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Around 80% of the population relies on agriculture, rice being the staple food. Topography urges farmers to cultivate upland rice. The Chinese interest in rubber latex has stimulated farmers to grow rubber, although the technical knowledge regarding tree management and latex processing is poor. A study was conducted in an area in Luang Prabang province to examine the suitability of upland rice and rubber. The major objective was to make a comparison within and between three suitability evaluation methods, two of which are expert-driven whereas the third one was executed by a group of farmers. For the fuzzy model different membership values were set and weighed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. According to the Boolean classification 88% of the study area is suitable for upland rice, and 85% is suitable for rubber. The fuzzy method yielded 89% suitable for upland rice and 88% suitable for rubber. Farmers came up with 37% suitable for upland rice and 14% suitable for rubber. Comparison is made between the different methods. A reasonable agreement between farmers’ suitability maps and the expert-based methods is obtained for the upland rice than for the rubber-based land utilization type (LUT). This can be attributed to the lack of know-how on the latter.

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Adult Thysanoptera occur within plant galls for various reasons and use of the term “gall-thrips” without defining the particular relationship is uninformative and misleading. Apart from inducing a gall, a thrips may be found in a gall as a predator feeding on the galler, as a kleptoparasite feeding on plant cells and usurping the protective space induced by the galler, as a phytophagous inquiline breeding in low numbers in a gall without disturbing the galler, or as a casual visitor seeking protection from desiccation. These various relationships are discussed in the light of how little is known about the phylogenetic relationships amongst the Phlaeothripidae, the thrips family that includes most of the galling thrips species. Host associations amongst thrips, including the galling habit, are largely opportunistic, with few examples of a close relationship between thrips and plants above the level of genus in either group.

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Study and recognition and comparison of the divine names, plays an important role in understanding, translation and interpreting the Qur'an. In this research by using descriptive and analytical method, the eight divine names in the field of creation are examined. Based on Arabic poetry and prose, words of linguists and commentators, linguistic contexts, and succession relations, their exact meaning and their use in different verses should be revealed. "Sanee" means who create with precision, science and power. "Sanee" translated to "Maker". "Khaliq" means who create on the basis of size and creativity. The word "Khaliq" in Qur'an is associated with two names: "Rabb" (The Lord) and Razegh" (The Provider). "Khaliq" translated to "Creator"."Fatir" means who fission the inexistence and signifies God's power and greatness. "Fatir" translated to "Bringer". "Mobde", according to its antonyms [Moiid], means who began the creation. "Mobde" translated to "Producer". "Monshe" means the creator who exalt the creations. "Monshe" translated to "Establisher". "Badiee" implies that the Creator's innovation and his needless from former matter and form "Badiee" translated to "Originator". "Bare" means the Creator who himself and His creations are isolated from all flaws. "Bare" translated to "Shaper". "Zare" means the creator that his creations are vast, wide, and dispersed. "Zare" translated to "Multiplier". Without questioning it must consider the conceptual difference between these names in the translation, interpretation and cite of the verses.

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Spatial inequalities and income and capital gaps between different areas of society are currently considered one of the most significant barriers to sustainable development. Disparities between disadvantaged regions (border or non-border) and developed regions, as well as urban-rural gaps, are the most important signs of spatial inequalities. This paper attempts to study the degree of integration or disparity between urban and rural areas in Iran over the past four decades using a secondary analysis method. Four variables will be analyzed: population distribution, dominant economic and production sectors, poverty levels and distribution, and income and expenditure gaps. Evaluation of the spatial planning system’s performance in the country reveals a sectoral and non-planning approach with an emphasis on centralization and urbanization, which has exacerbated inequalities and disparities between peripheral and central regions, as well as between urban and rural areas. The country has experienced rapid, unplanned, and sometimes uneven urbanization, to the detriment of the sustainability and population balance in small urban areas and rural ones, which has not necessarily been accompanied by balanced regional development. Large cities have attracted a labor force to their peripheries, leading to a life of poverty in marginal and rural areas. While absolute poverty has decreased, rural populations, especially in disadvantaged areas, continue to bear the brunt of poverty. Income and expenditure indicators have also favored urban dwellers. Overall, macro-level data in the country indicates the existence of spatial divisions. However, wherever urban-rural linkages have been established and strengthened, regional and urban-rural disparities have decreased.
 

