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Adding suffix is one of the methods of making words to produce various meanings. Various semantic contexts vary depending on the suffixes and prefixes in the word derivation. The suffixes "-är", "-gär", "-gar", "-an", "-nadeh" are known in Persian as suffixes that produce adjectives and nouns. In Russian the following suffixes:
-тель, -арь, -чик, -щик, ...
In the row, there are suffixes for making nouns. Among the above two suffixes "-арь" and "-тель" in Russian language are analyzed to find equivalence in Persian language.
The purpose of writing this research is to identify the active and passive suffixes in Russian and Persian languages ​​and to examine them against each other in understanding their meaning and form, relying on the theory of semantic-lexical expression (Liber) 2004 and the grammatical theory. The questions that we seek to answer in this article are, what is the degree of convergence and divergence of the semantic expansion of active and passive suffixes in two languages? Is it possible to make some words with the help of existing words, according to the generative and cognitive grammar approach, to what extent the semantic overlap allows the reproduction of some figures. And as a result of this research: it was found that the investigated suffixes in two languages ​​use the same basic units of noun + infinitive + suffix, but in the semantic part, the expected correspondence does not match completely.
 

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As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of droughts, adaptive behavior becomes increasingly crucial. Farmers' capacity to modify their practices in response to evolving climate conditions is vital for ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability and food security. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychological factors affecting farmers' adaptation behaviors in response to drought, using the health belief model. The sample comprised 380 farmers from Kohdashat County in Lorestan Province, western Iran, selected via a three-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that self-efficacy; perceived benefits, perceived vulnerability, and perceived barriers explained about 49% of the variance in farmers’ adaptation behavior. Perceived benefits emerged as the strongest predictor of adaptation, while cues to action and perceived severity were insignificant. These findings support the health belief model's practicality and effectiveness in examining water conservation behavior among Iranian farmers.
 

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The Nahj al-Balagha (Arabic: نهج البلاغة‎ Nahj ul-Balāghah) (“Way of Eloquence") is the most famous collection of sermons, letters and narrations of Imam Ali. This book is Known for its eloquent content and considered a masterpiece of literature in Arabic language and literature. This valuable book many times has been translated into Persian by capable translators and scholars. One of the most famous Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha was done by Sayyed Jafar Shahidi, distinguished scholar of the Persian language and literature and a renowned historian of Islam. Nahj al-Balagha employs many stylistic, linguistic and rhetorical features, and this use of linguistic and rhetorical features such as simile, metaphor, irony, challenges the translators of Nahj al-Balagha. Meanwhile Shahidi’s translation of Nahj al-Balagha has been a faithful translation in a way that he has tried to convey it faithfully on the one hand, and to find the exact Persian equivalents on the other hand. Using the descriptive and attributive method, this article analyzes the diction, figures of speech, and literary graces of the 114 elementary sermon of Shahidi’s translation. Shahidi has carefully translated figures of speech of Nahj al-Balagha into Persian, to some extent that, the eloquence of this translation draws everybody’s attention.  Shahidi has benefited from the Baligh simile and Makniyah Metaphor frequently. He has also used different types of figures of speech and rhetorical features such as rhyme, symmetry, contrast… which makes this translation more valuable and precious. And finally the authors have come to this conclusion that the rhyme is the most striking feature in this translation.  

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In recent years, the increasing presence of antibiotics particularly ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aquatic environments has raised serious environmental and health concerns. This study investigated the efficiency of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles activated by ultraviolet (UV) light in removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. Experimental design was carried out using Design Expert software, and the effects of variables such as pH, reaction time, and initial drug concentration were evaluated. The results showed that increasing reaction time and decreasing initial concentration significantly improved the removal efficiency. The optimal pH range for maximum removal was found to be between 5 and 7. Additionally, the photocatalytic system used in this study demonstrated high performance, low energy consumption, and the ability to degrade the pollutant without the need for additional chemicals. These findings suggest that TiO₂-based photocatalysis is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for treating wastewater containing antibiotics.

