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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Writing assessment literacy(WAL) for second or foreign language (L2) teachers, which refers to teachers’ knowledge, conceptions, and practice of writing assessment in L2 contexts, has lately received attention from scholars. Although there has been significant debate about the impact of contextual and conceptual factors on teachers’ assessment literacy, studies focusing on how such factors influence teachers’ WAL are lacking. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the way Iranian English writing teachers' conception of assessment, and macro, meso, and micro contextual variables impact their writing assessment practice. It also looked at how writing teachers make assessment decisions in order to negotiate and find a compromise when their assessment views and beliefs diverge from the assessment policies in their local contexts. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with ten in-service l2 writing teachers in Iran. The findings show that participants had positive conceptions about formative writing assessments but they stated that they mostly used summative assessment in writing classes. Macro level contextual factors turned out to mostly impacted teachers’ writing assessment practices and conceptions. The results underscored the role of school and work experience in shaping and changing writing assessment conceptions. The findings of this study contribute to our current understanding of WAL development and provision of more efficient assessment training for language teachers in teacher education programs.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The increasing ubiquity and impact of audiovisual content has turned it into one of the primary objects of study in a number of disciplines in humanities, including Translation Studies. In the recent decade, audiovisual translation (AVT) has been a thriving research focus in many parts of the world. This article aims at mapping AVT in the context of Iran by reviewing the published Persian AVT research worldwide. The article is organized into two parts: the first part provides an overview of the main research articles, delineating the main research trends in AVT research in Iran. The second part presents and discusses research gaps and areas that merit further scholarly attention by academia. The article concludes that research on the topic in Iran is still in a fairly early stage, with the studies focusing mainly on dubbing and subtitling of audiovisual products. Furthermore, areas such as accessibility and inclusion, in particular, voice-over and game localization are grossly under-researched. To fill the gap, certain areas are highlighted and recommended for future research.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Landowski, the social semiotician, focuses on the subject of discourse and discourse,and thus introduces the concepts of presence,perception, and emotion in semiotics.The fact that enunciation is more important than enunciation provides the basis for phenomenological semiotics.The important problem of the authors of this research is that since in "adaptation"system,we see unity between subjects and "other" or that aspect of "otherness"is not only a passive object but also plays the role of a subject with dynamic interaction.It explores how the semantic process takes shape,and whether it can be argued that the relationship between the subjects is consistent with Landowski's theory of "adaptation."According to the research problem,the authors hypothesize that the perception of meaning is different according to the specific interactions between subjects in social contexts,so the perception of meaning cannot be separate from the context and field of rhetoric,but it is a function of the interaction between subjects in different discourse contexts.The present study has examined the signs of meanings in the ode "Layali al-Manfa"by Mohi-al-Din Fares.The findings indicate that the semantic system governing the discourse of the ode's "negative night"is of the adaptation system.In fact,the interactive and adaptive relationship of the sign system in this poem is such that the meanings of exile,civil war,occupiers are not predetermined and one-sided,but these meanings can be obtained only if the issue of simultaneous presence and interaction of the subject and another to be raised.At the same time,enunciator has used the Apollonian and Dionysian systems, respectively,to make the phenomenon of colonialism and nostalgia unfavorable.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The issue of polysemy has been considered within cognitive approach by Iranian linguists in recent years. That’s because the authors have analyzed the simple form of the verb /čijən/ (i.e., going) in kalhori /kermanshaian Kurdish based on principled–polysemy approach proposed by Evans & Green in 2006. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through Kurdish speakers’ daily conversation and analyzed based on the mentioned approach in a descriptive-analytic way. Also, the authors used Kurdish speakers and their own linguistic intuition to approve the authenticity of the data. The results showed that the prototypical meaning of this verb was “GO” that has forty-five distinct meanings, such as “travel”, “drive”, “migrate”, “flow”, “set”, “finish”, “charge”, “send'', etc. in its own semantic clusters including six distinct semantic clusters. Finally, these forty-five distinct meanings along with their six semantic clusters were illustrated in a semantic network. Also, the findings showed that a favorable explanation of the polysemy of this verb in Kalhori Kurdish can be obtained based on the mentioned approach. The polysemy representation of this verb in Kalhori Kurdish can be useful for a better understanding of the polysemy of other verbs in Kurdish.