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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered an opportunistic pathogen; several reports indicate that the organism can also cause infections in healthy hosts. Four effector proteins have been described in P. aeruginosa: exoU, exoS, exoT, and exoY. These genes that are translated into protein products related to type III secretion systems. Materials and Methods: A total of 134 samples were isolated, and P. aeruginosa was identified using biochemical tests. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted, and the presence of the exoSand exoUgenes were detected by PCR. Biofilms were formed by culturing P. aeruginosaon glass slides in rich medium. Results: The exoU(73%), exoS (62%) genes were detected from infections caused by P. aeruginosa in urinary tract infection patients. Among the 119 strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Conclusion: An improved understanding of virulence genes and biofilm formation in P.aeruginosa may facilitate the future development of novel vaccines and drug treatments.

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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the economically important plant viruses which causes disease in various crops throughout the world. It has been reported that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be used as potential biocontrol agents against plant viruses. Herein, greenhouse experiments were conducted to undertake the trilateral interactions among PGPR, bell pepper, and TMV. To this end, four-leaf-stage bell pepper seedlings were pre-treated by the PGPR, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and Bacillus subtilis in single and multiple application methods. The plants were then mechanically inoculated with TMV and visually inspected for symptom development till 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). The TMV accumulation in inoculated plants was quantitatively measured by Indirect-ELISA 28 dpi. Analysis of the extinction values showed that application of the PGPR was associated with the least significant (p < 0.05) value (0.08) compared to the positive control (0.77). Inoculation of PGPR triggered the biosynthesis of the defense-related enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, mediating the biochemical protection against TMV in bell pepper plants. In addition to the disease control, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth parameters was observed in PGPR-treated plants compared to the control plants. In conclusion, these results indicated that multiple applications of PGPR strains enhanced the plant vigor and provided an increased level of TMV suppression in bell pepper plants.

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The Amber Cow is a legendary creature with special characteristics, whose story has a wide reflection in Persian poetry and prose texts. So that we can recover a sign of it from the oldest sources available to this day. Of course, despite the age of this legend and the frequent references to it in various texts and also the wrong understanding of quiddity of this creature, it is surprising that no befitting research has been done about this creature. With the aim of investigating the origin, age and various narratives of its story, as well as determining the characteristics of this legendary creature based on various sources and documents, this research has dealt with how the story of this cow is reflected. The authors have collected the materials related to the subject by examining various sources, including the books of strange creatures and narrative, mythology, legends, history, and etc. texts and they have categorized and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method and using library study and notes taking. Among the findings of this research is the presentation of the historical process of the story and its related changes in the texts of different periods, as well as determining the identity of this cow and distinguishing it from similar animals and real sea cows.
 

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Cold working a hole decreases tendency of fatigue crack near the hole to initiate or growth. It is due to creation some compressive tangential residual stresses around the hole. Determination of mentioned residual stresses with a non-destructive, simple and non-expensive method is the key step in design process of holed components. In this article, residual stresses have been determined by mounting some strain gages around the hole and in fact surface strains during cold working process have been introduced as a feature for residual stress field. Delineation the numbers of needed strain gages and also proper place for mounting them around the cold worked hole is the main object of this research. Results have a good agreement with test result of cold working on specimens made of Al2024. According to the results, mounting two strain gages at same radius in opposite side of hole edge; which one in radial and another in tangentially direction; is needed for determining the residual stress field. Also, strain gages should be mounted in elastic zone. Mounting the gages in plastic zone led to have errors and unreliable results.