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Tense plays an important and determining role in human verbal communication; therefore, one of the things that should be addressed in language teaching is the discussion of time and ways to recognize it. Considering the role and importance of grammatical tense recognition in language learning and the lack of related research regarding Persian language learning, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the role of available cues in sentences to recognize grammatical tense by Chinese Persian learners of beginner and advanced levels; For this purpose, 49 Persian learners of Chinese language were selected by available sampling method and divided into two groups of Chinese language beginner (26) and advanced (23) based on the level determination test. The instruments used in this research were two tests in two stages; In the first stage, by using the sentence recognition test, the subjects marked the time of the sentences they heard in the answer sheet, and in the second stage, the same test was performed; with the difference that in this test, the sentences did not have time adverbs. The results of this research showed that the subjects of the beginner Chinese language meaningfully used lexical clues when recognizing the time of the sentence, and the subjects of the advanced level simultaneously used two lexical clues and present tense. Regarding the role of gender, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and the ability to understand sentence time. The results of this research can be useful for language learners, teachers, and producers of educational content and also for test designers.
 

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The current article deals with evaluation of transition process of social values within Iran by the researches performed in the years 1974-2009. Due to the fact that the Islamic revolution of Iran was relied on spiritual and sublime values, therefore, political order of the revolution intended to expand and deepen these values. Since recognition of probable transitions of social values in Iranian society during these years enjoys a great importance, this study is based upon the secondary analysis of the results of national surveys during the years 1974 - 2009 for evaluation of transitions of social values in Iranian society within this time. The most important results obtained are as follows: 1) The amount of importance of material values for Iranian society from 1970s until the third decade of the revolution has increased. 2) Assessment from the importance ratio almost all spiritual values indexes has decreased from 1970s until third decade of the revolution and, 3) Assessment from the importance amount of material and spiritual Value for the age group of 50 or more (pre- revolution adolescences) is more than the age group of current living youngsters.

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The present study is an attempt to describe the Islamic reformist discourse in the post-Islamic Revolution: The Main Characters who are the producers of this discourse and were selected for this study in clnde: Seyyed Mohammad Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi Bojnordi and Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi Khomeini. The main questions of the present study are: 1- Who are the producers of this discourse 2- Why do they speak? 3- What do they speak about? 4- How do they speak? 5- Who are the addressees? and 6-What action do they propose? The methodology adopted for this research is qualitative discourse analysis. Sampling is the kind of judgments concerning the main producers and speeches, besides the other people. In each of the following research questions, we referred to the works of thinkers emphasizing on these important issues; discussion of civil society, constitution, religious government. Discourse of Islamic reformism provides us with some insight regarding the nature of "religious discourse" in the today Iran: the discourses mentioned, despite their differences in method, are preoccupied with a single issue in their approach to the religion and modern world. Evaluation of the methods used by the argued discourses shows, in spite of some differences with other discourses, they enjoy a common viewpoint in referring to religious texts and in using "traditional approach".

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A research on reference assignment points to two types of discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. To explain that whether or not the antecedent information previously existed in the discourse, this paper, by presenting testimonies and samples from the Persian language as well as using the Syntax-Discourse Model tries to determine that the reflexive and personal pronouns of Persian in some cases are discourse-linked. First, the paper introduces discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. Then, by comparing the Syntax-Discourse Model and Chomsky’s Binding Theory, the paper exemplifies cases to show that the Binding Theory not fruitful, at all, in explaining them  and hence, take up the principles of Syntax-Discourse Model to explained and proved them

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The aim of this study, investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and entrepreneurial orientation. Organizational commitment from the perspective of Allen and Meyer include (emotional, continuous and normative) dimension and entrepreneurial orientation include (risk taking, innovation, independence, proactiveness and aggressive competition) dimension. Research community includes all employees of the municipal welfare organization of recreational and art in Isfahan city. The statistical sample include 91 number of employees which is randomly selected and for data gathering have been using the questionnaire. The main research hypothesis is existence meaningful relationship between organizational commitment and entrepreneurial orientation. The results of this study suggest that there is a significant and positive relationship between the emotional and continuous dimension of organizational commitment and entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. However there is no significant relationship between normative commitments and entrepreneurial orientation.

