Showing 369 results for Rezae
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Abstract
Examining the meaning of a word with the approach of cognitive semantics, through the radial network, analyzes the change of the meaning of the word in different contexts in the form of a systematic pattern. In this view, the word has a central meaning, which is also seen in the secondary concepts. Based on this, the secondary meanings that are proposed for the word are somehow tied with the central meaning and a semantic network is formed. Due to the fact that this theory can explain the semantic development of the word and clarify how they came about, we decided to use it to explain the semantic network of zikr in the Qur'an with a descriptive and analytical method. Dealing with the word zikr according to this theory leads us to the following conclusions: The linguistic remembrance of Allah along with the presence of the heart is the central meaning of the word zikr. This meaning is the central core of the coherent semantic network, which consists of six radial meanings based on the first meaning.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Besides the main elements such as setting, theme, plot, and conflicts, any narrative or story requires another key element called character. It is the character that adds meaning and life to each of these elements, transforming a narrative into a compelling story. Characterization is essentially the process of bringing life and creating human figures from the elements of a narrative discourse. Creating and developing characters in the realm of storytelling and art is a delicate and novel task referred to as “characterization.” This process results in the creation of characters that are believable, engaging, and understandable for the audience. Characterization establishes a bridge of communication between the reader’s or viewer’s mind and the world of the story, enabling them to empathize with the characters, understand their emotions, and become curious about their actions and motivations, thereby increasing audience engagement.The corpus of this research consists of short stories by the Afghan author Mohammad Asef Soltanzadeh. The present study, relying on Soltanzadeh’s ability to utilize and develop story characters, is conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The aim has been to analyze the use of the element of characterization and the interaction between pragmatics and stylistics in three short stories from the collection “Nowruz is Only Splendid in Kabul,” considering Culpeper’s theoretical framework (2017). The results of this study indicate that characterization consistently follows three elements: the degree of narrative control, the dialectic of self and other, and explicit and implicit meanings within the overall narrative discourse, which the author skillfully employs.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Well-being includes phenomena such as mental health, life satisfaction, positive attitude and feeling happiness. The present study deals with the relationship between language and well-being and claims that well-being factors are expressed in the words of the language. For example, the happiness factor in a language is reflected by certain words such as happy, happiness and satisfied. The theoretical framework of the present study is ecolinguistics. The method is corpus based. The data is extracted from the research of Secretariat of Emotional Intelligence of Tehran Education in 2017. In this study, the well-being status of 1095 high school students, the first and second period, girls and boys, public and private of District One of Tehran have been evaluated. The students' responses to the question about well-being criteria are the base of the present study. The corpus consists of 1161 words with a frequency of 35,455. The content words associated with the five Well-being factors of engagement (occupation and entertainment), perseverance, optimism, connectedness and happiness were extracted in the framework of the semantic map of Jiaqi Wu et al. (2017), by using top-down method. They were analyzed using Excel and SPSS soft-wares. Some examples of the words that represent the well-being factor of happiness are: “relaxation, facilities, happy, healthy, fun, health, happiness, excellent, pleasant, relaxed, happy, satisfied, faith, satisfaction, enjoyed, happiness, joy, and fun”. The research findings show 6845 words of the corpus (about35.7%) are related to well-being, and there is a significant relationship between well-being factors and produced words