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the active vocabulary in written texts of non-Iranian Persian Language learners based on Lexical Diversity (LD). Using one of the formulaic measures of LD called Guiraud's Index (GI) LD of the written texts of the subjects of the present study was calculated and its relationship with variables such as nationality, gender, age, first language and university education was determined. First, according to the principles and rules of corpus transcribing, and using the LancsBox software, Types and Tokens of the texts of 251 learners from four nationalities, who participated in the final exams of the Persian Language Education Center of IKIU, were extracted and counted. After that, using GI, LD of each subject's text was calculated and the research hypotheses were evaluated. Results showed a significant difference between different nationalities in terms of LD. Also, from the perspective of first language and gender, texts of Arab subjects indicated significantly more LD than Chinese, and the texts produced by women indicated more LD than the texts of men. On the other hand, the two hypotheses related to the LD and age and university education were not confirmed, because these relationships were non-significant. The results and findings of this research can help teachers and examiners in the field of teaching Persian as a second/foreign language obtain a suitable tool for evaluating the lexical richness of written texts and gain insights on how to use lexical richness criteria in the evaluation of learners' texts.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Abstract: This paper investigates the polysemy of the Persian word /širin/ from the perspective of cognitive sociolinguistics. It starts with introducing the principles of cognitive sociolinguistics, then investigates the polysemy of the Persian adjective /širin/ within the framework introduced by Robinson (2010), (2012a), (2012b), and (2014), to show that polysemy cannot be reduced to a static state, one and the same for all speakers of the language. In fact, social variables like age and gender affect the way people perceive different senses of the polysemous word. The data is gathered using documentary and field method(library research, interviews, and questionnaires). The research method employed is mixed(quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population is all monolingual Persian speakers living in Tehran, and the sample includes 200 subjects, 100 male and 100 females, in four different age groups of under 18, between 18 and 30, between 30 and 60, and above 60 years old. The results show that different senses of the polysemous word do not have the same distribution among different speakers, both male and female, belonging to different age groups, and are not accidental but explainable in terms of gender and age of the speakers. The results also indicate that cognitive sociolinguistics is more adequate in giving more exact explanations concerning meaning variation in polysemous words and the effect of social variables of age and gender on the number and salience of each sense.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Tense plays an important and determining role in human verbal communication; therefore, one of the things that should be addressed in language teaching is the discussion of time and ways to recognize it. Considering the role and importance of grammatical tense recognition in language learning and the lack of related research regarding Persian language learning, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the role of available cues in sentences to recognize grammatical tense by Chinese Persian learners of beginner and advanced levels; For this purpose, 49 Persian learners of Chinese language were selected by available sampling method and divided into two groups of Chinese language beginner (26) and advanced (23) based on the level determination test. The instruments used in this research were two tests in two stages; In the first stage, by using the sentence recognition test, the subjects marked the time of the sentences they heard in the answer sheet, and in the second stage, the same test was performed; with the difference that in this test, the sentences did not have time adverbs. The results of this research showed that the subjects of the beginner Chinese language meaningfully used lexical clues when recognizing the time of the sentence, and the subjects of the advanced level simultaneously used two lexical clues and present tense. Regarding the role of gender, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and the ability to understand sentence time. The results of this research can be useful for language learners, teachers, and producers of educational content and also for test designers.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Narratives have many layers of meaning. These semantic layers encompass intra-discourse systems and represent their changes and developments. Eric Landowski sought to achieve the missing links of meaning in narrative contexts by designing semantic systems. Contexts that show discourse and narrative actions. According to Landowski's four semantic systems, which are emphasized in this study, namely, the system of "abyss and spinning ", it is possible to decipher the signs in the text and the relationship between these signs and each other and the author's worldview. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to achieve subtle and coherent layers of meaning in the novel Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Maroufi. Given the mastery of the author in creating works with the fluid flow of the mind in this study, we aim to show how the subjects are intertwined with the world around them and as they are opening up, their emotions and to some extent their destiny to another spreads. Also, by analyzing the abyss system, we come to the point that the subject cannot shape his own destiny alone, and after he finds himself incapable, he is forced to accept what luck has for him.