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Backgrounds: A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to all countries of the world, including Iran. Although anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be identified in patients using immunological methods with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, the conclusive diagnosis of the disease is made using the molecular RT-PCR method. A population-based seroepidemiological survey was conducted to quantify the proportion of the exposed population with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and evaluate whether the antibodies are a marker of total or partial immunity compared to the population that remains susceptible to the virus.
Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Valiasr, Sajad, and Ghaem hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran, from April to the end of October 2020. Clotted and heparinized blood specimens (2mL) were collected from the patients. The serum and plasma were separated and stored at −80 °C until use. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were examined in the serum samples of 1375 in-patients admitted to the hospitals using ELISA kits. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software Ver.22.0 by employing statistical tests such as Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. A p-value <.05 was considered as significant.
Findings: In total, 1375 participants were enrolled in this study, and SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies were detected in 291 patients using IgM‐IgG antibody assay. Among the seropositive patients studied, 187 were male (64.3%), and 104 were female (35.7%) (p<.05). The mean age of the patients was 49±8.4 years; the majority of whom (27%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. Also, the lowest frequency of infected cases was related to the age group of 1-10 years (p <.05). The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG antibodies was determined to be 21.2%. Diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying disease among SARS‐CoV‐2 patients [p=.05; Odd Ratio=1.61(0.90-2.91)].
Conclusion: The use of conventional serological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), for detecting specific IgM and IgG antibodies in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients has a high-throughput advantage while minimizing false-negative results obtained using the RT-PCR method. In this study, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was determined to be 21%. Control of diabetes, among other influential factors, plays an important role in the management and control of COVID-19.

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The genus and species of fungus-feeding thrips, Tylothrips osborni (Hinds), are newly recorded from Turkey based on two apterous females collected from wheat. Taxonomic characterization of the genus and species is provided and illustrated. This is the sixth record in Europe of this American species, and the significance of this disjunct distribution is discussed.

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The locus paper in topic “Expectations and Neutrality of Money” (1972) is a seminal paper. This article was written in Over Lapping Generation (OLG) model with received from rational expectations and to draw up in stochastically mathematic. Results of this paper were reference to Phillips Curve as a solution of the equilibrium systems. From Lucas paper time to now, many of studies was proceed to Lucas model and results, But nor of them no attention to his results in non stochastic space, stochastic allocation of old people and growth existence in labor force. Central question of our study is test of results and behavior of Locus base model with these subjects. Method of our study is using of mathematical solutions and foundation analysis. The most important result of our study is this: The results of this study by criticism and expansion in Lucas model will acquire some of contributions in OLG models. This results show that some of Lucas results will impressible when we change its basic assumption, but we can’t use Lucas results in price equation for supported and analysis of classical school theorems.

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Considering different types of levels of learning, especially advanced levels of learning, such as analysis, reflection, criticism and creativity, are important underpinnings that are emphasized today in planning and design content in the foreign language. This essay attempts to examine the level of attention to different levels of learning and their relevance to the different stages of linguistics in both educational collections Sadaya  Al- Hayat and Al- Araibya Bayna-Yadaik as two well-known collections of Arabic language teaching in Iran and in the Arab countries. To this end, Bloom's redefined classification was selected by cognitive levels 1 and 2, on the basis of which the drills of these collections and their degree of attention to inclusion at different levels of learning were examined while encompassing high cognitive levels, mentality and thought.
This research is based on content analysis and its statistical society including the 21 volumes of student’s text book and the Sadya al-Hayat pedagogical workbook and three volumes of interdisciplinary literacy education. A total of 320 samples from a total of 1910 Arabic textbooks and 320 from the 2806 Sadya al-Hayat exercises were selected on the basis of Cochran's sampling formula.
The results of the study show that in both cases the objectives of the lower levels were taken into account, especially in order to recall, understand and apply. In these two series, little effort has been made to build analytical, thinking, evaluation and creative capacities.