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Women's writing and its difference with the language of male writers has been one of the subjects of attention of researchers. "Feminist Stylistics" is a book in which "Sarah Mills" has presented a specific model for the analysis and investigation of women's language through linguistic issues. The purpose of this research is to clarify the three levels of Mills' linguistic pattern, to find examples of this pattern and how to show its levels in the novel "Autumn is the last season of the year" by "Nasim Marashi". The present study analyzed the desired work with a descriptive-analytical method to find the characteristics of women's writing and the findings show that the author's language, influenced by his gender, imitates the Mills model in the following cases: 1- Vocabulary level: special words for women, gender and color words, Cursing and profanity, relying on emotional words, detailing with attributes and the sequence of additions, ambiguities and intensifiers. 2- Syntactic level: use of short, simple, descriptive, detail-oriented, emotional and exclamatory sentences, meta-linguistic sign of three points, questions in the form of hadith of the self, female imagination and illusion. 3- Discourse level: some story elements, women's problems, emotional relationships and love, beliefs and superstitions, patronizing tone, nostalgia, self-censorship and misogyny.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
دوگانسازی[i] یکی از روشهای زایای واژهسازی در بیشتر زبانهای طبیعی است. در زبان فارسی نیز این شیوۀ واژهسازی ضمن زایابودن، در هر دو نوع کامل و ناقص مشاهده میشود. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی این پدیده در فارسی در چارچوب دو رویکرد موجود در انگارۀ صرف توزیعی[ii] یعنی رویکرد ترمیمی و رویکرد وندافزایی است تا مشخص شود، ازطریق کدام یک از دو رویکرد موجود در این انگاره میتوان دوگانسازی در زبان فارسی را با کمترین بار محاسباتی در نظام زبان تبیین نمود. در فرایند وندافزایی یک واحد واژگاهی خاص به ساخت نحوی افزوده میشود تا مشخصههای صرفی نحوی خاصی را که ازطریق ستاک در اختیار بخش واجی قرار داده میشود، بازبینی و حذف کند؛ درمقابل، در رویکرد ترمیمی، دوگانسازی حاصلِ انجام عملیات ترمیمی واجی ازطریق یک وند نحوی (معمولاً تهی) روی ریشه است. در این پژوهش با تکیه بر پیکرۀ گفتاری زبان فارسی به بررسی دوگانسازی در زبان فارسی پرداختهایم. این مطالعه نشان میدهد که از دو رویکرد نامبرده، رویکرد وندافزایی بهطور بهینه و با صرف هزینه محاسباتی کمتر قابلیت تبیین دوگانسازی در فارسی را دارد.
[ii] distributed morphology
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
This study applies Martin Seligman’s PERMA model of well-being to Haruki Murakami's Norwegian Wood, offering a positive psychology perspective on the novel. According to Seligman, well-being comprises five dimensions: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Using a qualitative literary analysis, the research examines Toru Watanabe’s journey of love, grief, and self-discovery by identifying and interpreting textual elements aligned with the PERMA model, demonstrating how these elements interplay in his pursuit of well-being. By analyzing Toru's relationships and emotional experiences, the study examines the transformative role of positive emotions and meaningful engagement in navigating life’s adversities. The dynamic nature of accomplishment is also highlighted, showcasing Toru’s resilience and his ability to find fulfillment in the face of challenges. The findings reveal the nuanced integration of positive psychology principles within Murakami's narrative, emphasizing the interplay of emotional connection, purpose, and personal growth as pathways to flourishing. The study concludes that Norwegian Wood not only encapsulates the complexity of human flourishing but also underscores the resources and pathways available for cultivating a meaningful and resilient life. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of literature’s potential to illuminate the principles of positive psychology and human well-being.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, entrepreneurship and knowledge-based companies are highly considered. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting Psychological Capital (PSyCap) in two groups of agricultural and non-agricultural knowledge-based companies from Science and Technology Park (STP) of Fars province, Iran. The population included the companies located in the STP incubators in Fars province. The data were collected from 238 participants (100 from agricultural and 138 from non-agricultural companies) as a sample through a questionnaire. Regarding the effect of services and facilites provided by STPs on the performance of companies at incubators, it is suggested that such services and facilities become more specialized and reinforced. In addition, it is emphasized to consider the necessity of educational and operational strategies in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and PsyCap among members.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract
Aluminum nano-films are one of the functional elements that have various applications in different fields such as strengthening cement base materials, improving the performance and efficiency of concrete, and enhancing the mechanical and volumetric properties of clay. In this study, the mechanical responses of aluminum nano-film are investigated under uniaxial tensile and compressive tests using the molecular dynamics (MD) method. The initial configuration of the nano-film is constructed based on a 3D aluminum core—alumina shell model that provides a suitable description of surface oxidation in the nano-film. This model is useful to determine the influence of surface oxidation on the mechanical behavior of nan-film. Because of the accuracy and competency, the inter-atomic interactions are evaluated using the EAM+CTI potential, which is a hybrid potential consisting of two components, i.e., EAM and CTI