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Background: The use of plant extracts or their compounds as antimicrobial agents for oral infections worldwide represents that herbal medicines could be used as an effective alternative method in oral health care. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial effects of five traditional medicinal plant extracts on standard and clinical strains of bacteria and fungi causing dental caries.
Materials & Methods: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora, Lawsonia alba, Zizyphus spina-christi, Myrtus communis, and Citrus aurantium were prepared using maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the prepared extracts were evaluated against bacterial (Streptococcus sanguinis and S. mutans) and fungal (Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) isolates using broth microdilution method.  
Findings: Aqueous extracts of the studied plants showed no antimicrobial effects on the studied microorganisms, except M. communis and C. aurantium. The results indicated the antimicrobial potency of the methanolic extract of M. communis (MIC range =2 to 64 µg/mL) against all the studied microorganisms, followed by Z. multiflora (MIC range = 512-2048 µg/mL), L. alba (MIC range = 1024-2048 µg/mL), C. aurantium (MIC range = 1024-4096 µg/mL), and Z. spina-christi (MIC range=2048- ˃4096 μg/mL).  Also, the lowest MMCs against the studied strains were related to the methanolic extract of M. communis (MMC range = 16-512 µg/mL).
Conclusion: The results showed remarkable antimicrobial effects of M. communis extract, which could be a suitable alternative to chemical mouthwashes to prevent and control oral infections. 

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The Zab river basin is locate in south of west Azarbaijan and north of Kurdistan province with total area equals 3527 km 2 .This river is flowing in the tectonic vally and slope instabilities occur frequently in center of this basin.Annually ,occurs of landslide and other type of mass movements cause of damages for roads , habitats and agriculture lands. This paper has attempted to evaluate and recognize these natural hazards and finally prepare hazard maps by applying Anbalagan method.The method of research in this paper are recognition and verify of landslide in field and determination of cause of their occurrence.The second stage is preparing factor maps and finally drawing slope instability zonation map.

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The theory of the production of space involves the interaction of ideas (representations), locality (physical features), and human practice (lived life). Accordingly, it is assumed that space is not a fixed container, but a social product that is repeatedly produced and negotiated by human beings. They transform the designed space and make it closer to the lived space. In the present study,  Lefebvre's notion of lived space was used to explore how users of the city centre of Rasht produce spaces of high-quality urban life. The presented results are based on the survey method. In addition to a paper questionnaire and evaluative mapping, the data were collected through unstructured conversations with respondents and walk-by observations. Analysis of the data was performed based on descriptive and inferential statistics. To conclude, this study showed that users of the city centre of Rasht give meaning to their lived everyday spaces by consciously choosing their leisure place and through special practices. They perform these practices in places with distinct physical characteristics (scenic quality, symbolic places). Moreover, constructing the notion of ‘sociability’ with friends and acquaintances through leisure, the users have meaningful social ties. In addition, from the users' point of view, the formation of spaces of high-quality urban life is interpreted through the seven desirable characteristics of green spaces, historical areas, activities, natural surveillance, sense of ownership, human scale, and management and maintenance.