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The functional response of the egg parasitoid, Trissolcus vassilievi (Nees) (Hym., Scelionidae), on eggs of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hem., Scutelleridae) was investigated at six constant temperatures (12, 15, 20, 25, 28 and 32 °C) for 8 hours. Using logistic regression, a type III functional response was determined for T. vassilievi at the two temperatures 15 and 32 °C. Any functional response was not detected at other temperatures. The Hassells’ type III model was used for estimating searching efficiency (a) and handling time (T_h). At 32 °C the highest attack rateand the lowest handling time was recorded 0.2029 per hour and 0.1856 hour, respectively. Results show that the parasitoid can be used in the pest management programs at low and high temperatures.

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In cyberspace, Social networks have been born as a new type of websites and have gained an enormous range of users and fans. Social networks are one type of social media and are places for forming virtual communities of interested users. Internet users have been classified in different ways based on their type of using social networks. This study seeks to provide a mechanism to predict patterns of behavior in social networks. Due to the expansion of social networks, the selected network requires a model based on the new strategic decisions or policies for better serve users. This study uses data mining techniques for classification and analysis of social network users for better understanding of their behavior and improving services and developing appropriate strategies. Understanding behavioral patterns of users of social networks lead to better adaptation to user needs. The user population applied for analysis includes 31033 users that use a specific Iranian Social Network regularly. A method for clustering and orientation analysis based on past users behavior using CRISP-DM and data mining software is deeply analyzed and described. A full perception of users’ behavior will result in a better match of social network features with users’ needs as well as a high value added for users and profitability for social network owners.

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The subject of color and color psychology and its impact on mind and human body always had an important place in the debate about architecture. This issue considered by researchers how can a color with its own characteristics affect humans as user space. However, the impact not having much discussion and main debate is on the extent and severity of the impact on human beings. This research deals with the same issue, But with the difference that it intends to examine the effects of color on humans from an Islamic perspective, specifically the psychology of color in housing and residential spaces from the perspective of Islam. Residential use in this study were selected because, firstly, so far, few studies have done in the field of color psychology in residential spaces, especially based on Islamic teachings, and secondly, a significant part of human life is spent in this type of environment, so research in this regard, is crucial.
The main question of this research is that according to Islamic teachings (especially verses and hadiths) each of color in terms of psychological and physiological effects on human and due to this effect, what colors are more desirable for different spaces in residential use. The purpose of this study is to derive applied results about the use of colors in the residential spaces according to their characteristics.
Search in religious texts is done by using two main sources. To search in the verses, we have used the Quran as a book of divine revelations and to explore hadiths, “jame-al-ahadith” software have been used, which contains hundreds of narrative books. After searching the key words related to the colors mentioned above in this resource, those verses and hadiths that allow inference architectural results for residential spaces were analyzed using qualitative content method and finally, the results of this analysis are explained in the presented table in conclusion section of the paper.
So far, limited research has been done on the psychology of color in residential spaces, but most of these researches refer to their applications in architecture. But these researches mainly investigated experimental studies on colors and their properties and Islamic teachings are not affected on the formation of their elements (including theoretical foundation, questions, goals, etc.). However, in some internal research, Islamic teachings on the psychology of color are discussed. But what distinguishes this paper from other researches is that other researches have not been lead to particular results to use in architecture, especially in residential spaces. Thus we have tried to resolve this scientific gap by citing Islamic teachings.
Before explain the fact that according to Islam, what colors are suitable for what residential spaces, this important topic must be addressed primarily that basically what is the proper housing from an Islamic perspective? Obviously, the explanation of all of the components of the adequate housing cannot be included in a brief research, Therefore, in this article, just those housing components that communicate with the color in architecture (directly or indirectly) are addressed. After extracting the components, it was observed that the impact domain is not the same and at least they can be classified in two general macro and micro level.
Macro components can be placed in two categories:
1. Attention to Islamic culture of society: The purpose of taking into account culture in defining adequate accommodation is that although using of the experiences of other nations and cultures (both past and present) is desirable, but it should be used in such a way that with utilizes them, principles, values and beliefs of society do not be undermined, national identity does not get any damage, does not publish dissenting opinions in society, and finally be evaluated and selected with criteria that derived from native culture.
2. Attention to different levels of human life: Coordination of dimensions and characteristics of residential spaces with different levels of human life has special significance, while the information received from the environment to human should steer and accompanied him in the direction of excellence and growth.
On the other hand, micro components can be classified into five groups:
1. Preserve and improve the quality of family relationships: Home as a container for life and human interactions should have certain characteristics. According to Islam strongly recommend to maintaining ties with family and extended family interaction and communication, color as a crucial factor in the quality of the environment and the quality of people interactions can play a significant role.
2. Comfort and tranquility in housing: Human requires peace in many ways, due to the different realms of human life and color plays a significant role in this regard.
3. Avoid physical individuation of housing: According to Islamic teachings, housing should not be a tool for showing off, displays the owner's wealth and pride. So, we should avoid certain colors that cause physical individuation of the buildings adjacent to each other.
4. The extent of housing: While in the Qur'an, squander is forbidden and According to some traditions, housing that is not needed is abominable but in hadiths, large houses are ordered. So it can be deduced that in the area of housing, should follow moderation, and be warned of extremes. But in recent times that for various reasons, many residential buildings (including apartments) are not large enough, psychologically, we can use different color effects to show inner spaces wider (such as living room, bedrooms, etc.).
5. Home adornment: About adornment and beauty of the home, numerous traditions have been narrated. It is obvious that color as an important visual tool that play an undeniably role in beauty of residential spaces.
Then, explain the colors suit for the residential spaces will be discussed. Based on studies in Quranic verses and hadiths, an important feature of the yellow color is produced happiness and excitement and suitable for spaces such as living room, dining-room and reading room (library). Blue is relaxing and thought-provoking and so, for the bedroom and reading room (library) is suitable. It is also relatively favorable for living and dining room. Red triggers feelings and exciting and so, for spaces such as dining rooms and athletic spaces is suitable. Green is fun and relaxing and is great for bedrooms, living and dining room. It is relatively desirable and suitable for spaces that are used for study (such as library). White color is also relaxing and cool. It is appropriate for most spaces such as the kitchen, bedroom and living room and dining and especially health spaces (such as bathrooms and toilets). At the end, black is tragic and debilitating instincts and cannot be used in any residential sub-spaces.
It should be noted that the results of this study represent a significant wealth of Islamic resources to draw applied conclusions in some specialized areas of architecture and what was inferred, indicated the need to reflect more on the resources in other professional fields of architecture which seems to not have been properly scrutinized.

