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This study aims to consider ghazal/sonnet from conceptual metaphor perspective (Lakoff, 1980). The corpus used in the study contains 24 poems (189 couplets) in Persian, Azerbaijani Turkish and English. The results of the paper show that the most frequent target domain in ghazal is “love”. Moreover, central conceptual metaphors in “love” are: A) in Persian: LOVE IS JOURNEY, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS TIE, LOVE IS FIRE, LOVE IS AWAKENING, LOVE IS DEAL. B) in Azerbaijani Turkish: LOVE IS OPPRESSION, LOVE IS WAITING, LOVE IS TURNING/TAWAF, LOVE IS SPRING, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS SERMON. C) in English: LOVE IS LIVE, LOVE IS UNSTABLE, LOVE IS PARADOX. This study also confirms that linguistic form has a direct influence on conceptual metaphor occurrence in ghazal. According to the findings of the current paper, the central conceptual metaphor plays a key role in versification. That is, central conceptual metaphor in ghazal seems to be the stimulus to the poet.

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Ventilation is essential to provide a smoke-free path for safe passenger evacuation and effective rescue services in case of a tunnel fire. The critical ventilation velocity, VC, is defined as the minimum velocity which creates this safe passage by preventing smoke from spreading upstream in tunnels. This research discusses smoke flow control in tunnels with a focus on the important parameters affecting critical velocity. Critical velocity values are evaluated for different heat release rates and results show good compliance with model-scale experiments. The study is extended to investigate effects of fire source blockage ratio and lateral location, tunnel slope and ventilation air relative humidity on the behavior of critical velocity. Results show a drop in VC about equal to blockage ratio occurs in presence of fire source blockage. Investigation of critical velocity in sloped tunnels illustrates that for each %1 increment in negative slope, 2.5% higher ventilation is required. Results also show that air relative humidity does not have significant effect. However, fire lateral location impacts critical ventilation velocity in such a way that about 10-20% higher airflow is necessary to suppress smoke in a near-wall fire in comparison with a middle-tunnel fire.

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Conservation of environment as one of the main pillars of human life requires the attention and effort of all people, especially women, and the prerequisite for that is the Environmental Literacy (EL). The purpose of this mixed-method research was to assess rural women's EL level, and identify appropriate methods of EL extension among them. Statistical population of the study consisted of 203,504 rural women (15-64 ages), of whom 384 women were selected as sample using modified stratified random sampling technique. In order to gather the information, a questionnaire was developed including components of environmental attitudes, concerns, knowledge, skills, and behavior. Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (0.86–0.93). In the qualitative section, the study population consisted of experts in agriculture extension, environment and natural resources, as well as rural women. Samples were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball technique. Results of quantitative section showed that the level of EL of rural women was moderate (M= 61.427, SD= 8.003) and means of environmental knowledge (M= 10.292, SD= 3.293) and concern (M= 11.926, SD= 2.328) were lower than other dimensions. MANOVA analysis also revealed that there were significant differences in level of EL of rural women among townships of Kermanshah Province with different degrees of agricultural development. Rural women in more developed regions had higher environmental knowledge and skills, but their environmental behavior was similar to underdeveloped and developing regions. The results of the qualitative section also indicated that EL extension methods of women in the villages of different regions were almost the same, but the women from the developed villages had higher tendency to participatory extension methods. Results from this study could contribute to improvement of environmental program in order to promote EL across the society.

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 The nutritional indices are an important tool in evaluating herbivore responses to variation in host nutritive properties. The current study was conducted to unveil the effects of ten canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) ('Opera', 'Licord', 'Okapi', 'Talaye', 'Zarfam', 'Modena', 'SLM₀₄₆', 'Sarigol', 'RGS₀₀₃' and 'Hayula₄₂₀') on consumption and utilization indices of the Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. The results revealed significant differences in nutritional indices of different larval instars of S. exigua fed on the mentioned canola cultivars. The highest value of Digestion Ability of food (AD) for the third and fourth instars was observed on Licord (86.57% and 83.08%, respectively), and for the fifth instars was on Opera (68.79%). The Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Relative Consumption Rate (RCR) in the fifth instar larvae were significantly greater on Opera, Okapi and Talaye, whereas the lowest values of Conversion Efficiencies (ECI and ECD) were recorded on these cultivars. The highest ECI was observed in the larvae that consumed RGS₀₀₃ (24.27%), Hayula₄₂₀ (20.36%), and Sarigol (19.17%). Furthermore, the larvae reared on Okapi exhibited the highest RGR, which confirms high susceptibility of this cultivar. Based on the obtained results, Okapi, Talaye and Opera were the cultivars susceptible to S. exigua.