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The subject of the grammatical category VID in Russian language and its equivalent “verbal representation” in Persian Language is of special importance. Each of these languages, as per its own structural and linguistic features, employs specific media of expression. Actually, the category of aspect does exist in every language. In fact, all concepts and meanings originate from within the human mind that, in order to manifest such concepts in the form of language, utilizes plentiful of linguistic structures specific to its own implicit and explicit attributes.  That is why linguists believe that such structure does exist generally in all languages of the world with the only difference in their medium of expression (grammatical and non-grammatical) and the concept and meaning they convey. The results of the comparative studies conducted in the field of “verbal representation” in Persian and Russian languages reveal that the major difference is in their method of expression. The current research is an attempt to study the subject of verbal representation in Russian and Persian languages through the practice of imperfect verbal representation.  

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Samples from five sturgeon species including Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedti), Great sturgeon (Huso huso),Ship sturgeon (A. nudi-ventris) and Stellate sturgeon (A. stellatus) were collected from the South Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from the fins, eggs and skeleton muscle of the five species. RAPD markers were used for identifying different kinds of black caviar and sturgeon meat. The polymorphic band from RAPD amplification of DNA from two out of five sturgeon spe-cies was purified, cloned and sequenced. RAPD analysis was carried out in order to com-pare the five species using an operon primer set. Sequence Characterised Amplifed Re-gion (SCAR) primers were designed and used to amplify caviar DNA from five sturgeon species. A marker of potential economic importance was discovered that is able to distin-guish three species from caviar and also to distinguish Ship sturgeon caviar from osetra caviar (from Russian and Persian sturgeon) and also other species. This marker could as-sist international conservation and legal efforts to save what is left of the commercial Ship sturgeon populations which are endangered and whose caviar is at present substituted for the more expensive osetra caviar.

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Drought is a complex natural phenomenon that can occur in any climate. Hydrologic drought in the river flow of arid and semi-arid areas causes serious shortages, threatens the quality of life, and impacts on the economy. Understanding this feature is then essential for the management of water resources. Hydrologic drought in the sense of deficient river flow is defined as the periods that river flow does not meet the needs of planned programs for system management. In the present study, changes in the monthly discharge of 14 hydrometric stations throughout the Gorganroud watershed over 30-year period (1980-2010) were studied. Then the deficit flow was determined based on threshold level method, and the results were analyzed. It was revealed that periods of severe shortages have happened in the very humid and semi-arid climates and the downstream of the study area, while longer periods (28 months) of low flows have occurred in the arid climate. The trend of severity and persistence in the central stations of the watershed was increasing. Also shortages occurred with greater frequency at the end of the study period, and river flow shortage during the years 1998-99, 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 has occurred in most of the stations. So in these years, flow deficit has happened in 50, 85.9, 64.3 and 92.8 %of the stations, respectively.

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Nowadays, customer is known as the organizations’ most important source of information. The competitive advantage was lately obtained by innovation of product and creating a brand, but in twenty first century, companies are facing more interactions creating a competitive advantage which is obtained by gathering customer knowledge. This study intends to determine a structural model by the application of interpretive structural modeling (ISM). According to the interpretive structural modeling findings, twenty five important and effective factors on the process of implementing the customer knowledge management in the bank have been identified. The structural model analysis showed that following variables of the superior management commitment, the middle managers, organizational culture, financial resources and information technology are the main factors, and act like the foundation of the model. Any type of change on other factors which have high levels of guidance and dependency, could affect the system and system outcome could also change these variants again. The final result of factor in model expresses that executing and implementing the customer knowledge management process is effective at achieving factors such as customers' satisfaction, increase of service quality and keeping customers as a valuable asset and finally obtaining a competitive advantage.    

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Additional compounds are sort of issues that are studied in both Russian and Persian languages in terms of nominal groups. Some linguists and grammarians of Persian language relate additional compounds (though without prepositions) to noun complements. Additional compounds represent various concepts and features such as ownership, identity, gender expression and allocation. These compounds in Persian language are stated by adding a noun to another noun, which the equivalent expressions in Russian language are consistent (определение согласованное) and inconsistent (несогласованное определение) noun affiliates. The aim of this study is to evaluate additional compounds in Persian and Russian languages in terms of syntax, and to find the possible similarities and harmony, between them. Finally, the ways to express the same meanings in the different structures of these compounds are discussed.

