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Bark beetles are one of the most important pests in forests. Because of their small size and highly similar morphological characters, molecular approaches may be quite useful for a valid species determination. In this context molecular identification represents an accurate and modern method for species identification. The purity and high quantity of extracted DNA have important role in successful amplification of the target fragment of the genome. The aim of this study was comparing different DNA extraction methods in order to choose the highest quality and quantity of DNA extract for the identification of bark beetles. During the study bark beetles were collected from different parts of the North forests of Iran. Five different DNA extraction methods were performed and evaluated on individual specimen including Chelex, Phenol chloroform, CTAB, salting out and Lysis buffer in the laboratory. The quantity and quality of extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis. The result of DNA quantity mean ranged between (23.6-579.7 ng/µl) and the mean quality which was measured by 260/280 ratio (0.9-1.8). The statistical analysis was done by SPSS software, revealing significant differences between extraction methods. The results suggested that Chelex and salting out showed the highest quantity of all used methods.

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Aims: Health-promoting hospitals seek to institutionalize the concept of prevention and health promotion among staff, empower patients in the hospital, and provide proper hospital interaction with the community, which improves the quality of services provided to people and communities. This study aimed to investigate strategies for improving the standards of health-promoting hospitals in the selected hospitals in Iran using the importance-performance analysis matrix in 2021.
Instruments & Methods: The present mixed-method study consisted of two phases. In the quantitative phase, data related to the importance and performance of health-promoting hospital standards were collected in the selected hospitals using the World Health Organization questionnaire. In the qualitative phase, the weaknesses and strengths of the selected hospitals were identified using the importance-performance analysis matrix, and solutions to improve them were presented using the focus group method. The statistical population was managers and officials of 4 selected hospitals in Iran. By census method, 65 people were selected, and 61 people participated in the study. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the performance scores among the hospitals.
Finding: Non-government hospitals had higher mean performance scores in the standards of health-promoting hospitals. According to the importance-performance analysis matrix, standards for promoting a healthy workplace, continuity, cooperation, and patient evaluation were identified as critical points and the waste management policy standard of the selected hospitals.
Conclusion: Setting up appropriate educational programs regarding the promotion of staff health and staff participation in hospital policies, determining and evaluating the health promotion needs of different groups of patients recommended.
 

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This research aims to determine whether the employment in Iran is affected by goods market based on post-Keynesians theory, or by labor market based on neoclassical theory. Using time series data on profit share, capital accumulation, unemployment rate and capacity utilization in a structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) model, this article evaluates the linkages among unemployment, income distribution and effective demand in Iran during 1967-2013. The results show that an increase in capital accumulation in goods market leads to significant decrease in unemployment rate. In other words, according to the post-Keynesians theory, unemployment in Iran is demand-induced. On the contrary, according to neoclassical theory, income redistribution in favor of profits (change of real wage in labor market) can reduce unemployment directly due to substitution between labor and capital or indirectly through increasing capital accumulation and/or rising capacity utilization. Therefore, in order to pass recession and to increase employment we can focus on goods market by increasing investment and income redistribution in favor of profits.