potential, such that it can also take into account the electrostatic interactions between the atoms. After establishing the initial configuration, the energy minimization process is performed on the nano-film, and then its temperature and pressure are adapted to the environmental conditions through the relaxation process. The MD analysis is accomplished by the open-source LAMMPS software, and the visualization of outputs is performed by the open-source OVITO software. The periodic boundary condition is imposed on the lateral sides of the nano-film to eliminate the free surface effect of the atomistic analysis. The tensile and compressive tests are applied to the nano-film in accordance with the experimental tests, and the stress—strain curves are determined. The concept of Virial stress is employed to calculate the stress of the atomic model, which is equivalent to the conventional Cauchy stress in classical mechanics. In order to diminish the dynamic effects, deformation is incrementally applied to the nano-film, such that at each increment, a small strain is gently imposed, then the nano-film is relaxed under the deformed conditions, and finally the stress and strains are evaluated. The numerical simulations are verified by comparing them with experimental data, which demonstrates the acceptable accuracy of the obtained numerical results. The influence of various parameters such as the thickness and the percentages of oxide layers are investigated on the mechanical response and stress-strain curve of aluminum nano-film under the uniaxial tests. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the oxide layer significantly impacts the mechanical behavior, such that the hardness and energy absorption capacity of the nano-film is increased considerably by increasing the percentage of the oxide layer thickness. However, increasing the total thickness of the nano-film leads to a decrease in the Young’s modulus and elastic limit of the specimen. It is because of the decrease in the percentage of oxide layer thickness by increasing the total thickness of the nano-film. Point defects are one of the important imperfections in the crystal structures of atomic configuration that have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of materials. In order to investigate the influence of point defects, different percentages of voids are generated by randomly omitting some atoms in the nano-film domain. The generated specimens are analyzed under the uniaxial tests, and their mechanical characteristics are evaluated. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the hardness of the nano-film is significantly reduced by increasing the point defects.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Achieving sustained and long-term economic growth necessitates the optimal allocation and utilization of resources at the national level. This goal relies heavily on the existence of efficient financial markets, particularly well-functioning and extensive capital markets. Numerous macroeconomic variables can influence the level of risk associated with shareholder rights, corporate cash flows, and adjusted discount rates. Additionally, changes in economic conditions can alter both the quantity and nature of investment opportunities.
However, establishing a fixed and consistent relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock price indices remains challenging. The complex and dynamic nature of financial markets makes it difficult to identify a method that accurately reflects economic conditions and captures the most critical influencing variables. Therefore, this study employs machine learning models to identify the key macroeconomic factors affecting stock price indices.
Methodology
Feature selection is one of the most common and crucial techniques in data preprocessing and serves as an essential component of machine learning. This study employs feature selection models to identify the most relevant predictors of the stock price index. The models utilized include the random forest method and regularized linear regression. To examine the nature of the relationships between variables, the jointness method was applied. Additionally, the mutual information analysis was conducted to assess the influence of key variables over different decades, enabling a deeper understanding of how the impact of macroeconomic factors on stock prices has evolved over time.
Findings
The study analyzed the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on stock price indices, focusing on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings from the Random Forest (RF) and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR) models indicate that exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty significantly influence Iran’s stock price index. The results demonstrate that global uncertainty, interest rates, and trade openness exert negative effects on stock prices, whereas the other variables positively influence stock prices.
The jointness method was employed to analyze the relationships between these variables, further confirming their significance. Moreover, the Mutual Information method was used to examine how the influence of these key variables varied across different decades.