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Backgrounds: In developing countries like Nigeria, screening of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women remains limited due to a lack of diagnostic facilities and non-specific symptoms, leading to potential misdiagnosis of the disease as other febrile illnesses such as malaria or typhoid.
Materials & Methods: To address this issue, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anti-ZIKV IgM antibodies in pregnant women using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Additionally, the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay targeted a specific region of the membrane protein (prM) gene to detect Zika virus presence in the collected serum samples. For a period of four months from December 2021 to March 2022, a total of 360 serum samples were collected from pregnant women attending antenatal care units in two tertiary hospitals located in different regions of Nigeria.
Findings: The results of this study revealed a prevalence of 17.2% (62 samples) for anti-ZIKV IgM antibodies among pregnant women. Further analysis using the RT-qPCR method detected Zika virus (prM gene) in 1.9% (7/62) of the serum samples. In addition to these virological results, the statistical analysis of sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for ZIKV infection demonstrated a significant correlation between seropositivity and various factors including ethnicity, residence, occupation, and history of arboviral diseases (p< .005).
Conclusion: Given the potential consequences of ZIKV infection in pregnant women, early diagnosis and intervention could improve maternal outcomes and prevent fetal abnormalities.

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Large natural gas reserves are a great potential economic advantage for Iran's economy. As long as the consumption and production of the natural gas increase in the country, gas industry will play a vital role in meeting oil industry's needs. This paper aims to investigate optimal usage of the Iranian natural gas reserves among different applications and also opportunity cost of allocations by developing the gas industry over a long time horizon. Using welfare function, nonlinear dynamic model is applied to solve the problem of gas allocation among alternatives such as domestic consumption, gas injection, gas exports or gas salvaging using the data over the period 2006-2031. The constraints include gas production, requirements of gas injection, domestic growth, gas consumption and other effective variables and parameters related to the natural gas reserves allocation. Findings confirm that priorities and the values of optimal allocation gas depend on the constraints of natural gas production, energy policy, target of injection for preservation or increasing the pressure of oil reservoirs and gas imports. Furthermore, low discount rate gas injection has an absolute priority to gas exports. In the baseline scenario, if domestic gas consumption continuously growth at its average rate of last 11 years performance, it won't be possible to allocate gas injection according to the preservation pressure of oil reservoirs scenario and gas exports. The results of optimal gas salvage and its shadow price shows that the lack of gas production ability has a very high opportunity cost at the beginning years.

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This paper provides the first occurrence report of Pisaura novicia (L. Koch, 1878) from India, based on male and female specimens collected from the ecozone area of the Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area, Himachal Pradesh. The distribution of the species ranges from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. The previous Indian records of the genus are only from the coastal belts of Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, thereby the current study extends the range of Indian Pisaura spp. northwards to the Western Himalayas.

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Sentence:  ﴿وَ لمَّا سُقِطَ فیِ أَیْدِیهِم﴾has been considered by Quranic commentators and Arab writers. There is a wide difference in the literary analysis of this sentence and its meaning. Most scholars have considered this interpretation as an allusion or metaphor of regret. And they have tried to make a connection between the apparent meaning of the words of this sentence and the meaning of regret. The result of this effort is fourteen different words in the literary-rhetorical analysis of this sentence. And some commentators think that sentence a means to face something sudden, distasteful and scary, and regret may follow such an encounter. The accuracy of verse 149 of Surah A'raf, the study of the sayings of the commentators, and the search for earlier and contemporary Arabic texts reinforce this view. The translators of the Holy Quran used different ways to translate this sentence. Most translators, following the commentators, have considered this sentence to mean regret. Some translators have translated it word for word: It fell into their hands / It was thrown into their hands. Some translators have translated this sentence: They found that they had believed in the wrong. The best option for translating this interpretation into English seems to be: "When the matter was dropped in their hands" (Translation of the Qur'an By T. B. Irving).

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Fine-blanking is an effective and economical shearing process which offers a precise and clean cutting edge finish, eliminates unnecessary secondary operations and increases quality. Fine-blanking process utilizes triple-action tools: a punch, a stripper with an indented V-ring and a Counter punch (ejector) to generate a highly compressive stress state. The deformation is more violent and localized than that of any other metal forming operations. Therefore it is difficult to fully understand the mechanism of the process. This study investigates the effect of V-ring indenter, clearance of die, Force of holder and Counter punch, etc on state of stress, quality and accuracy of production. Some parameters have both positive and negative effect on quality of production and the life of the tool. Utilizing V-Ring indenter in Die will increase quality of production and life of the tool. Also Artificial Neural Networks was used to simulate Fine-Blanking process. It has been shown that booth of FEM and ANN is suitable for simulating and forecast of effect of the parameters on production.