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A syntactic structure that plays an important role in understanding the Holy Quran is infinitive as being mudãf (annexed to another noun). Among the grammatical roles that the infinitive can annex to, are subject and object. Sometimes there is a discrepancy in whether the infinitive is added to the subject or the object. In this article, one example of this syntactic structure is examined; the annexation of "Zikr" to the majestic word "Allah", in verse 28 of surah al-Ra'd. In order to reach a conclusion, after the literal review of the word "Zikr", the opinions of the commentators have been categorized and analyzed. Then 20 important translations of the verse 28^th of surah al-Ra'd have been studied. The vast majority of commentators and translators believe that in that phrase, "Allah" is object. In the continuation of the article, arguments are presented to prove that "Allah" can be subject. Then the meaning of remembrance of servants by Allah is explained. The author argues that in the phrase "Zikr Allah" we can also deal with the possessive as subject and from this point of view, significant concepts were obtained. Of course, in the phrase, assuming the possessive as subject does not mean that it cannot be object; but it simultaneously can assume subject and object.
 

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 The notional-functional approach is one of the most influential theories in the field of foreign language teaching and almost all English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic, Hebrew and Turkish language teaching resources, have considered the principles of this approach, in order to produce educational contents. The key principle of this approach is to create purposeful and communicative based balance between the language notions and functions and the real situations. Nevertheless, regretfully not much attention to this approach is paid in the authentic teaching Farsi to the foreigners’ resources. In this study, first the notional-functional approach and the foremost language notions and functions in the framework of this approach are presented. Then, the representation rate of these notions and functions in let’s learn Persian (Zolfaghari & Etal., 2002) and Persian language (Safarmoqadam, 2007) teaching series were evaluated. This evaluation have been made through a self-developed checklist. This checklist consists of 10 basic questions on the content of courses and 6 default responses: at all, very low, low, medium, high and very high with respectively 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 points assigned to each question. According to the results, the let’s learn Persian series gained 35 and the Persian language series gained 16 points out of 50. Although the overall result of this project suggests the superiority of the let’s learn Persian series, but the rate of language notions and functions diversity and distribution in both series, lead us to purposeful planning for teaching Farsi based on language notions and functions.   