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  Abstract: In this article social documentaries of post Islamic revolution of Iran about of children and teenagers social pathologies analyzed with sociological view. The purpose of this article is to understand: social documentaries that produced by directors and Issues raised in the documentaries indicate to society pathologies and are equal films problems with society problems. To investigate the relationship between social changes and cinema we need to conceptual framework in cinema sociology means indicates to relationship between produced films and Characteristics of community. Theoretical framework is Reflection Approach in Sociology of the Art.The method in this article is Outward-oriented criticism. Article results show that there was interaction between condition of society and different objects in social documentaries of post Islamic revolution of Iran. In fact base on Reflection theory with study of social documentaries of post Islamic revolution can be realized the largest social pathologies in each period and social documentaries offer a view of community.   .

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-care consultation on the nutrition and physical activity of women who are planning for pregnancy in Karaj, 2016.
Methods: In the present study, 40 women who were planning for pregnancy constituted the research sample who were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and self-care check list based on “CDC preconception health indicators, 2009”. Consultation was done based on 5A (asses, advise, agree, assist and follow-up) model. Self-care score scope was measured before, one month and three months after consulting in the area of nutrition and physical activity (with 19 questions). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Also a clinical trial registry (IRCT2016042827557N2) was performed. Sampling was performed from April to December 2016. One and three months after counselling sessions, the follow-up was done. SPSS v22 and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data at the significance level of 0.05
Findings: The results showed that the self-care level of women planning for pregnancy in the area of nutrition has changed significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) after consultation. Also their physical activity increased significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) months after consultation.
Conclusion: Counselling based on self-care plays an important role in improving the nutrition and physical activity of women planning for pregnancy. Based on individual capabilities, focusing on self-care can promote their performance in the area of nutrition and physical activity before pregnancy.

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Deriving the distribution of PRO and Obligatory Control (OC) in finite contexts has been a topic of considerable debate. Evidence coming from different languages shows that there is OC in finite contexts, then the theories of “Government and Binding “(GB) and “Minimalist Program”, which analyze control structures based on nonfiniteness of the complement, need to be refined. Landau (1999, 2000, 2004, 2006) proposes an alternative approach in which the distribution of PRO is more directly linked to tense/agreement properties of infl. He claims to get a generalization to account for the distribution of PRO in finite and nonfinite contexts in all languages. However, this article shows that while Landau’s model is effective for justifying exhaustive and non-obligatory or non-control constructions in Persian, it has some deficiencies in accounting for non-exhaustive control in Persian. Then it is proposed that building upon Jackendoff and Culicover’s (2003) semantic analysis of control, we can solve inadequacies of purely syntactic analysis in justifying the distribution of PRO and overt DPs in the subject position of the embedded clause in Persian control structures. Therefore, in this article, the importance of semantic factors to solve this problem is proved.

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The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of general Arabic language teaching program in Kerman high schools based on the students’ and teachers’ viewpoints. This study is an applied quantitative method research. The research instruments are two researcher-made questionnaires for measuring the teachers’ and students’ viewpoints. The population involves all male and female Arabic teachers of Kerman city, as well as male and female Mathematics and Science junior high school students of all public high schools of Kerman city. The research sample was selected through stratified random sampling method, and amounted to 30 female Arabic teachers, 30 male Arabic teachers and 236 students. The findings revealed that  Arabic language teaching goal is not consistent with the learners’ and society’s needs; Arabic textbooks’ content does not meet the content selection standards set in curriculum planning; Arabic teachers are not well prepared for Arabic language teaching; Arabic curriculum goals are not met; students’ proficiency in Arabic language skills is disappointing; students’ interest in Arabic language and learning, is moderately low; and finally, students’ acquaintance with Arabic language learning strategies is low. Accordingly, we can conclude that the increase in Arabic language teaching efficiency in schools needs more efforts to prepare the society with positive attitude towards Arabic language and Arab people, and also to change the educational approach to Arabic language teaching/learning in our school system.

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Noun incorporation is considered as a word formation process which is not treated similarly in different languages and has various representations. The incorporated noun is unmarked for features of definiteness and specificity; it does not take definite article, demonstratives or case marking. This study aims at finding an explanatory account for this phenomenon in Persian in order to decide whether a particular structure involves incorporation or not. To do this, incorporation is examined with respect to its relation to transitivity as a prototypical phenomenon. In this regard, it may be analyzed according to the notion of the degree of transitivity and the presence or absence of different transitivity parameters. The results show that the two parameters of individuation of object as well as affectedness of object specifically have role in the occurrence of incorporation. Aspect, also, has some effect through its relation to affectedness. Therefore, incorporation is better to be considered as an instance of transitivity decrease which occurs due to the lack of object individuation and object affectedness in a transitive clause. The deviation from the prototypical transitive clause due to the absence of these features is responsible for the structural differences of the incorporated clauses with that prototype.