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the universality of the language by examining the perception of Persian learners in recognition of subject position according to the theory of input processing and the principle of the first noun from this theory. The first noun principle indicates that language learners consider the noun or pronoun that comes at the beginning of the sentence as the subject of the sentence.The participants in this research are 70 Persian language learners at elementary (23 participants), intermediate (23 participants) and advanced (24 participants) levels in the Persian language learning center of Al-Zahra University. Using Friedman et al.'s (2004) executive method, this study has examined the principle of the first noun as a predictable path in the education of Persian learners. In this direction, a test has been designed on Google Forms, and Persian learners have participated in two different implementations of this test in a time interval of 5 months. In both of its implementations, this test included 15 sentences that the language learners had to connect to the related pictures after hearing the sentences. In order to characterize the perception of the participants from the position of the subject, 8 sentences in the second sentence were put into the passive form. The results of this study have shown that the change of sentences in the second implementation of the test caused an increase in errors in the response rate of language learners and this was reported higher in elementary language learners than in other groups.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Despite the ever-growing demand for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) provision within universities around the globe and the impressive growth EAP has experienced throughout the last decades, very little attention has been paid to EAP teacher education and professional development. The present study is part of a research project that examined the existing requirement for a teacher education program for English for Medical Purposes (EMP) within the Iranian higher education system and developed a program, titled Teaching English for Medical Purposes (TEMP), and its accompanying curriculum drawing on a systematic process through a four-round Delphi study using the collective opinion of a panel of 22 EAP and EMP experts. In so doing, it employed a written interview, three questionnaires, and a comprehensive data analysis approach, incorporating a combination of inductive thematic analysis based on Braun and Clarke’s (2022) model, descriptive statistics, paired samples T-test, and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The current paper focuses on the modalities and structure of the program developed. At the final round of the study, the panelists came to the consensus that a flexible pre-service graduate program can be the best alternative for EMP teacher education. This program is modular and hybrid in nature and offers benefits such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, access to resources, targeted education, in-depth knowledge, and practical experience. Short-natured in-service instruction in the form of seminars or workshops was also recommended for ongoing professional development of the EMP teachers to stay updated with the latest research trends.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Metaverse is a space that includes the real world and virtual worlds in which people use a digital and virtual representation called an avatar to be present. Metaverse is considered as the major media of commercial advertising in the future and it will play a fundamental role in terms of audience attraction and society awareness. By adopting semiotics approach, this research analyzes the preparation of the subject and the formation of the avatar in Metaverse commercials. Ten commercial advertisements of prominent brands are chosen as statistical sample, and the virtual world of Hyundai brand on Roblox is examined as the case study because of its diverse activities. Descriptive-analytical method is carried out relying on participatory observation, in a way that the researcher experiences the field, and seeks to answer two questions: 1) What kind of discourse is applied to Subject and Object interactions? 2) What is the procedure of conversion of real body to ideal body? Results show that Subject of Metaverse should be considered as a Being-actor who continuously finds itself in a lack of meaning due to Becoming-centered situation and is called to action and achieves meaning as a result of the action. Besides, the avatar could be considered as Ideal-otherness while the dialogue between physical and virtual body is possible through the third body, which is the Imaginary body, which is the main base of sensory-perceptual receptions and leads the actions of the subject.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