Discussion and Conclusion
Among the variables examined, exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty emerged as the most significant factors influencing Iran’s stock price index. This finding is not surprising, given Iran’s historical experience with significant exchange rate fluctuations and persistent inflationary pressures. Global uncertainty has consistently influenced domestic markets in Iran due to political and economic instability. Previous research has highlighted the complex relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and stock price indices (Ratanapakorn & Sharma, 2007). Scholars have argued that the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates can significantly affect monetary and fiscal policy, as a recessionary stock market can reduce overall demand and impact broader economic performance.
Extensive research has also investigated the relationship between inflation and stock prices, identifying inflation as a significant factor affecting stock indices
(Boudoukh & Richardson, 1993; Fama & Schwert, 1977; Jaffe & Mandelker, 1976) . While some studies have reported a positive correlation between inflation and stock prices, others have found a negative relationship.
Moreover, trade openness has been recognized as a key factor influencing stock market fluctuations. Open economies are more vulnerable to external shocks due to increased global risk-sharing among markets. Although some studies have not found conclusive evidence of a direct effect between trade openness and stock prices, trade openness remains one of the influential factors (Nickmansh, 2016).
Stock prices reflect the present value of future cash flows, which are subject to two main effects: cash flow changes driven by increased production and interest rates, which serve as a discount factor. Stock prices tend to decline when expected cash flows decrease or interest rates rise. The level of actual economic activity directly influences cash flows, as higher economic activity generally leads to increased cash flow. Among the various indicators used to predict commodity markets, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered the most comprehensive measure of economic activity (Yuhasin, 2011; Christopher et al., 2006).
mouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">Finally, global uncertainty plays a significant role in shaping the internal economic environment of countries, making it an important global macroeconomic variable that influences the performance of publicly traded companies on the stock exchange.
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Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2011)
Abstract
Mithraism rituals can be considered the most ancient Iranian religion, that based on available information, the scape and sphere of influence not only large parts of Grate Iran, but also parts of India and Europe, especially in the first centuries AC, impressed, as on most of the information and documents that Western Scholars were presented, how the law plays an important role in shaping some of the traditions of Christianity in Europe. The aim of this research to understand the spatial structure Mithraeum architecture in Europe, as illustrated in the documents properly reflect the performance space is Mithraism of Europe. The main research question is that, how important Features of the original architecture and atmosphere of the Mithraeum architecture was in Europe? Descriptive and analytical research and data collection methods to the documents. The statistical properties of the first fifty of the Mithraea that during their investigation, which number about eight samples of documents is illustrated more about them, and took a closer look. This theoretical framework is based on the phenomenon and characteristics of cultural and religions factors in shaping how the ritual space is particularly important temples. The research results show that almost that many in Europe have been found from most of Mithraism architectural structures that were more or less similarity of cultural characteristics and world views of Mithraism. This structure consists of a rectangular space, which were divided into three parts that together form a line a space of three groups. The middle space, where more traffic and double the space in which two, people were used to deployment. In the end of temple, there was a place that most cases were above a floor and place the person or persons of higher authority, and performing some ritual ceremonies such as prayer and sacrifice the animals.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Background: Various studies have reported the prevalence of low back pain in specific populations very differently. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain and related factors among the referees to health centers in Dehloran, Iran. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, two hundred and seventy three referees to health centers in Dehloran, who aged between 20 to 45 years old and were satisfied to be studied, were entered to the study after providing signed written consent form. The data were collected using the valid/reliable researcher -made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire has been obtained by inserting the experts' views in the questionnaire and the reliability was measured through cronbach's alpha which was calculated as 78%. The data has been analyzed using SPSS16. Results: The lifetime prevalence of low back pain among the studied participants was 52.38%. There were significant relationship between low back pain and education level, residency location, hours per day working with computer and sedentary life style. (All p value was < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed low back pain was prevalent among referees to health centers aged between 20 to 45 years old. Sedentary life style and much working with computer were related significant factors. Designing proper intervention to prevent low back pain among this target group is recommended.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2024)
Abstract