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This paper is aimed at proposing an appropriate e-business model for Iran banking industry using mixed research (qualitative -quantitative) methodology. For this purpose, after examining e-business models for financial services 10 experts and managers in the banking industry of the country at various levels during were interviewed in qualitative phase. Gathered data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis and a questionnaire was prepared and used as the basis of quantitative phase of study. The quantitative data was collected and then analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on results final model of the research was determined. The results of the research show that the proposed e-business model for banking industry is comprised of four main dimensions including: provided value, customers, suppliers and financial management. Generally speaking, the main components were classified as 10 main categories, i.e. product/service, target customers, distribution channels, customer loyalty, insurance, resources and competencies, cooperation network or partners, cost structure, revenue structure and electronic intermediaries. At the end, as per the obtained issues and scope, some policies and research proposals are presented.

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Human needs Formalizes each new type of language. In eighty decade expanded Argot in human every speaking that targeted religions, polity & gender taboos and mixed with modern problems. Resulting of cause of cultural studded may be analysis by Cultural Studies .For lexicography field impractical linguistics noticed only inner entry of same lexicon and fields of historic, sociology, politic arn’t notable but cultural studies with interdisciplinary way and equal vision to formal language & common opens the atmosphere to show the informal language in formal institutional. This essay attempts with content analysis survey literal & topic eighty decade in five sours of books & lexicons that have sow Argot. For finds cause of Argot are expanding free time entering IT & technology be hidden in virtual spade & expand of Soap Opera in Eight Decade. Without misconstruing survey enters of Argot words without taboo to national language can boost formal language.

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Based on social identity and attribution theory and the results of hitherto empirical researchs, the relationship between corporate social responsibility and behavioral outcomes is explainable But the relationship between CSR with the expected don’t seem so clear. In other words, the mechanism of employee behavior variant in regard to corporate social responsibility remains unclear. The purpose of this causal-relationship research was to identify the variables affecting the relationship between CSR and agriculture experts' job commitment. Based on Cochran formula, 135 of them were selected through quota sampling method. The main method was prediction orientation segmentation algorithms to identify the unknown variables affecting the relationship between two variables. The results showed that the effect of corporate social responsibility in development of employee commitment is relatively complex, evolutionary and gradually. This means that to achieve the desired results of corporate social responsibility, the continuation of the goals of its dimensions can play an important role in employees attribution. It also became clear with over time of employee resident at organization, their interpretation of CSR and as a result its effect on their commitment, would be differ. Thus, indirectly, it could be said that social identity theory can play intermediate variable role in study of CSR effects.

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The identity crisis and Existential dichotomy are among axial issues of immigration literature; however one of the principal critters of postcolonial literature is the effort of author to inverse the power status between the colonizer’s language and colonizer’s language which is a form of Soft Clash with Colonialism. That way, the study of intelligent exchanges between these two languages in literary work, explains the position, skill, and creativity of the author for using the language tool. This paper proposes to highlight the influence of common and similar experiences of Italian-somalin author, Cristina Ali Farah, and Algerian francophone author, Assia Djebar in their novels: The Little Mother and The Disappearance of the French language. At first, we present the style of writing of these authors relying on postcolonial literature expert Zabus. Then, we study the tight relationship between the language and identity concept, by using analytical-comparative method and emphasizing the approach of American School.

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In this article, considering syntactic and semantic behavior of central modal verbs (Bayestæn, Šodæn) in Persian, we try to make a suitable decision about these verbs by demonstrating whether they are control or raising verbs. Based on previous point of views, we proposed three hypotheses: a) epistemic modals are raising and root modals including deontic and dynamic modals are control verbs b) epistemic and indirect deontic root modals having external participant are raising but dynamic and direct deontic root modals having internal participant are control verbs c) all kinds of models are raising verbs. In this article, using semantic and syntactic accounts, we concluded central modals which all of them are propositional in Persian, whether epistemic or root and whether internal or external participant are raising.