L’enseignement de l’écriture en français langue étrangère (FLE) bénéficie de l’intégration de genres discursifs variés, parmi lesquels l’audiodescription (AD) se distingue comme un outil pédagogique innovant. Initialement conçue pour les publics non-voyants et malvoyants, l’AD consiste à décrire les éléments visuels d’une œuvre cinématographique, tels que les décors, les personnages et les actions (Morisset & Gonant, 2008). Cette étude explore l’utilisation de l’AD comme genre textuel dans l’enseignement du FLE. Le processus pédagogique comprend deux phases : les apprenants rédigent d’abord une AD d’une scène de film, puis, après avoir appris les normes de l’AD, produisent une seconde version. Une analyse comparative des deux textes est réalisée sur les plans pragmatique et linguistique. Ce cycle est répété quatre fois pour renforcer l’apprentissage. Enfin, un questionnaire évalue la perception des apprenants quant à l’utilité de l’AD comme outil pédagogique. Les résultats suggèrent que l’AD améliore les compétences écrites en FLE tout en sensibilisant les apprenants aux enjeux de l’accessibilité.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of bananas is a serious disease affecting banana plantations worldwide. In an effort to sustainably manage the disease, biological control is considered a promising alternative to agrochemicals that can cause detrimental effects on humans and the ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the biological control potential of the present collection of beneficial bacteria which includes Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AM2, Streptomyces morookaensis NRRL B-12429, Bacillus velezensis B4158, B. atrophaeus B363B, and B. amyloliquefaciens B942 against the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in banana, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) through a dual culture assay and a greenhouse experiment. The inhibition range in vitro was between 31.0 to 42.1%, and the highest growth inhibition of Foc TR4 was observed for L. plantarum AM2. Infected banana plantlets that received the treatment with L. plantarum AM2 also showed a significant reduction in disease severity index as low as 24% compared to treatment with other beneficial bacteria. This study showed that L. plantarum AM2 has a good antagonistic effect on Foc TR4 mycelial growth and the most potential to control Fusarium wilt disease in bananas.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Climate change is one of the challenges of today to affect the agriculture sector. Climate change in Iran in recent years has caused a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature and continuous droughts. Agricultural production in Iran has been affected by climate change and has faced a decrease in the production of various products. The purpose of this research was to identify social, economic and environmental consequences of climate change in Iran's agricultural sector and designing a model of Planned Management Behavior (PMB). A mixed qualitative and quantitative method was used in this research. The study sample of this research in the qualitative phase included 15 key experts who have knowledge of the consequences of climate change and in the quantitative section, there were 100 experts of the agricultural Jihad of Khuzestan province. Based on the qualitative results, the consequences of climate change were identified. In the quantitative phase, it was determined that 69.3% of attitude towards the consequences of climate changes are explained by the independent variables of concerns about social, economic and environmental consequences, feeling the need for risk management, and perceived value. Also, 71.2% of changes in planned management intention to control the consequences of climate changes are affected by the attitude towards the consequences, tendency to control behavior, personal and mental norms. Finally, 69.8% of changes in PMB for control the consequences of climate changes are caused by the use of planned management intention to control the consequences, action planning and coping planning.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Achieving sustained and long-term economic growth necessitates the optimal allocation and utilization of resources at the national level. This goal relies heavily on the existence of efficient financial markets, particularly well-functioning and extensive capital markets. Numerous macroeconomic variables can influence the level of risk associated with shareholder rights, corporate cash flows, and adjusted discount rates. Additionally, changes in economic conditions can alter both the quantity and nature of investment opportunities.
However, establishing a fixed and consistent relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock price indices remains challenging. The complex and dynamic nature of financial markets makes it difficult to identify a method that accurately reflects economic conditions and captures the most critical influencing variables. Therefore, this study employs machine learning models to identify the key macroeconomic factors affecting stock price indices.
Methodology
Feature selection is one of the most common and crucial techniques in data preprocessing and serves as an essential component of machine learning. This study employs feature selection models to identify the most relevant predictors of the stock price index. The models utilized include the random forest method and regularized linear regression. To examine the nature of the relationships between variables, the jointness method was applied. Additionally, the mutual information analysis was conducted to assess the influence of key variables over different decades, enabling a deeper understanding of how the impact of macroeconomic factors on stock prices has evolved over time.
Findings
The study analyzed the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on stock price indices, focusing on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings from the Random Forest (RF) and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR) models indicate that exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty significantly influence Iran’s stock price index. The results demonstrate that global uncertainty, interest rates, and trade openness exert negative effects on stock prices, whereas the other variables positively influence stock prices.
The jointness method was employed to analyze the relationships between these variables, further confirming their significance. Moreover, the Mutual Information method was used to examine how the influence of these key variables varied across different decades.