Environmental differences and similarities are the driving factor of travel and tourism; The Africa will be one of the main destinations for tourists in the future, with a great variety of tourist attractions, especially natural and historical. Available statistics show this fact well. All this can be a good opportunity to develop relations between Iran and African countries; Therefore, it is necessary to identify and introduce them to formulate strategic plans. Tourism is a suitable field for the development of cooperation, and paying attention to tourism and including it in diplomatic programs and relations will help to expand relations and remove obstacles; Therefore, in diplomatic relations, serious planning for a more detailed understanding of Africa, including its tourism market, should be put on the agenda. The main purpose of this article is to introduce Africa's environmental capabilities in the field of tourism with reference to the continent's plans in this regard and to answer the question of how tourism can be an effective element in the development of relations between countries. The research method is documentary and library studies and referring to statistics and figures related to tourism to provide solutions for the development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The general result of the present research shows the absence of a written program from the I.R. Iran for the development of tourism with Africa. A special suggestion in this regard is to prioritize tourism as a phenomenon with socio-cultural, economic and even political dimensions in the macro plans.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of thioglycolic acid on the coagulation process used in the removal of hexavalent chromium. Experiments were conducted in a 250-ml batch reactor. Steel electrodes with monoplore arrangement were used as anode and cathode (× 1 × 4 × 5 × 5 cm) for electrical coagulation. The effect of effective operating indicators such as pH (3-9), concentrations of tioglycolic acid (0.0.03-0.1 ml), inductive flow rate (25- 200 mA), initial concentrations of chromium 25 mg / L) and the amount of supporting electrolyte (25-25 mg / L) were evaluated. No significant difference was found between the removal efficiency of chromium at different pH values by addition of thioglycolic acid, and in all cases, the removal efficiency was 100%. However, the initial pH 3 was chosen as optimal pH due to the final pH 7 after the reaction and no need to neutralize. With increasing concentration of thioglycolic acid, the removal efficiency of chromium increased by 30 minutes. In the concentration of 0.05 tioglycolic acid, less sludge was produced. The use of 200 mA current intensity showed the highest removal efficiency of chromium. By reducing the density of the flow, we have a decrease in the removal efficiency. Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the use of Tioglucic Acid in the coagulation process can have a significant effect on the removal of hexavalent chromium
Volume 1, Issue 3 (Summer 2023)
Abstract
The current study suggests the utilization of steel wool as an extended anode electrode in an electrochemical process to enhance the efficiency of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) removal from wastewater. The effect of the operating parameters of initial pH, applied current, supporting electrolyte, and initial dye concentration on textile dye removal efficiency was investigated to determine the optimum conditions of the process. Kinetic studies were performed in the optimum conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) were carried out to determine the morphology and characterization of the extended anode surface. Under the optimum conditions, the dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were obtained 99.42% and 72.72%, respectively. The reaction kinetic data of the electrochemical process was followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic rate equation (R2 = 0.99). These findings might be useful in treating the various pollutants in industrial wastewater.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Assistant Professor Of Persian Language and Literature Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz rn rn rn rn rn rn According to the intertextul approach there is no text that is self-sufficient; rather,in this approach, it is supposed that every text is an intertext from previous texts and for following texts. In this essay, first different aspects of text and intertextuality are explained and then, a tale from Marzbanname is analyzed according to this approach. At the end,it has been shown that as Barthes, Bakhtin, Keristova, Genette, Todorov and other adherents of Intertextulity approach have emphasized, there is no authentic and original text; therefore, the mentioned tale from Marzbanname , like other texts, is a retelling of previous texts.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
The importance of the sea and its role in world economics and politics are indisputable and it is necessary to pay attention to it. The political history of the world testifies that countries that have a maritime strategy have been powerful and developed. Due to its long beaches in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the country has a privileged geographic location in the country, with its other neighbors. Unfortunately, the regions of eastern and southeast Iran due to geographic isolation have always been neglected in national politics. To this end, one of the best strategies for promoting development and security in the region is the connection of the eastern parts to the Chabahar port and the coast of Makran. This research tries to explore the role of the Makran coastlines and the strategic sea politics of Iran on the development of the eastern axis using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. Initial studies show that if the Islamic Republic of Iran adopts a maritime strategy, Iran will witness the processing of its geopolitical, geo-economical and geostrategic advantages for the country. With the realization of the maritime policy, the Makran region is considered as a transit axis for the development of the south-east. In the face of the ostracism of a sea-based strategy based on the southeastern oceanic capacity of Iran, other Indian Oceanarians will use this potential. Therefore, it is suggested that, with a realistic and operational view, more attention be paid to maritime policy
Volume 2, Issue 3 (NO. 3- 2010)
Abstract
Security is a one of the most important factors of urban environments. Therefore, the necessity of security in urban spaces has caused the emersion of authentic theories like defensible spaces and crime prevention through environment design (CPTED) . In this paper, various literatures related to defensible space theories have been reviewed and the related keywords have been defined. Then the role of defensible urban spaces as a social capital in reduction of urban crimes is determined. Finally, the condition of defensible spaces in ITC with an emphasis on Isfahan city has been studied.