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This paper reports a new addition to the national bumblebee fauna of the Indian Himalayas. The newly recorded species viz., Bombus cryptarum (Fabricius, 1775) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is fully described from the Gurez Valley (Jammu and Kashmir) and Panamik (Ladakh) in the Western Himalayan range. Males of the B. cryptarum have thoracic dorsum and T2 lemon yellow without black hairs. Gonostylus with the anterior apical process with long hairs and penis valve greatly broadened and flared outwards. With the addition of a new record, the Indian Himalayan region is now represented by 57 species of bumblebees. The species diagnosis, current distributional range, and host plants of this species are also provided.

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Piscidin has a wide range in killing microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and has strong anti-tumor activity and plays a role in increasing innate immunity and also does not provide resistance against bacteria; Therefore, it is of great importance in aquaculture. In this study, piscidin gene of Sparus aurata in vector pTZ57R / T was cloned. In this research, ligation product was transferred to component cell of E. coli DH5α strain. Plasmid extraction was performed from single colonies observed in ampicillin plate. Confirmation of the accuracy of single colonies grown in this research was performed by direct PCR and sequencing. The amplified cDNA fragment of the gilthead seabream piscidin gene consists of 310 nucleotides and 57 amino acids. The results of this research show that piscidin gene has been successfully cloned in pTZ57R / T vector. Comparison of nucleotide sequence of piscidin gene in this study showed high similarity with piscidin 5  of Morone chrysops. The comparison of the amino acid sequence of signal peptide piscidin is quite similar to Dicentracin-like of that species registered in the genebank, and mature peptide piscidin sequence is similar in only three amino acids to Pleorocidin-like of Poesila farmosa and Dicentracin-like of Sphaeramia orbicularis. This study could be a step towards further studies of piscidin peptide.

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Aims: The article’s purpose was to consider the problematic issues of forming an understanding of such concepts as health, pain, and suffering.
Information & Methods: A set of general scientific and special methods was used in work: dialectical, dogmatic, hermeneutics, comparative legal method, statistic, and sociological method.
Findings: Considered the category of "health" in various humanities and compared the characteristics of "physical pain" and "physical and moral suffering" as possible consequences of criminal offenses that harm the health of the individual.
Conclusion: The research of such problematic issues allowed to development of a unified approach to the understanding of such concepts as “health”, “pain” and “suffering” this, in turn, will make it possible to unify legislation in this area.

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The New World insect species Frankliniella minuta (Moulton, 1907) is reported from Asia for the first time. This is a member of the Order Thysanoptera and is placed in the subfamily Thripinae of the Thripidae. A total of 45 female and 14 male adults were found on Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae) at the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Both sexes were taken from the capitula of T. procumbens. The potential threat of this species to the horticultural industry is inconclusive, but the discovery will alert horticulturalists and quarantine entomologists to possible invasion pathways. Diagnostic characters, relevant figures and a key to Frankliniella species in Malaysia are provided.

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In this paper, we provide additional data on the orb-weaver spider fauna (Araneae: Araneidae) of Kosovo. Three species are reported for the first time from this country: Araneus grossus (C.L. Koch, 1844), Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) and Cyclosa oculata (Walckenaer, 1802). In consideration of the findings and the updated checklist of Araneidae in this study, the documented number of spider species in Kosovo has now increased to 251. Given that the spider fauna of Kosovo is still not fully explored, our study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing exploration to better comprehend the diversity of spider species within the region.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Toxoplasma gondii infection is one of the risk factors of MS. Knowing the correlation between T. gondii infection and MS could lead to a better understanding of the disease incidence. This study aimed to assess the correlation between T. gondii infection and the disease incidence in infected individuals.
Materials & Methods: Serum samples of 38 MS patients referring to the neurology clinic of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad in 2019 were analyzed by Pishtazteb commercial kit for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS software Version 20.
Findings: Among the 79 tested individuals, 22 were positive, and 57 were negative for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. Among the negative cases, 29 (50.9%) had MS, and 28 (49.1%) were controls. Among the positive cases, nine (40.9%) patients had MS, and the remaining 13 (59.1%) were controls. The frequency of IgG antibody in the case and control groups was not significantly different (p= .427). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibody was negative in all samples. There was no significant difference between the types of MS regarding the frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies (p= .402).
Conclusion:  No significant difference was found in the frequency of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies between the two groups. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to gain a better understanding of the relationship between anti-T. gondii IgG antibody positivity and MS incidence