Discussion and Conclusion
Among the variables examined, exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty emerged as the most significant factors influencing Iran’s stock price index. This finding is not surprising, given Iran’s historical experience with significant exchange rate fluctuations and persistent inflationary pressures. Global uncertainty has consistently influenced domestic markets in Iran due to political and economic instability. Previous research has highlighted the complex relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and stock price indices (Ratanapakorn & Sharma, 2007). Scholars have argued that the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates can significantly affect monetary and fiscal policy, as a recessionary stock market can reduce overall demand and impact broader economic performance.
Extensive research has also investigated the relationship between inflation and stock prices, identifying inflation as a significant factor affecting stock indices
(Boudoukh & Richardson, 1993; Fama & Schwert, 1977; Jaffe & Mandelker, 1976) . While some studies have reported a positive correlation between inflation and stock prices, others have found a negative relationship.
Moreover, trade openness has been recognized as a key factor influencing stock market fluctuations. Open economies are more vulnerable to external shocks due to increased global risk-sharing among markets. Although some studies have not found conclusive evidence of a direct effect between trade openness and stock prices, trade openness remains one of the influential factors (Nickmansh, 2016).
Stock prices reflect the present value of future cash flows, which are subject to two main effects: cash flow changes driven by increased production and interest rates, which serve as a discount factor. Stock prices tend to decline when expected cash flows decrease or interest rates rise. The level of actual economic activity directly influences cash flows, as higher economic activity generally leads to increased cash flow. Among the various indicators used to predict commodity markets, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered the most comprehensive measure of economic activity (Yuhasin, 2011; Christopher et al., 2006).
mouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">Finally, global uncertainty plays a significant role in shaping the internal economic environment of countries, making it an important global macroeconomic variable that influences the performance of publicly traded companies on the stock exchange.
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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Commuting is a socio-economic phenomenon that arises from spatial imbalances between labor supply and demand across different locations. While some trips are recreational or incidental, a significant proportion occurs due to the inability of individuals to meet essential needs—such as employment—at their place of residence. In this context, commuting serves as a practical response to spatial mismatches. However, constraints in transportation infrastructure and increased demand for urban travel have made trip reduction an effective strategy for improving the performance of urban transportation systems.
Since a considerable share of daily trips is generated by land patterns—particularly workplace locations—modifying commuting patterns by relocating workers closer to their places of employment can significantly reduce trip generation. This study assumes that all workers currently living in Isfahan but employed elsewhere relocate to reside in their respective places of work. As a result, transportation costs associated with commuting to and from Isfahan would be eliminated, thereby creating a negative shock to the city’s final demand.
Conversely, the inflow and outflow of workers and their families would induce changes in local economic dynamics. Specifically, increased demand for housing would raise real estate rental prices, generating a positive shock in final demand. This research explores the economic consequences of such shifts through a regional input-output framework.
Methodology
To estimate interregional economic changes, this study employs a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. Given the availability of regional account data in Iran, regional tables were constructed using the Location Quotient (LQ) method. To address the common shortcomings of traditional LQ techniques—namely, the overestimation of regional coefficients and underestimation of imports—the Flag method was adopted. This approach incorporates three economic dimensions and addresses spatial factors, improving the accuracy of regional estimates.
A key challenge in compiling MRIO tables is obtaining reliable interregional trade data to calculate import and export coefficients. To this end, the gravity model—based on Newton’s law of gravitation—was utilized to estimate economic flows. The model correlates the volume of interregional trade with the economic size of the origin and destination and inversely with the distance between them. Thus, this study combines the LQ and gravity methods to model economic interactions among three regions in Iran: (1) Isfahan city, (2) other cities within Isfahan province, and (3) other provinces nationwide. Data sources include the national input-output table (1395) and regional accounts provided by the Statistical Center of Iran.
Results and Discussion
Findings indicate that the reduction in transportation costs within Isfahan city leads to a decline in production across all three regions, with the most pronounced effects observed in the industrial production and wholesale/retail sectors. Conversely, rising real estate rental costs initially stimulate employment growth in the construction, financial, insurance, industrial, and transportation sectors.