The research methodology is based on the analysis of data and documents collected through field survey.
The research results justify the precedence of defensible spaces – in design and planning- at shaping the Iranian historical cities. Secure and defensible spaces, which support social capital concept under public surveillance and collective responsibility, work as an important aspect in reducing crimes and stability of urban security.
Ke
Volume 2, Issue 4 (4-2011)
Abstract
Cultural attraction is one of the most important factors in tourist attraction nowadays. The present study is to investigate the role of advertisement on cultural tourist attraction to Iran. Our claim in this study is that the advertisement industry in Iran has not been able to play an effective role in attracting cultural tourists. The main question of this study is that: what is the effect of Iran advertisements on cultural tourist attraction? The method of investigation was survey and the scale for gathering data was questionaire. The sample population compriseed 300 cultural tourists who entered the city of Isfahan. The data analyses were conducted both descriptively and analytically. The founding indicated that the most important tools for advertisement are: marketing (21/3), internet (19/7), books and articles (15/3). The correlation between advertiament variable and cultural tourist attraction was 0/47. Also there was no significant difference between males and females attitudes about advertisement.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (4-2011)
Abstract
Archaeology with the help of other sciences in this era has been applied to solve the ancient environment and settlement of ancient sites. On the other hand, the high expenditure of interdisciplinary research for solving the environmental archaeology research takes less attention in the field of archaeological science.
Meanwhile, chemical analysis, which gives information about the depth of soil in archaeological sites, needs suitable laboratory methods that, can provide much helpfal data to recognize the archaeological layers. These data also helped us to find the exact place of archaeological settlement in the Shusthar plain.
Archaeological dating showed that the Shushtar plain was occupied in last phase of Holocene seven thousands before by the seasonally migrating people.
In this article, the use of XRF chemical spectroscopy with AMS dating guided us to construct the ancient environment and environment development in the Shushtar plain in the Holocene period?
Volume 2, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Processing efficiency of rainbow trout, amounts of by-products and their nutritional value as well as some correlations between whole fish weight and products yield were evaluated. Results showed that efficiency decreased up to 87.56 ± 3.43% for gutted fish and it reached up to 56.69 ± 3.26% and 45.36 ± 2.37% for skined on and skinless fillets, respectively. The highest amounts of by-product were related to head and viscera which were 15.52 ± 2.00% and 12.62 ± 2.61% of body weight, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between fish weight and head weight percentage (P<0.01). Also, the yield of headed and gutted product increased significantly by increase in fish weight (P<0.01). Among by-products, viscera and head were the richest sources of fat (17.4 and 13.0 % of wet weight) and skin contained the highest amount of protein (24.1% of wet weight). Moreover, a significant presence of the most important and health benficial omega-3 fatty acids was detected in both head and viscera. Viscera and bone were also found as rich source of iron mineral.
