating in mild earthquakes. Also, the SBC fuse, unlike the yielding fuses after the earthquake, does not need to be replaced and is repaired by applying prestressed load to the connection screws, which distinguishes the proposed two-level system from other similar systems. The samples are modeled with 1/2 scale and solid elements to achieve accurate results.
The proposed configuration and other similar samples, in addition to push over loading, were also subjected to cyclic SAC loading protocol to compare the behavior of the proposed sample and other samples properly. The results obtained in this study indicate that in the push over analysis, in addition to maintaining the strength and stiffness of the proposed sample (CS+EBF), the ductility of this sample compared to other similar single-level systems, SCBF and EBF has increased. In addition based on cyclic loading, it was found that two-level proposed system has more ductility and energy dissipation than similar single- level systems and also shows that with increasing shear thickness of shear panel beam, energy dissipation and final strength of braced frame increases. The energy dissipation of the proposed configuration is 88% and 33% higher than that of SCBF and EBF single-level systems, respectively, and the share of energy dissipation of the first fuse (SBC) and second fuse (H-SPS) is 33% and 30% of the total energy dissipated by the CS+EBF2 braced frame respectively.