The simultaneous impact of reduced commuting costs and increased housing expenses results in a net rise in employment in Isfahan’s construction and real estate sectors. Similar employment gains are observed in the real estate, construction, and financial sectors in other cities within Isfahan province. In other provinces, the positive effects extend to the real estate, construction, financial, insurance, and water and sewage sectors. However, most other economic sectors across all regions experience a decline in employment.
Conclusion
This study underscores the complex economic implications of altering commuting patterns. Future research should explore the broader effects of these shocks on variables such as energy savings, reduced fossil fuel consumption, decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, fewer traffic accidents, lower healthcare costs, and less congestion—especially during peak commuting hours. Additionally, reduced commuting times can increase employees’ available time, some of which could be allocated to productive activities, warranting supply-side investigations. Furthermore, lower transportation costs may function as increased household income, potentially influencing household consumption patterns—an area that merits further exploration in subsequent studies.
Commuting is a socio-economic phenomenon that arises from spatial imbalances between labor supply and demand across different locations. While some trips are recreational or incidental, a significant proportion occurs due to the inability of individuals to meet essential needs—such as employment—at their place of residence. In this context, commuting serves as a practical response to spatial mismatches. However, constraints in transportation infrastructure and increased demand for urban travel have made trip reduction an effective strategy for improving the performance of urban transportation systems.
Since a considerable share of daily trips is generated by land patterns—particularly workplace locations—modifying commuting patterns by relocating workers closer to their places of employment can significantly reduce trip generation. This study assumes that all workers currently living in Isfahan but employed elsewhere relocate to reside in their respective places of work. As a result, transportation costs associated with commuting to and from Isfahan would be eliminated, thereby creating a negative shock to the city’s final demand.
Conversely, the inflow and outflow of workers and their families would induce changes in local economic dynamics. Specifically, increased demand for housing would raise real estate rental prices, generating a positive shock in final demand. This research explores the economic consequences of such shifts through a regional input-output framework.
Methodology
To estimate interregional economic changes, this study employs a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. Given the availability of regional account data in Iran, regional tables were constructed using the Location Quotient (LQ) method. To address the common shortcomings of traditional LQ techniques—namely, the overestimation of regional coefficients and underestimation of imports—the Flag method was adopted. This approach incorporates three economic dimensions and addresses spatial factors, improving the accuracy of regional estimates.
A key challenge in compiling MRIO tables is obtaining reliable interregional trade data to calculate import and export coefficients. To this end, the gravity model—based on Newton’s law of gravitation—was utilized to estimate economic flows. The model correlates the volume of interregional trade with the economic size of the origin and destination and inversely with the distance between them. Thus, this study combines the LQ and gravity methods to model economic interactions among three regions in Iran: (1) Isfahan city, (2) other cities within Isfahan province, and (3) other provinces nationwide. Data sources include the national input-output table (1395) and regional accounts provided by the Statistical Center of Iran.
Results and Discussion
Findings indicate that the reduction in transportation costs within Isfahan city leads to a decline in production across all three regions, with the most pronounced effects observed in the industrial production and wholesale/retail sectors. Conversely, rising real estate rental costs initially stimulate employment growth in the construction, financial, insurance, industrial, and transportation sectors.
The simultaneous impact of reduced commuting costs and increased housing expenses results in a net rise in employment in Isfahan’s construction and real estate sectors. Similar employment gains are observed in the real estate, construction, and financial sectors in other cities within Isfahan province. In other provinces, the positive effects extend to the real estate, construction, financial, insurance, and water and sewage sectors. However, most other economic sectors across all regions experience a decline in employment.
Conclusion
This study underscores the complex economic implications of altering commuting patterns. Future research should explore the broader effects of these shocks on variables such as energy savings, reduced fossil fuel consumption, decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, fewer traffic accidents, lower healthcare costs, and less congestion—especially during peak commuting hours. Additionally, reduced commuting times can increase employees’ available time, some of which could be allocated to productive activities, warranting supply-side investigations. Furthermore, lower transportation costs may function as increased household income, potentially influencing household consumption patterns—an area that merits further exploration in subsequent studies.