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 One of the most widely used words in the Quran that has been considered by lexicographers and commentators is the root "Fakeha" along with its derivatives. Because of this semantic difference, the translators of the Quran have also acted in expressing the meaning of the word "Fakeha". The present study is performed in the descriptive-analytical method, and in order to obtaining and finding the correct view on the meaning of the root  "Fakeha", has collected, analyzed and evaluated the views of lexicographers and commentators And then, based on the final results, has evaluated the translations of Ayati, Elahi Ghomshei, Khorramshahi, Rezaei, Safavid, Fooladvand, Meshkini, and Makarem Shirazi in terms of success or failure in finding the equivalent of this root. The result of the present study was that the semantic principle and lexical meaning of this word were "opening between something with the filling of something delicate" and "great joy with pride", respectively, which has been used in various cases such as "fruit" and "humor". The ability of the mentioned translations is also different for  various derivatives of the root "Fakeha"; In some cases, such as choosing the meaning of "fruit" for "Fakeha", their performance is successful; But in others, such as the meaning of "Fakeha", the performance of translators is poorly evaluated.
 

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Prospective sales policies are one of the essential components of short- and medium-term planning in any business. The correct and accurate formulation of sales policies can play an effective role in managing cash flows and allocating resources. In general, the above statement indicates the fact that in today's competitive world, customer satisfaction and increased market share is vital, estimating the issues about customer buying behavior and decision making is the main theme of any organization that this can be improved by using advanced prospective analysis in the field of sales policy. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for customer clustering, extract the product portfolio of each cluster and allocate the appropriate sales policies for them. Finally, the results were confirmed by experts. Apart from current customers and with the entrance of new customers, using clustering algorithms, the appropriate policies for different categories of these customers are provided to improve their loyalties.

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Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Engineering analysis of peristalsis in the ureter can be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference Abstract- Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Realization of peristalsis in the ureter may be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference between the kidney and the bladder on the quantity of reflux and efficiency of urine transportation as a result of peristalsis, were investigated. A computational model was presented that used the tools of computational fluid dynamics, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and adaptive mesh algorithm in the fluid domain. In the structure domain, it utilized Arruda-Boyce non-linear model and contact condition. The major benefits of this model comparing to previous studies were that the ureteral wall displacements were not pre-determined during peristalsis and luminal pressure variations influenced on it. Finite element equations of fluid and structure were solved using fluid-structure interaction method (FSI) and direct coupling. Results of this research showed that the proximal portions of ureter were under higher magnitudes of shear stress. Moreover, increase of the bladder pressure magnified the quantity of ureteropelvic reflux in the case of dysfunction of ureteropelvic junction, and resulted in a higher peristaltic efficiency transporting ureteral bolus into the bladder.

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Hyper inflation rates impose direct and indirect costs upon society. It has undesirable consequences that are caused by inflation uncertainty. In this regard, the following questions are raised: How do inflation rate and its uncertainty affect economic growth? Does the structural breakpoint affect relationship between inflation and growth rate? In this study the above questions are examined for the Iran's economy in period 1974-2007. For this purpose the regressive model is applied. In this model, growth rate of GDP depends on inflation rate, growth rate of the money supply, growth rate of the real gross fixed capital formation and inflation uncertainty. For the measuring inflation uncertainty Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is used. Based on data analysis, structural break point occurs at inflation rate equal to 20 percent. Results show that the impact of inflation rate on economic growth is significantly negative but it minimizes at the rate of less than 20 percent and increases at the rate of more than 20 percent. Moreover, inflation uncertainty has significant and negative effect on growth.

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Abstract In general, methods of lightweight aggregate concrete mix design are not much different with the ordinary concrete mix designs, except that in LWAC, volumetric method must be used for determining the amount of aggregates (normal and lightweight). In some countries, the same mix design of conventional concrete (normal weight) is also used for this purpose. Due to the specific restrictions of these methods, it is difficult to use them in certain cases where concrete slump is specified, or high strength concrete is needed. In this paper, a new method for the mix design of lightweight aggregate concrete has been proposed using a type of artificial lightweight aggregate (expanded clay, Leca). This approach is based on two-phased model (particle and matrix), and has better performance compared to other methods, due to the possibility of considering the properties of cement paste and particle in terms of access to consistency (slump) and the required strength of the concrete made. Also in this method, the percentage composition of normal and lightweight aggregates is chosen to achieve minimum space (porosity), so, the minimum amount of cement paste will be used to achieve the above requirements, and the economic saving.