Volume 0, Issue 3 (No. 2- 2008)
Abstract
Abstract TAZKERAT - AL - ULIA is the only work by Farrid - Al - Din Attar in prose form. It expresses the biography, ideas and deeds of seventy two mystics and sofism. The reflection of historical, political and literary events affairs and creation on the works of Attar in particular , and Farsi literature of that time in general is quite interesting. In order to study the dramatic aspects of Tazkerat –Al –Ulia it is necessary to read, analyse and evaluate them in a different set of literary and artistic terms, that is to say dramatic and theatrical terms. The elements of theatre contain elements of play, performance, dramatic devices and techniques. In order to reveal the theatrical capacities and potentials of Tazkerat – Al - Ulia a selection of its narratives (three stories) 1 - Fozail Ayyaz, 2 - Rabee Advieh, 3 – Hosein – Ebn - Mansour Hallaj is in the center of present study and their theatrical and dramatic aspects of the prementioned stories have been analysed and evaluated in theatre critical terms. The researcher hopes that her research findings has shed light on the theatrical and dramatic potentials and values of Tazkerat –Al –Ulia and paves the way for dramatization and stage adaptation of the stories of the work in question.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world and Phythophthora root and crown rot is a significant limiting factor for its planting. In the present study the antagonistic effect of 12 Trichoderma spp. in vitro and these Trichoderma spp. in combination with Bradyrhizobium japonicum in vivo on Phytophthora sojae and soybean growth were tested. In laboratory tests the effects of Trichoderma isolates were studied in dual culture, volatile compounds and culture filtrate metabolites. The most hyphal growth inhibitions were obtained using T. virens, T. orientals and T. brevicompactum in dual culture tests and T. atroviride in volatile compounds test. The effects of Trichoderma culture filtrates on P. sojae hyphal growth were studied at six concentrations in CMA medium and the results showed that culture filtrates of all species inhibited the hyphal growth and that different concentrations had different inhibitory effects. The most inhibition was obtained by T. virens and T. brevicampactom culture filtrates. The greenhouse tests were carried out as two experiments. In the first experiment the effects of coated seeds with Trichoderma isolates and B. japonicum, alone and in combinations, on control of P. sojae and in the second experiment the effect of these two biocontrol agents on soybean growth, alone and in combinations, were assayed. In the first experiment, germination percentage, damping-off, seedling vigour index (SVI) and disease severity were measured and results showed that T. brevicompactum as alone and in combinations, was the most effective species. In the second experiment, coated seeds with Trichoderma isolates and B. japonicum, as alone and in combinations, significantly promoted the growth of treated seeds and the most effective species were T. orientals, T. brevicompactum and T. spirale. Hence, results indicate that T. brevicompactum, as the second most common species after T. harzianum in Iran, was the most successful species applied individually and in combinations with B. japonicum to act as biocontrol agent for P. sojae and was also able to promote plant growth.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Abstract The aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemnai Viereck and A. matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) have high potential as the most effective biological control agents for controlling the cotton aphis Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this investigation, the effect of five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on the reproductive parameters was studied at 65 ±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L: 8 D hours In this study, the newly laid (one- day old) eggs were reared on third instar nymphs of cotton aphid, and the pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids were recorded daily, until the last individual was found dead. The experiments were carried out with 15 replications at each temperature. The results revealed that the gross fecundity and fertility rates were significantly different at all tested temperatures for both species (P
Volume 1, Issue 1 (11-2009)
Abstract
This article, using a sociological perspective, attempts to understand the application of empirical methods in the Iranian-Islamic golden age, especially during 130-500 Hegri. It distinguishes different approaches to rational knowledge and laying emphasis on empirical science in the mentioned period. The theoretical framework of the present paper is the sociology of science, especially the interpretative sociology of science in the Weberian and Mertonian traditions. This framework provides the possibility of studying internal cultural factors, beyond cultural exchange and external transfer of scientific knowledge. The author, through studying the history of natural sciences and humanities at the Iranian-Islamic golden age, shows how applying empirical methodology of science to, for example, historical, geographical, and anthropological knowledge, have been influenced by the social interpretation of prophetic religion. In particular, it is indicated that the cultural elements of social belonging, equality and mutual understanding of Shoobieh ethics influenced the above mentioned areas of scientific endeavor.