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Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) which belongs to the virus family Potyviridae, causes a disease in soybean that is present in soybean-growing areas of the world, and is widely distributed in northern Iran. Detection of SMV is very important for disease management. In the present study several serological and molecular (nucleic acid- based) methods of rapid virus detection were compared. Serological studies including DAS- ELISA, DAC-ELISA, TPIA and DIBA were optimized and compared to identify the virus by using a polyclonal antibody. Among the serological methods, TPIA and DIBA are simple and TPIA is rapidly and easily applicable in the field. However, TPIA was found to be preferable. TPIA is time-saving, not requiring conventional sap extraction and also nitrocellulose membranes used for printing can be used in the field and stored for a long time or transported to other laboratory to be processed. RT-PCR and Immunocapture RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) were performed as molecular methods for detecting SMV using a pair of primers designed to amplify a fragment in the coding region of the SMV coat protein. To extract total RNA for RT-PCR, two methods including RNAWIZ and phenol-chloroform were used. A part of the coat protein genome of SMV was converted to cDNA using a reverse transcription (RT) reaction. For IC-RT-PCR method, virus partial purification was carried out by solid-phase (0.2 ml microfuge tube) adsorbed polyclonal antibody, and then the RT reaction was carried out in the tube. In both methods cDNAs were amplified by PCR. Both methods amplified the expected fragment in virus-infected plants. Whereas RT-PCR requires total RNA extraction, ICRT- PCR do not have total RNA extraction problems. Our findings suggest that TPIA and IC- RT- PCR can be routinely used for SMV detection, with high efficiency.

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Background: Dairy products are considered as some staple food rich in nutrients. Among dairy products, ice cream is one of the most attractive and popular products. The popularity of ice cream is due to its great taste and unique texture. Considering the prevalence of traditional ice cream consumption in Iran and the risk of microbial contamination of these products, the microbial quality of industrial and traditional ice creams in Fars province was evaluated and compared.
Materials & Methods: A total of 470 ice cream samples were tested to determine total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), and the presence of fungi. Biochemical properties and antibiotic sensitivity of isolated bacteria were investigated.
Findings: TVC in all industrial ice cream samples was lower than the limit specified by the national standard of Iran. Coliform levels in 37% (n=100) of traditional and 1.5% (n=3) of industrial ice cream samples were higher than the permissible limit. Furthermore, 74.8 and 40% of traditional samples contained Escherichia coli and fungi and mold, respectively. Antibiogram results showed that the highest antibiotic resistance of the isolates was related to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Conclusion: Traditional ice creams are highly contaminated with microbial agents resistant to two or more drugs, which poses great risks for the consumers of these products, especially children. Therefore, it is necessary to implement appropriate hygiene practices to increase the safety of ice creams. Alerting people about the risks of foodborne diseases could significantly help prevent such diseases.
 

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     The Armey curve demonstrates a non linear relationship between government size and economic growth. This study used threshold regression approach in order to test the Armey curve relationship between government size and economic growth in Iran. Two sector production function proposed by Rati Ram (1986) and three indices of government size are used in this paper. The results reveal that a non linear relationship between all indices of government size and economic growth does not exist in Iran.

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Aims: In today’s world, numerous healthcare organizations are embracing new forms of work organization that offer their employees increased flexibility and independence, a particularly crucial aspect in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Working from home has become indispensable for healthcare organizations to maintain competitiveness in the global market. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Working from home perception on employees’ performance at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the personnel of three medical training centers affiliated with the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The study population comprised employees working in administrative and support departments. Using Morgan’s table, a statistical sample of 140 employees was chosen to participate in the study by completing a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed online through systematic random sampling from December 2021 to June 2022. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and Smart PLS 3 software.
Findings: The majority of participants were women aged between 31 and 40 years with a bachelor’s degree. The results of the mean test indicated that both individual performance (3.25±0.48) and organizational performance (3.51±0.51) among employees were above average, reaching a favorable level. According to the t-statistic, the average perception of working from home was below 3 (1.68±0.39), indicating limited adoption of working from home. The study revealed that the perception of working from home significantly influenced both individual performance (t=9.623>1.96) and organizational performance (t=6.368>1.96). Specifically, the perception of Working from Home accounted for 42.2% of the variations in job performance and 26.7% of the changes in organizational performance.
Conclusion: Enabling healthcare workers to work from home has a substantial impact on their performance.